Strength of undisturbed and reconstituted frozen soil at temperatures close to 0 ℃

The strength of warm frozen soils in permafrost is fundamentally significant to estimate and predict the ground settlements from construction activities. A study was therefore initiated to assess the strength and its behaviors of undisturbed and reconstituted frozen soils at temperatures close to 0 ℃. A series of triaxial compression tests(TCT) were performed by using a developed testing apparatus and a matching specimen-preparation method. The confinement was applied from air pressure, the temperature in the specimen was maintained using two-end refrigeration, and multi-stage loading on a single specimen was adopted to determine the strength. The test results showed that the strength, both for the undisturbed and reconstituted frozen-soil specimens, was significantly dependent on the temperatures and independent of the applied confining pressures. Additionally, the strength of undisturbed frozen soils was about 1.6 times more than that for reconstituted frozen soils. These observations were closely associated with the structures existing between pore-ice and gravels with large diameters.

Strength and stiffness variation of frozen soils according to confinement during freezing

When water between soil particles is frozen, the strength and stiffness behavior of soils significantly change. Thus, nu- merous experimental studies in the laboratory have been carried out to characterize the strength and stiffness of frozen soils. The goals of this study are to evaluate the strength characteristics of frozen soils, which underwent confinement in freezing and shearing stages, and to estimate the stiffness variation by shear wave velocity during shear phase. The specimens are prepared in a brass cell by mixing sand and silt with 10% degree of saturation at a relative density of 60%. The applied normal stresses as confining stresses are 5, 10, 25 and 50 kPa. When the temperature of the specimens is lowered up to -5 ~C, direct shear tests are carried out. Furthermore, shear waves are continuously measured through bender elements during shearing stage for the investigation of stiffness change. Test results show that shear strength and stiffness are significantly affected by the confining stress in freezing and shearing phases. This study suggests that the strength and stiffness of frozen soils may be dependent on the confining stresses applied during freezing and shearing.

STRENGTH AND WAVE VELOCITY TEST ON ARTIFICIALLY FROZEN SOILS

Theoretical analysis conducted of uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of artificially frozen soil and P waves and S waves and of the relationship between the two. Experiments are made on frozen sand and frozen clay respectively at the temperature of - 7℃, - 12℃and - 17℃. Of the data obtained, regression analysis and gray-system correlation are conducted. As indicated by the results, the frozen soil tensile strength is closely correIated with the P wave velocity and the compressive with the S wave, hence the former is well described by the latter.

Characterization of frozen soil-cement mixture for berm construction in cold regions

Lagoon berms in western Alaska are difficult to design and build due to limited resources, high cost of construction and materials, and warm permafrost conditions. This paper explores methods to treat locally available frozen materials and use them for berm construction. The goal is to find an optimized mix ratio for cement and additives that can be effective in increasing the strength and decreasing the thaw settlement of an ice-rich frozen silty soil. Soil of similar type and ice content to the permafrost found at a project site in Eek, Alaska is prepared in a cold room. The frozen soil is pulverized and cement, additives and fibers are added to the samples for enhancing shear strength and controlling thaw settlement. Thaw settlement and direct shear tests are performed to assess strength and settlement characteristics. This paper presents a sample preparation method, data from thaw settlement and direct shear tests, and analyses of the test results and preliminary conclusions.

开敞系统中冻土-混凝土界面抗拉强度试验研究

在寒区桩基工程中,冻土-混凝土界面强度对于桩基础的受力状态有着重要的影响。在开敞系统条件下进行了冻土-混凝土界面区的抗拉强度正交试验,利用极差方差分析法,厘清了界面粗糙度、土样含水率、试验温度及干密度4种试验因素对界面冻结抗拉强度影响的主次顺序。分析试验结果表明,土样含水率的增大、试验温度的降低及接触面粗糙度的提升均可使界面冻结抗拉强度不断提高;存在临界土样含水率,当含水率位于临界含水率两侧时,接触面粗糙度因水分迁移所形成冰膜改变的程度不同,导致接触面粗糙度的增加对界面冻结抗拉强度增幅的影响程度具有不同的规律。

短时冻融条件下残积土与冻融界面抗剪强度衰减规律对比分析

为了分析短时冻融对浅层边坡稳定性造成的影响,揭示短时冻融条件下残积土和冻融界面抗剪强度损伤规律,通过盐水降低冰点实现冻融界面,进行不同冻融条件下快剪试验。试验结果表明:冻融主要损伤发生在前3次冻融循环过程中,含水率为21.5%时损伤最大,残积土和冻融界面的黏聚力损伤分别为41%和22%,内摩擦角为14%和10%,约占趋于稳定时的85%。黏聚力的损伤程度大于内摩擦角,且随含水率的增大而增大。冻融循环对残积土和冻融界面的强度及强度指标的影响差异随含水率增大、循环次数增加、冷端温度增大而增大。冻融作用对残积土的强度指标损伤程度均较冻融界面大,且强度指标均随着冻融次数增多呈指数衰减趋势。

