Modeling of the whole process of shock wave overpressure of freefield air explosion

The waveform of the explosion shock wave under free-field air explosion is an extremely complex problem.It is generally considered that the waveform consists of overpressure peak,positive pressure zone and negative pressure zone.Most of current practice usually considers only the positive pressure.Many empirical relations are available to predict overpressure peak,the positive pressure action time and pressure decay law.However,there are few models that can predict the whole waveform.The whole process of explosion shock wave overpressure,which was expressed as the product of the three factor functions of peak,attenuation and oscillation,was proposed in the present work.According to the principle of explosion similarity,the scaled parameters were introduced and the empirical formula was absorbed to form a mathematical model of shock wave overpressure.Parametric numerical simulations of free-field air explosions were conducted.By experimental verification of the AUTODYN numerical method and comparing the analytical and simulated curves,the model is proved to be accurate to calculate the shock wave overpressure under free-field air explosion.In addition,through the model the shock wave overpressure at different time and distance can be displayed in three dimensions.The model makes the time needed for theoretical calculation much less than that for numerical simulation.

Numerical investigation of the shockwave overpressure fields of multi-sources FAE explosions

Shockwaves from fuel-air explosive(FAE)cloud explosions may cause significant casualties.The ground overpressure field is usually used to evaluate the damage range of explosion shockwaves.In this paper,a finite element model of multi-sources FAE explosion is established to simulate the process of multiple shockwaves propagation and interaction.The model is verified with the experimental data of a fourfoldsource FAE explosion,with the total fuel mass of 340 kg.Simulation results show that the overpressure fields of multi-sources FAE explosions are different from that of the single-source.In the case of multisources,the overpressure fields are influenced significantly by source scattering distance and source number.Subsequently,damage ranges of overpressure under three different levels are calculated.Within a suitable source scattering distance,the damage range of multi-sources situation is greater than that of the single-source,under the same amount of total fuel mass.This research provides a basis for personnel shockwave protection from multi-sources FAE explosion.

Influence of Vapor Cloud Shape on Temperature Field of Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion

In order to analyze the influence of vapor cloud shape on temperature field effect of unconfined vapor cloud explosion(UVCE)and obtain creditable prediction method of explosion temperature effect,the transient temperature fields of cylindrical and hemispherical UVCEs with same methane concentration and mass were numerically studied by computational fluid dynamics(CFD)technology.According to numerical simulation results, the concepts of UVCE’s temperature-near-field and temperature-far-field were proposed,the corresponding ranges were given,and the temperature attenuation laws and differences in corresponding regions with different vapor cloud shapes were presented.Through comparing with Baker fireball model,the accuracy and visualizability in acquisition of entire temperature effect based on numerical simulation were further validated.The functional relations among maximum temperature,horizontal distance,initial temperature and vapor cloud mass in temperature-near-field and temperature-far-field were deduced by means of data fitting,respectively.These conclusions provided quantitative basis for forecast and protection of UVCE disaster.

Flame behavior, shock wave, and instantaneous thermal field generated by unconfined vapor-liquid propylene oxide/air cloud detonation

Energy output and heating effects are essential for vapor-liquid fuel/air cloud detonation in the fuel-air explosive(FAE) applications or explosion accidents. The purpose of this study is to examine the dynamic large-size flame behavior, shock wave propagation law, and instantaneous thermal field generated by unconfined vapor-liquid propylene oxide(PO)/air cloud detonation. Based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and combustion theory, a numerical simulation is used to study the detonation process of a PO/air cloud produced by a double-event fuel-air explosive(DEFAE) of 2.16 kg. The large-scale flame behavior is characterized. The flame initially spreads radially and laterally in a wing shape. Subsequently,the developed flame increases with a larger aspect ratio. Moreover, the propagation laws of shock waves at different heights are discussed. The peak pressure of 1.3 m height level with a stepwise decline is obviously different from that of the ground with an amplitude of reversed ’N’ shape. In the vast majority of the first 6.9 m, the destructive effect of the shock wave near the ground is greater than that of the shock wave at 1.3 m height. Furthermore, the dynamic instantaneous isothermal field is demonstrated.The scaling relationship of various isotherms in the instantaneous thermal field with the flame and initial cloud is summarized. The comprehensive numerical model used in this study can be applied to determine the overpressure and temperature distribution in the entire fuel/air cloud detonation field,providing guidance for assessing the extent of damage caused by DEFAE detonation.

