Cloning,localization and expression analysis of two fw2.2-like genes in small-and large-fruited pear species

Fruit size is one of the most important agronomic characters,which is mainly determined by cell number and cell size.However,our current knowledge about pear is largely unknown.Through counting of pear mesocarp cells at different stages,we found that the cell number,rather than the cell size,is responsible for the differences between small- and large-fruited cultivars.Fruit weight-2.2（fw2.2） is an important quantitative trait locus（QTL） affecting fruit weight in tomato and functions as a negative regulator in carpel cell division.To get more insights into this QTL in pear fruit development,we isolated two putative homologous fw2.2 genes,which were designated as fw2.2-like（PbFWL） genes.PbFWLs encode Cys-rich proteins with the CCXXXXCPC motif and belong to the PLAC8 superfamily.In addition,results from the subcellular localization indicated that PbFWLs were localized in the plasma membrane.The expression profile of the PbFWL genes by qRT-PCR showed they expressed higher in small-sized fruit cultivar than that in large-sized fruit cultivar during the cell division period.In summary,our data suggest that these two PbFWLs might be negatively related to the cell division in pear fruit.

Induced Polyploidy via Colchicine Treatment Increases Flower Size and Fruit Weight in Cape Gooseberry(Physalis peruviana L.)

An induced polyploid plant through colchicine treatment offers probably the best scope for improvement in flower size and fruit weight.Thus,in the present study,an attempt was made to induce polyploidy in Cape gooseberry using colchicine with the objective of creating more genetic variability.The colchicine concentrations were used as 0.10%(C1),0.20%(C2)and 0.40%(C3)for the duration 12(H1),24(H2)and 36(H3)hours for each concentration with seedling apex dip method(M1),cotton plug method(M2)and lanolin paste method(M3).The plants treated with 0.10%of colchicine by cotton plug method for 12 h showed the better performance during the years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in respect of more delay in the flower bud emergence(54 d and 53 d from the date of transplanting),anthesis(19 d and 20 d from the first appearance of bud to full anthesis of flower)and fruit setting(8.00 d and 9.00 d from the date of anthesis),bigger flower size(2.93 cm2 and 3.00 cm2)than the untreated plants.The lower percentage of pollen viability(40.33%and 40.67%)was noticed in the same treatment in comparison to control(70.33%and 72.33%).The fruit maturity was also extended(59 d and 60 d from the date of fruit set)with bigger sized fruits(length:2.53 cm and 2.57 cm,breadth:2.27 cm and 2.33 cm)as well as more fruit weight(8.70 g and 8.33 g)by the application of colchicine at 0.10%with cotton plug method for 12 h.On the basis of results obtained,the application of colchicine at 0.10%for 12 h duration with cotton plug method was found to be the best and effective treatment for induction of polyploidy as well as more flower size and fruit weight in Cape gooseberry.

Relations of change in fruit and vegetable intake with overall energy reduction and physical activity with weight change:Assessing theory-based psychosocial mediators

Background'.Increased physical activity and fruit and vegetable(FV)intake are typically suggested to counter obesity.Sustained behavior change in those areas has,however,been poor,possibly because of a lack of understanding of the effects of psychosocial factors.Using data from previous research,this study aimed to better define the role of physical activity and FV intake in short;and long-term weight loss via changes in malleable psychosocial mediators and moderators.Methods:Women who were obese(n=183;age=50.0±7.9 years;body mass index=35.2±3.2 kg/m2,mean±SD)and who previously participated in 3 different community-based behavioral weight-loss treatments were assessed over 2 years.Changes in FV intake,physical activity,sei^regulation of physical activity and eating(aggregated),negative mood,and weight were measured over 6 and 24 months.Results'.Changes in each variable over both 6 and 24 months were significant(all p values<0.001).The FV intake to the weight-related caloric intake relationship(β=.0.30,p<0.001)was significantly mediated by selfregulation change over 6 months.The physical activity to weightchange relationship(β=.0.46,p<0.001)was significantly mediated by both sei±regulation and mood change over 24 months.Physical activity,itself,accounted for only 16%of weight-related caloric expenditure differences.Changes in physical activity and FV intake were each independent predictors of weight change over 24 months(overall R2=0.50,p<0.001).Conclusion-.Findings clarified theory-based targets for weight-management treatments and suggested that future weight-loss treatments strongly focus on developing self-regulatory skills to address barriers to behavioral changes.