An experimental study on the relationship between acoustic parameters and mechanical properties of frozen silty clay

To study the influence of temperature and water content on ultrasonic wave velocity and to establish the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and frozen silty clay strength, ultrasonic tests were conducted to frozen silty clay by using RSM-SY5（T） nonmetal supersonic test meter, and the tensile strength and compressive strength of silty clay were measured under various negative temperatures. Test and analysis results indicate that, ultrasonic wave velocity rapidly changes in the temperature range of-1 ℃ to -5 ℃. Ultrasonic wave velocity increased with an increase of water content until the water content reached the critical water content, while decreased with an increase of water content after the water content exceeded the critical water content. This study showed that there was strong positive correlation between the ul- trasonic wave velocity and the frozen soil strength. As ultrasonic wave velocity increased, either tensile strength or com- pressive strength increased. Based on the experimental data, the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and frozen silty clay strength was obtained through regression analysis. It was found that the ultrasonic test technique can be used to test frozen soils and lay the foundation for the determination of frozen soil strength.

冻土动力学研究综述

冻土动力学是寒区岩土工程所要考虑的重要内容,是研究冻土抗震和抗长期循环荷载的理论基础。本文主要介绍了冻土动力学参数的测试方法,回顾了冻土动力学参数、冻土动强度、冻土动蠕变破坏特征和冻土动蠕变强度的研究进展,并对部分冻土动态本构模型和动蠕变模型进行了简单的介绍,最后对冻土动力学的发展趋势进行了展望。

冻结二灰固化碳酸盐渍土及损伤模型研究

在寒区工程中,盐-冻耦合效应往往会放大盐渍土体的强度损失。因此,考虑探究冻结作用下二灰固化碳酸盐渍土抗压性能的变化规律,以固化剂掺量、温度和加载速率作为影响因素,对二灰固化盐渍土进行了无侧限抗压试验,并提出一种考虑温度和加载速率的二灰固化盐渍土损伤本构模型。结果表明:石灰和粉煤灰能明显提高碳酸盐渍土的抗压强度,且使得改良土的应力-应变曲线由应变弱软化变为应变明显软化,当掺入3%石灰和12%粉煤灰时对碳酸盐渍土的固化效果最显著;温度和加载速率显著影响二灰固化土的抗压强度和弹性模量,三者之间关系可用非线性函数表达;二灰固化土抗压强度的影响因素按照重要性排序为温度>固化剂掺量>加载速率,且温度对改良土的影响远大于固化剂掺量和加载速率;所构建的二灰固化土损伤模型能较好地反映土体的应力应变关系和损伤变量的变化趋势。

冻结温度对不同粒径冻土石混合体劈裂特性的影响

为研究冻结温度与尺寸效应耦合作用下的冻土石混合体巴西劈裂特性,分别对经过-10、-15、-20、-25、-30、-35、-40℃冻结处理后的5~10、10~15、15~20、5~20 mm粒径冻土石混合体试件进行巴西劈裂实验;研究冻结温度和不同粒径块石对试件劈裂抗拉强度的影响规律,并进一步通过数字图像相关技术(digital imagine correlation,DIC)再现了冻土石混合体在巴西劈裂实验过程中的应变场演化过程。实验结果表明:在劈裂拉应力作用下,试件从中心开裂并产生初始裂纹,沿着土石界面向两加载端贯穿试件,试件破裂面裂纹呈弯曲折线型,且块石粒径越大,裂纹越曲折;冻土石混合体在破坏时会经历线弹性变形阶段,并随着拉应力的增大和冻结温度的降低会经历塑性-脆性破坏阶段;试件劈裂抗拉强度具有强温度敏感性,会随着冻结温度的降低而近似线性增加;块石尺寸效应会导致试件强度的差异性,试件劈裂抗拉强度大小依次为5~10、5~20、10~15、15~20 mm粒径试件。