Numerical Simulation of the Protective Effect of Complex Boundaries Toward Shock Waves in a 3D Explosive Field

A numerical method is presented that simulates 3D explosive field problems. A code MMIC3D using this method can be used to simulate the propagation and reflected effects of all kinds of rigid boundaries to shock waves produced by an explosive source. These numerical results indicate that the code MMIC3D has the ability in computing cases such as 3D shock waves produced by air explosion, vortex region of the shock wave, the Mach wave, and reflected waves behind rigid boundaries.

Reliability Analysis for Air-Gap Detonation Transfer Interface by Numerical Simulation

In order to reduce the test samples in the reliability design and assessment,the function process of air-gap detonation transfer interface was simulated by LS-DYNA software.The stress nephograms for the detonation transfer processes of six kinds of design parameters were analyzed.The results show that when the length of air-gap is between 2 and 18 mm,the detonation can be normally transferred which is consistent with the test result of NeyerD method.The result has referential value for design and analysis of similar products.

Visualization of Explosive Field

Aim To visualize the explosive field and design a useful and practicable software tool to analyze explosive field. Methods An ideal model of the explosive field with a protective wall, which was simulated by another program MMIC(multi material in cell), was brought forward. The physical data output by MMIC were changed into image data represented by DIB bitmaps through the following steps: normalizing, coding, mapping and displaying. The object oriented method was applied in programming. Results and Conclusion With the tool, the explosive field with a protective wall is visualized. The overview of explosive field and some details about the transmission of shock wave in the field, such as reflection, flow over an obstacle and Mach reflection, are shown.

纵向通风作用下隧道内氢泄漏爆炸隐患分析

为研究纵向通风能否有效控制隧道中泄漏氢气的扩散以及降低可燃氢云的超压危害,本文以一长100 m的方形隧道为研究对象,利用FLUENT软件对隧道内氢气泄漏扩散现象进行数值模拟,基于可燃氢云爆炸超压对人和建筑物的危害分级,分析纵向通风降低隧道内氢气泄漏爆炸危害性的作用效果.研究结果表明:计算工况下,隧道内发生氢气射流火灾时的纵向风速范围为6.5~8.0 m/s;纵向通风能够有效控制隧道内氢气的泄漏和扩散,但不能完全消除隧道氢泄漏爆炸的可能性和危害性.

平板玻璃在爆炸载荷下的损伤数值模拟

平板钠钙玻璃为常见建筑材料,研究其在爆炸冲击波下的裂纹扩展规律和损坏具有重要的科学意义。本文通过建立数值模型,考虑材料的本构关系、边界条件、载荷作用方式等,模拟爆炸载荷的传播过程,将得到的载荷信息作为输入数据,结合近场动力学方法(PD),模拟玻璃结构在爆炸载荷下的响应过程。结果表明:用近场动力学法(PD)进行数值模拟时,明显形成了环状裂纹和径向裂纹,且边框处有大量玻璃碎片飞溅,表明PD算法可有效模拟玻璃破碎过程;冲击波负压阶段对结果影响很小,在数值模拟时可忽略不计;在相同的爆心距下,随TNT质量的增加,玻璃碎片的抛撒速度越大;当冲击波超压峰值相同时,随爆心距的增加,冲击波的正压作用时间和比冲量都增加;玻璃碎片的最高速度与爆心距接近线性关系,平板玻璃的毁伤阈值为0.052MPa。