Changes in fat but not fruit and vegetable intakes linked with body weight change in Mexican women immigrants in Quebec

The objective of the present study was to identify dietary parameters for predicting body weight change (ΔBW) in Mexican-born women (Mexicans) following immigration to Quebec City, Canada. Methods: Changes in fruit (ΔF), vegetable (ΔV), fruit and vegetable (ΔFV), and fat (ΔFat) intake were assessed according to post-immigration periods (1-5 years, 6-10 years, 11-20 years) using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measures were also conducted in 87 Mexicans (study group) and 88 native-born Quebecers (comparison group) aged 18-65 years. Associations were calculated using full and partial robust regression models adjusting for potential confounders (origin, education, income, age, length of residence in Quebec City). Results: There was no difference in ΔBW between the groups. Body weight (BW) increased significantly in both Mexican (5.5 ± 0.9 kg, P < 0.0001) and Quebec women (4.7 ± 0.8 kg, P < 0.0001). ΔBW was positively correlated with ΔFat (β = 0.03, P = 0.003), but not correlated with origin, ΔF, or ΔV. ΔBW was negatively associated with education (β = –4.33, P = 0.007) and positively associated with length of residence (β = 0.3, P = 0.003). Partial models indicated ΔF (β = –1.35, P β = –1.04, P = 0.0001), and ΔFV (β = –2.27, P < 0.0001) were associated with origin, whereas net annual household income (β = 0.16, P = 0.04) was positively associated with ΔFat. Conclusions: Change in body weight could be predicted by length of residence, education, and change in fat intake in Mexican immigrant women and native-born Quebecers whereas changes in fruit and vegetable intakes could be predicted by Mexican or Quebec origin.

Genetic Analysis of Weight per Fruit and Fruit Length in Bitter Gourd

[Objectives]The paper was to verify the genetic mechanism of weight per fruit and fruit length in bitter gourd and to provide guidance for formulating breeding strategy.[Methods]In this study,a cross was made between CN19-1 and Thai4-6,and a Fsegregation population was also constructed.The genetic characteristics of weight per fruit and fruit length were analyzed by employing major gene plus polygene mixed genetic model.[Results]The weight per fruit and fruit length showed continuous distribution in Fsegregation population.The optimal model for weight per fruit and fruit length was the same(A-1 model).The major gene additive effect value of weight per fruit was 46.1474,the dominant effect value was-46.1005,and the major gene heritability was 52.47%.The major gene additive effect value of fruit length was 2.456,the dominant effect value was-2.455,and the major gene heritability was 52.52%.The results showed that weight per fruit and fruit length were mainly controlled by a pair of major genes.[Conclusions]This study can provide a theoretical basis for bitter gourd breeding.

Fuzzy Fruit Fly Optimized Node Quality-Based Clustering Algorithm for Network Load Balancing

Recently,the fundamental problem with Hybrid Mobile Ad-hoc Net-works(H-MANETs)is tofind a suitable and secure way of balancing the load through Internet gateways.Moreover,the selection of the gateway and overload of the network results in packet loss and Delay(DL).For optimal performance,it is important to load balance between different gateways.As a result,a stable load balancing procedure is implemented,which selects gateways based on Fuzzy Logic(FL)and increases the efficiency of the network.In this case,since gate-ways are selected based on the number of nodes,the Energy Consumption(EC)was high.This paper presents a novel Node Quality-based Clustering Algo-rithm(NQCA)based on Fuzzy-Genetic for Cluster Head and Gateway Selection(FGCHGS).This algorithm combines NQCA with the Improved Weighted Clus-tering Algorithm(IWCA).The NQCA algorithm divides the network into clusters based upon node priority,transmission range,and neighbourfidelity.In addition,the simulation results tend to evaluate the performance effectiveness of the FFFCHGS algorithm in terms of EC,packet loss rate(PLR),etc.