湿干循环作用对冻土-复合土工布界面常法向应力剪切特性的影响试验研究

土工合成材料广泛应用于寒区工程建设,但土体与材料界面的剪切强度是其薄弱环节。受降雨、灌溉等因素影响,土体在一定深度范围内经历湿干循环作用。为研究湿干循环作用对冻土与土工合成材料界面剪切强度的影响,本文基于控温直剪仪对粉质黏土-复合土工布在常法向应力条件下界面剪切特性开展试验研究,试验因素包括湿干循环次数、温度和法向应力。结果表明,常温条件下湿干循环对界面剪切强度有劣化作用,负温条件下界面剪切强度随湿干循环次数增大整体呈现增大趋势,经过一定循环次数后趋于稳定。湿干循环作用下界面黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化规律与界面剪切强度变化规律相对应,而界面黏聚力的变化是引起剪切强度变化的主要因素。通过对剪切强度的影响变量及其交互作用进行显著性分析,发现法向应力、冻结温度和湿干循环次数均对剪切强度有强显著影响,法向应力和温度的交互作用以及温度和湿干循环次数的交互作用也对剪切强度有显著影响。本文研究成果可为复合土工布在冻土工程中的应用提供参考。

人工冻结淤泥质黏土单轴抗压强度试验研究

为研究淤泥质黏土在冻结情况下的力学性能,本文取用上海地区第(4)土层淤泥质黏土重塑后进行单轴抗压强度试验,得到其在不同冻结温度情况下的单轴抗压强度以及弹性模量。研究表明,冻结的淤泥质黏土在受压后主要破坏的是冻土表面,且冻土的单轴抗压强度与弹性模量都与冻结温度呈现很好的线性相关性,随负温的增大而增大。

深部人工冻结土力学性质研究

为获取淮南某矿区土质在人工冻结条件下的力学性质,在不同的温度和含水率条件下,选取淮南某矿区不同深度不同土层进行单轴抗压强度试验和冻胀特性分析。结果表明通过回归分析,含水率和土层深度对于土样冻胀的影响大致相当;人工冻土的力学性质受温度、含水率、土层结构影响较大,随着温度梯度降低,四种土质的单轴强度均有提高;含水率对冻结土的抗压强度整体存在先增大后减小的趋势;-5℃时中砂的抗压强度整体较高,随着温度降低,应力-应变曲线强度特征较其他三种土质发生弱化。研究成果可为淮南矿区施工提供一定参考。

基于水热变化的煤矿井筒冻土抗折强度试验

基于水热变化下的人工冻土力学试验是人工冻结法设计过程中进行合理设计和安全施工的前提和必要条件。通过采用设计正交试验及统计拟合方法,针对海测滩煤矿立井井筒处黄土冻土试样进行不同含水率及冻结温度下抗折强度试验,分析了冻土的挠度-抗折强度变化关系及其力学性能,对比了不同含水率及不同冻结温度下冻土抗折强度变化,并对立井井筒黄土基土在冻结过程中的抗折强度建立了基于冻结温度、含水率变化的预测模型。结果表明,立井井筒处冻土的抗折强度随含水率的增大呈先增加后减小变化,在含水率15%~20%时其抗折强度较大;冻结温度与冻土抗折强度呈近线性关系,温度降低,冻土抗折强度增大;采用冻结法施工时冻结参数选择温度-15℃,含水率20%较为合理。

饱和含盐冻土冲击能量分析及动态强度理论

本文利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置探究冲击加载下含盐量和应变率对饱和含盐冻土动态强度的影响。试验结果表明,当含盐量介于0%~2%时,土体的动态强度大约随含盐量每增加1%而减小1.5 MPa;随应变率每升高250 s^(-1)而增大2.0 MPa。从能量角度分析,土体冲击过程中的吸收能密度大约随含盐量每增加1%而减小0.1 J/cm^(3);随应变率每升高250 s^(-1)而增大0.2 J/cm^(3)。基于能量平衡和断裂理论,推导了饱和含盐冻土压缩膨胀拉伸破坏模型的动态强度理论计算式,计算结果与试验结果误差不超过10%,且能预测动态强度随含盐量和应变率的变化趋势,表明该理论可以揭示饱和含盐冻土的动态破坏机理,为工程实践提供理论基础和借鉴意义。

水热条件对冻融土电阻率及击穿特性影响研究

我国冻土面积占国土面积的一半以上,存在大量冻融土与雷暴共存区域,直接影响电力系统接地性能。首先,分析了冻融土的导电机理,构建了冻融土的导电模型;其次,设计并搭建了冻融土电阻率与电击穿特性试验平台;最后,对我国4种冻土区典型土壤和细砂进行试验,测量土壤电阻率、临界击穿场强随水热条件变化数据,并分析变化产生的本质原因。试验结果表明:水热条件对冻融土电阻率和临界击穿场强的影响可分为冻土段、冻融土混合段和融土段;电阻率ρ和临界击穿场强Ec都随着温度的升高而降低,但只在冻融土混合段发生跳变。