近自由液面聚能战斗部水下爆炸威力场

聚能战斗部反舰武器因其高效毁伤能力而受到重视,然而现阶段对其在近自由液面的威力场研究较少。为此,结合聚能战斗部对水下靶板毁伤试验结果,建立与之相对应的数值仿真模型,利用任意拉格朗日欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,ALE)算法模拟了金属射流形成和毁伤靶板全过程。同时,在验证模型算法有效性的基础上,通过系列工况设置,研究了小锥角聚能战斗部在近自由液面爆炸冲击波和射流特点。研究结果表明,近自由面聚能战斗部水下爆炸压力具有不对称性;自由液面对金属射流无明显影响,但受自由液面处反射的稀疏波影响,近自由液面冲击波压力下降,出现空化区域。

LNG管道内爆炸效应数值仿真分析

LNG作为一种优质的清洁能源,其可通过管道从燃料舱输送到气体燃料发动机,在此过程中管道易发生爆炸类的安全隐患,因此需要对LNG管道内爆炸情况进行数值仿真分析。采用Ansys/Lsdyna开展甲烷爆炸数值仿真分析,分析甲烷在无抑爆和抑爆工况下的爆炸破坏特性,并研究在多种不同比例的爆炸压力下2块挡板应力场、应变场及能量场的分布趋势,得出终端接收的能量与爆腔的爆炸压力呈正相关关系等结论,为后续LNG燃料系统结构安全提供技术参考。

空气密度对铜(T2)/Q235爆炸焊接影响的数值模拟研究

为了研究不同空气密度对铜(T2)/Q235爆炸焊接的影响,选用T2作为复板,Q235为基板,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件并结合任意拉格朗日欧拉耦合法(ALE算法),对三种不同空气密度下的铜(T2)/Q235爆炸焊接进行三维数值模拟。对模拟结果的碰撞速度、碰撞压力和竖向位移等动态参数进行对比分析,结果表明在三种空气密度下,特征单元的碰撞速度、碰撞压力和竖向位移的变化趋势几乎一致。说明空气密度在一定范围内变化对爆炸焊接动态参数的影响非常小,可以忽略不计。

空爆载荷下钛蜂窝夹芯板的变形和破坏

通过有限元数值模拟方法,研究钛蜂窝夹芯板在空爆冲击载荷下的变形和破坏特性。在相同装药类型及装药量、不同炸高的情况下,考察上、下面板的变形过程和速度变化,并分析上、下面板和夹芯的破坏模式。通过对比不同炸高下的钛蜂窝夹芯板破坏程度和破坏形式可知,破坏程度随炸高的减小而明显增大,破坏形式由弯曲发展到脱层甚至破碎。

Evaluating the blast mitigation performance of hard/soft composite structures through field explosion experiment and numerical analysis

The application of hard/soft composite structure in personnel armor for blast mitigation is relatively practical and effective in realistic protection engineering,such as the shell/liner system of the helmet.However,there is still lacking a reliable experi-mental methodology to effectively evaluate the blast mitigation performance when the structure directly contacts the protected target,which limits the development of protection structures.In this paper,we proposed a new method to evaluate experi-mentally and numerically the blast mitigation performance of hard/soft composite structures.The blast mitigation mechanism is analyzed.The hard/soft structures were composed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)composite and expanded polyethylene(EPE)foam.In field explosion experiment,a 7.0 kg trinitrotoluene(TNT)spherical charge is used to generate blast waves at a 3.8 m stand-off distance.A pressure test device is designed to support the tested structure and measure the transmitted blast pressure pulses after passing through the structure.Experimental results indicate that the hard/soft structures can mitigate the blast pressure pulse into the triangular pressure pulse,through making the pulse profile flatter,reducing the pressure amplitude,and delaying the pulse arrival time.Specifically,the combination of 7 mm UHMWPE composite and 20 mm EPE foam can reduce the blast pressure amplitude by 40%.Correspondingly,the finite element simulation is also carried out to understand the blast mitigation mechanism.The numerical results indicate that the regulation for blast pressure pulses mainly complete at the hard/soft interface,which is attributed to the reflection of pressure waves at the interface and the deformation of the soft layer compressed by the hard layer possessing kinetic energy.Furthermore,based on these analyses,the corresponding theoretical model is proposed,and it can well explain the experimental and numerical results.This study is meaningful for evaluating and designing high-performance blast mitigation structures.