基施黄腐酸钾对大棚杨梅营养生长及果实品质的影响

以18年生盛果期大棚东魁杨梅为材料,设置秋季基施矿物源黄腐酸钾500 g/株处理和对照(清水),测定植株营养生长和果实性状指标,分析黄腐酸钾对大棚杨梅的影响。结果表明,与对照(清水)相比,黄腐酸钾处理的春梢长度、叶片长度、10片叶厚和叶绿素SPAD值分别增加36.16%、13.06%、26.23%和0.77%,春梢长度、叶长、10片叶厚与对照(清水)差异显著;单果质量、可溶性固形物、总糖、维生素C、总黄酮和花青素含量分别增加6.03%、3.73%、5.74%、5.32%、2.11%和6.90%,总酸含量降低9.42%,除总黄酮含量外,其他果实品质指标均差异显著。说明基施黄腐酸钾能有效促进大棚东魁杨梅营养生长,明显改善果实品质,具有良好的推广应用价值。

不同授粉方式对“台农1号”百香果果实性状的影响

生产上发现授粉方式对百香果发育及果实性状产生较大影响,为揭示其具体影响方式,以“台农1号”紫果百香果为材料,设置异株异花、同株异花、自花授粉3种授粉方式,测定比较不同授粉方式的果实成熟时间、着果率、果实外观性状、内在品质和种子性状等,并分析各性状指标间的相关性。结果表明,异株异花授粉和自花授粉着果率较高,分别达到98.3%和96.7%;不同授粉方式的单果质量和单果种子数存在显著性差异,从高到低依次为自花授粉>异株异花授粉>同株异花授粉;自花授粉和异株异花授粉可食率较高,而自花授粉果实纵径、横径最大。单果质量与果实横径均呈显著正相关,果实横径与果实纵径也呈极显著正相关;异株异花授粉和同株异花授粉果实单果质量与单果种子数呈显著正相关;同株异花授粉的果实固酸比与成熟时间呈极显著正相关,与可滴定酸呈极显著负相关。推测不同授粉方式对供试百香果品种果实性状影响较大。

珊瑚菜果实形成与内源激素含量的相关性分析

为明确珊瑚菜果实形成时期及其4种内源激素含量的动态变化,分析果实形成与内源激素含量间的关系,采用高效液相色谱法测定珊瑚菜果实发育过程中内源生长素(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)、玉米素(zeatin,ZT)、赤霉素(gibberellin a3,GA_(3))、脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)的含量。结果表明,珊瑚菜果实形成过程可划分为乳熟期、中熟期和完熟期;其纵径和横径均呈现出快-慢-快的增长趋势;含水量表现为先升高后降低;百粒重显著增加,至完熟期达2.66 g。在果实发育过程中,ZT和IAA含量均呈升-降-升-降的变化趋势;GA_(3)含量呈降-升-降的变化,其中在果实完熟末期ABA含量达46.02 ng·g^(-1)。相关性分析表明,ZT含量与果实横径呈显著正相关,与果形指数呈极显著负相关;其他性状间相关性不显著。上述结果初步揭示了珊瑚菜果实形成中各指标变化及其与4种内源激素的关系,为激素调控果实形成和提高粒重提供了理论依据。