冲击荷载作用下冻土劈裂拉伸破坏特性试验研究

冻土的动态拉伸强度和破坏特性在涉及冻土工程高效破碎和安全稳定性分析领域具有重要的参考价值。为研究负温和加载率对冻土动态拉伸性能的影响,利用铝质分离式Hopkinson压杆试验系统开展了冻土的动态巴西圆盘劈裂试验,结合高速摄像系统,分析了温度和加载率对冻土动态拉伸强度、能量耗散和破坏模式的影响,探讨了冻土巴西圆盘的劈裂破坏机理及动态拉伸强度的影响因素。结果表明:冲击荷载作用下,冻结黏土和冻结砂土巴西圆盘试样均遵循中心起裂的破坏模式,试件破坏为沿轴向相对完整的两半;随着冲击气压的增加,两种冻土的加载率均呈线性增大;两种冻土达到动态拉伸峰值应力所需的时间在92~242μs范围内;两种冻土的动态拉伸强度均存在明显的温度效应和加载率效应,动态拉伸强度随温度的降低和加载率的增加而增大;不同负温条件下两种冻土的吸收能与动态拉伸强度均存在较好的线性关系;冲击气压的增加会导致冻土试样的破坏程度加剧,高剪切应力引起的三角破碎区面积逐渐增大。

冻土强度特性及其主控因素综述

冻土强度是冻结法施工及冻土构筑物安全评估中的关键力学参数。然而,冻土强度特性十分复杂,受到环境温度、土体类型、含水量、应变速率等诸多因素的影响,目前还缺少统一的结论。鉴于此,文章对冻土强度的相关试验成果进行了全面回顾,并总结了各因素对冻土强度的影响规律及其作用机理。文献调研结果表明,冻土强度随温度的降低而增大,在工程常见温度范围内二者近似呈线性关系。温度降低所引起的冰强度增加和未冻水含量降低是冻土强度增大的主要原因;当温度低于一定阈值后(如-80℃),冻土强度达到最大值并不再变化。非饱和冻土的抗压强度随含水量的增加而增大,原因在于其饱冰度会随着含水量的增加而增加,使得土颗粒与冰晶体的黏结作用增强。对于饱和冻土,含水量的增加会导致冻土密实度降低,其强度随含水量的增加而降低。冻土抗拉强度与抗压强度具有较强的相关性,其压拉比随土体类型的不同存在较大差异,在3~12之间。整体来看,影响冻土强度的因素众多,目前的研究工作多基于单一影响因素,针对多种因素耦合作用、应变速率影响和抗拉强度的研究仍较少,相关工作有待进一步深入。

不同含水率与围压下伊犁高温冻土三轴力学试验特性研究

为了探究含水率与围压变化对高温冻土物理力学性质的影响,以新疆伊犁河谷高温冻结黄土为研究对象,开展了黄土的矿物成分、物理性质,以及不同含水率和围压条件下冻土的三轴压缩试验。结果表明:伊犁黄土的粉粒与黏粒粒组含量占比较高,对冻融作用的反应敏感。低含水率时表现为应变软化现象,破坏形态以脆性剪切破坏为主,饱和含水率时表现为应变硬化现象,破坏形态以塑性鼓胀变形破坏为主,软化系数随含水率增大而逐渐减小。随着含水率增大,峰残内摩擦角逐渐降低,峰残黏聚力逐渐增大,变形模量逐渐增大。随着围压增大,弹性模量和损伤演化特征参数均逐渐降低,引入的损伤力学本构模型能够较好地描述高温冻土在不同含水率和围压影响下的应力应变全过程。研究成果可为伊犁河谷冻融滑坡成灾机理研究提供力学参数与理论依据支撑。

冻结水泥改良粉质黏土的损伤力学特性研究

为了探究滨海粉质黏土经水泥改良后的冻土力学特性,进行了不同冻结温度、含水率、水泥浆掺量及养护龄期条件下的单轴压缩试验,根据其应力-应变曲线特征,分析了水泥改良冻土的强度与各因素之间的内在联系。结果表明,水泥改良土的强度随冻结温度和含水率的降低而增加,且对冻结温度的敏感度较大。水泥浆掺量的增加会导致冻土的强度提高,但增长幅度随掺量的增加有所减缓。养护龄期对水泥改良土的强度影响显著,在养护28 d以后强度仍有缓慢增长。根据水泥改良冻土的应力-应变特征,结合损伤力学理论,以轴向应变表征微元强度,并假定服从Weibull分布,建立了水泥改良冻土的统计损伤本构模型,经试验验证,此模型能较好地描述土体的损伤演化规律。