龙眼胚性愈伤组织fw2.2家族2个基因的克隆与分析

fruit weight 2.2(fw2.2)是植物中控制果实重量的重要数量性状的主效基因。以龙眼转录组数据库为基础,采用同源克隆法及RACE技术,从龙眼的胚性愈伤组织中获得fw2.2家族的2个cDNA全长序列,命名为Dlfw2.2-1与Dlfw2.2-1,并对其核甘酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行生物信息学分析。结果表明:Dlfw2.2-1基因的cDNA全长为970 bp,编码184个氨基酸;Dlfw2.2-2基因的cDNA全长为941 bp,编码175个氨基酸。Dlfw2.2-1与Dlfw2.2-2的核甘酸序列及其推导的氨基酸序列与其它植物的fw2.2具有较高的同源性,亚细胞定位于细胞质膜,不含信号肽,具有跨膜结构与典型的与PLAC8同源的富半胱氨酸蛋白(Cysteine-rich Protein)的保守结构域。植物中fw2.2系统进化树分析结果表明,Dlfw2.2-1和Dlfw2.2-2为同一分枝,与番茄和油梨的fw2.2的距离最近。因此,推测Dlfw2.2-1与Dlfw2.2-2属于fw2.2基因家族的2个成员。

3个美国油梨品种在广东湛江引种表现评价

为了解引入国家热带果树种质资源圃(广东省湛江市)的Hass、Tonnage和Wilson 3个美国油梨品种的生育期、果实品质性状和适应性等情况,对3个品种花形态、开花特性、开花授粉受精生理特征和主要果实性状等进行观测和比较分析。结果表明,3个油梨品种在广东省湛江市均能正常开花结果,花期均为2月下旬至4月中旬,花期比原产地短10~20 d,Hass和Tonnage为A型花,Wilson为B型花;Hass、Tonnage和Wilson花粉萌发率分别为87%、75%和82%,开花后3 h为最佳授粉期。Hass果实生理成熟期11月初,Tonnage为8月中旬,Wilson为9月初;果实风味、口感、颜色等性状与引种地基本一致,Wilson平均单果质量达到引种地的2倍多,而Tonnage单果质量只达到引种地的69.5%,Hass单果质量与原产地相近。

甜瓜控制单果重基因的精细定位及候选基因分析

轻果型材料1244(单果重22.59 g)和重果型材料MS-5(单果重814.97 g)配置杂交组合后获得F_(2∶3)分离群体,采用插入缺失(InDel)标记对控制单果重性状的主效QTL位点sfw2.2进行精细定位,进一步对定位区间内的注释基因进行分析,以确定关键候选基因。结果表明:控制单果重性状的主效QTL位点sfw2.2定位在标记CY InDel11和CY InDel16之间,包含3个已知功能基因。其中,纤维蛋白合成相关基因MELO3C029669的相对表达量在两个亲本间存在显著差异,推测其为控制甜瓜单果重的关键基因。根据基因在亲本间的序列差异,开发特异性InDel分子标记BCYInDel13对30份甜瓜材料苗期进行单果重性状的检测,检测准确率可达到90%,具有较高的准确性。

贡水白柚果实分级标准研究

果实科学分级对于保证果实品质,提高鲜果附加值,促进贡水白柚产业发展是必不可少的。贡水白柚是宣恩县农业主导产业之一,本研究以随机选取的210份贡水白柚果实为材料,进行果形指标、质构、糖度及其相关性分析。结果表明,贡水白柚全果及果肉质量差异明显,全果质量为734~2 178 g,平均1 128.64 g;果肉质量440~731 g,平均564.61 g,根据全果及果肉质量可分为4级。全果质量、果肉质量及横径与果皮顶距、底距、中距、纵径、糖度等各性状指标呈明显的相关关系,可作为主要分级指标。因此,建议将贡水白柚全果质量作为主要分级指标,果实横径作为第二分级指标进行综合分级,对提高贡水白柚的经济效益意义重大。

基于果实重量的草莓品种遗传多样性SSR分析

利用SSR分子标记技术对173份草莓品种进行遗传分析,结果表明:草莓的平均期望杂合度(0.5898)高于平均期望纯合度(0.4102),但是平均观测纯合度(0.8515)却远高于平均观测杂合度(0.1485),纯合基因较多,杂合基因较少,遗传多样性较低。草莓的果重大小与其等位基因有关,纯和的等位基因A、F过高会抑制草莓果实的成长,纯和的等位基因B、C、D过高会促进草莓果实的成长。

蓝靛果忍冬不同品种生长发育习性变化分析

该试验以蓝靛果忍冬‘蓓蕾’‘蓝精灵’和‘乌蓝’3个品种为研究对象,以其新梢生长、果实纵横径、单果鲜重及果实口感评价为指标,对蓝靛果忍冬不同品种生长发育情况进行分析研究。结果表明,蓝靛果忍冬各品种新梢生长和果实发育有较大差异,经综合分析,从好到次的排序为‘蓝精灵’‘乌蓝’‘蓓蕾’。蓝靛果忍冬各品种新梢生长、果实发育高峰期也不尽相同,新梢生长高峰期有两次,第1次在4月中旬,第2次在4月末至5月中旬;果实纵横径生长高峰期在5月中旬;单果鲜重增长高峰期在5月中旬至6月初。因此,在蓝靛果忍冬栽培管理中,应当在新梢和果实生长高峰期加强果园肥水管理,促进果实发育,达到高产,获得最大的经济效益。

Effect of Pre-Harvest Application of Gibberellic Acid on Fruit Quality and Shelf Life of Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a promising fruit crop gaining popularity for its human nutrition and economic importance in Nepal. The qualitative losses during pre-harvest stage hinder the productivity and subsequently shorten the on-tree storability. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of gibberellic acid on quality and shelf life of the mandarin fruit. GA3 at 10, 20, and 30 ppm as against of control were evaluated. Observations on fruit weight (g), fruit firmness (kg/cm2), rind colour (1 - 5 index), juice recovery (%), TSS/acid ratio, PLW (%), decay loss (%), and ascorbic acid (mg/100 ml) were recorded at three harvesting dates i.e. 20 Nov, 5 Dec, and 20 Dec and storage condition. It has been revealed that the fruits treated with GA3 at 20 ppm retained higher fruit weight (128.6 g), more firmness (3.54 kg/cm2), better juice recovery (57.75%), and greater TSS/acid ratio (21.24) at the end of study (20 December). The PLW was found less with GA3 at 30 ppm in both ambient (5.17%) and cellar (6.69%) condition as against untreated fruits (9.52% and 11.76%). Similarly, the decay loss was minimum in the fruits treated with GA3 at 30 ppm both with ambient (1.02%) and cellar condition (8.21%) as against control with ambient (5.54%) and cellar (21.58%).

Fruit Characteristics and Mineral Nutrient Concentrations Depending on Different Sizes of “Fuyu” Persimmon Fruits

This study investigated the relationships between fruit size and other fruit quality components in “Fuyu” persimmon. The flower buds were thinned to leave one or two buds per bearing shoot in mid-May. All fruits were harvested on November 12 and they were divided into six size classes by fresh weight. The length/diameter (L/D) ratio and flesh firmness significantly decreased as fruit size increased. Large fruits had a redder skin color with more seeds than small ones. There was a strong negative relationship between fruit size and the L/D ratio (R2 = 0.741, p ≤ 0.01) and firmness (R2 = 0.604, p ≤ 0.01). Skin color and number of seeds per fruit were positively related to fruit size, especially skin color where the relationship was highly positive (R2 = 0.771, p ≤ 0.01). There was a weak, but non-significant positive relation between fruit size and soluble solids. P, K, and Ca concentrations significantly decreased with increasing fruit size. Highly negative relationships were found between fruit size and fruit P (R2 = 0.393, p ≤ 0.01), K (R2 = 0.446, p ≤ 0.01), and Ca (R2 = 0.417, p ≤ 0.01) concentrations. Fruit N and Mg concentrations were not affected by fruit size. It was concluded that fruit size is related to shape, coloration, flesh firmness, and number of seeds per fruit, affecting concentrations of some mineral nutrients in fruits.

桃果实单果重及可溶性固形物含量的全基因组选择分析

【背景】桃单果重和可溶性固形物含量(SSC)是育种家关注的两个重要的数量性状,受到多个微效基因的控制,难以通过单个标记进行早期筛选。全基因组选择作为一种新颖的数量性状早期预测工具,在果树上已经有了初步应用,但其在桃上的应用效果以及影响预测准确性的因素仍需要深入探讨。【目的】建立桃单果重和SSC的全基因组选择技术,为桃高效分子育种技术体系的建立奠定基础。【方法】以520株训练自然群体为试材,通过重测序筛选出的48 398个SNP进行分型,在11个全基因组预测模型中分别筛选出两个数量性状适宜的模型,进而在56株自然群体和1 145株杂交群体上进行应用。【结果】3类群体的平均测序数据量在1.95—3.52 Gb,测序深度为5.29—10.79×。训练自然群体经与参考基因组比对,共得到5 065 726个SNP,去除缺失率较高(>20%)、最小等位基因频率过低(<0.05)的位点后,随机挑选基因组上48 398个SNP用于训练群体的全基因组选择模型构建。单果重预测精度最高的模型是BayesA,SSC预测精度最高的模型为randomforest。分别利用两个数量性状最适的模型进行预测,发现在自然群体中,单果重的预测精度为0.4767—0.6141,高于SSC的0.3220—0.4329;而在杂交群体中,单果重的预测精度为0.2319—0.4870,同样高于SSC的0.0200—0.2793;该结果也表明利用训练自然群体构建的预测模型在预测自然群体上应用的精度高于杂交群体。进而以单果重为例,发现当育种目标是大果时,全基因组选择仅需保留17.78%的单株,效率明显高于单标记和双标记筛选。同时探讨了群体离散程度、遗传力和群体结构等对预测精度的影响,发现预测精度可能受到上述因子的综合影响。【结论】本研究筛选出桃果实单果重和SSC适宜全基因组选择模型,表明该方法的选择效率明显高于单标记筛选,研究结果为两个数量性状的高效分子辅助育种奠定了理论和技术支撑。

油橄榄雌性繁殖成功的花粉和资源限制

雄全同株植物油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)鲜果肉为优质食用油原料,但存在结果率低下的问题.研究对油橄榄的开花特性进行观察,运用人工授粉、补施肥料、不同比例剪叶处理以及不同比例疏花处理研究了油橄榄花粉和资源限制对雌性繁殖成功的影响,并进一步探讨了该植物的“花多果少”的繁殖机制.结果表明:油橄榄单花序花期3~4 d,表现为完全花先熟,雄花后熟,有支持异交降低自交的倾向.油橄榄单株花期4~5 d,群体盛花期6~9 d,呈“集中开花模式”,花朵具芳香,能吸引多种昆虫前来访花,易造成自花授粉.异交人工授粉、风媒授粉与自然授粉3个处理间的结果率及单果重量没有显著差异,表明花粉来源与数量对油橄榄雌性繁殖成功没有影响.油橄榄雌性繁殖成功存在资源限制:补充施肥显著提高了植株的单生殖枝花序数、单花序完全花数、结果率与单果干重.随着剪除叶片比例增加,结果率显著下降,单果干重也显著降低,其中剪除叶片1/4的结果率与单果干重有所下降,但与对照差异不显著,而剪除叶片2/4、剪除叶片3/4及剪除全部叶片的结果率与单果干重均显著低于对照.随着疏花比例增加,初始花的结果率呈下降趋势,保留花的结果率则先降后升;单果干重则疏花1/4处理时增加,随着疏花比例继续增加,单果干重与对照差异不大.整体看来,油橄榄结果率极低,不同因子对其低水平坐果率可能产生相互作用.雄性功能假说和资源限制假说似乎是油橄榄“花多果少”繁殖策略的合理解释.