混凝土梁桥桥下爆炸压力场分析

为了探索桥下爆炸自由场超压、墩柱反射超压和梁底反射超压的分布规律,对一座两跨混凝土梁桥缩尺模型开展了桥下爆炸试验,并结合数值模拟方法研究了桥下爆炸波传播规律以及爆炸波与T梁和墩柱之间的相互作用.研究结果表明:地面反射条件的改变对爆炸荷载影响显著;实测柱底、柱中和柱顶超压峰值沿柱高分布相对离散,实测T梁底超压时程曲线呈多峰正压.爆炸波传播过程中有马赫波形成;爆炸波遇到T梁梁肋和横隔板会发生反射和绕射,遇到T梁翼板下表面会发生反射,爆炸波传播至墩柱盖梁和T梁相交区域时,传播路径较为复杂,作用时间相对较长.炸药形状对T梁底部超压分布有一定影响,中梁梁肋下表面的超压峰值自爆心向两边呈指数形式衰减;超压峰值沿柱高整体呈减小趋势,柱底、柱中和柱顶迎爆面沿柱周超压峰值整体呈中间大两边小的趋势.

动爆冲击波场空间位置分布规律研究

为研究装药速度对爆炸冲击波场空间位置分布规律的影响,对不同速度装药的空中爆炸冲击波场进行了数值模拟,获取了动爆冲击波场演化历程图像。仿真结果表明:装药速度影响下爆炸冲击波波阵面的形状不再为球形,并且冲击波作用场呈现沿装药速度方向移动的现象,其移动量可以由波阵面所围区域几何中心的移动来表征,移动停止时几何中心的移动距离与装药速度大小近似成正比。对几何中心的移动距离开展了量纲分析,并在仿真数据的基础上建立了装药速度影响下几何中心移动距离的工程计算模型,校验结果表明,计算模型的精度较好,具有一定普适性。

带有悬臂预喷注结构的压缩斜楔流场特性研究

为给前体带有悬臂预喷注结构的吸气式高超声速飞行器进气道设计提供参考,本文设计了一种带有悬臂预喷注结构的压缩斜楔模型,采用数值仿真方法研究了该结构喷注前后的流场特性,并分析了悬臂截面形状变化以及悬臂外径变化对该流场的影响。结果表明:在楔面上设置悬臂预喷注结构,其产生的诱导激波会增加楔面激波的强度和激波角,并在悬臂下游产生一定范围的低总压区域,喷注后在悬臂喷注结构下游可获得面积较大、距壁面一定距离且氢气与空气分布较均匀的掺混区域。不同悬臂截面形状对楔面激波的影响较小,使用方形截面的悬臂结构会增加悬臂下游低总压区域的范围,但氢气与主流的掺混性能有显著提高。增加悬臂外径会使悬臂诱导激波对楔面激波的影响增加,悬臂后方低总压区域的范围增大,但在本文研究范围内对氢气与主流的掺混性能影响较小。因此,在前体带有预喷注结构的进气道设计过程,可根据要求选择合适的悬臂截面形状,而在使用圆形截面悬臂时尽可能选择较小的悬臂半径。

环向切缝管聚能射流的数值模拟

为了研究环向切缝管装药爆炸时爆轰产物粒子的运动演化过程,采用光滑粒子流体动力学与有限元(SPH-FEM)耦合算法构建了环向切缝管爆破模型,在炸药上设置高斯点锁定不同位置的SPH粒子,观察分析不同粒子的运动速度、轨迹及岩体损伤过程。数值模拟结果表明:切缝与不切缝位置的爆轰产物粒子的运动形态存在显著差异,环向切缝中部与其端部以及非切缝段处均存在明显速度差。这种差异将在岩体中产生复杂应力场,有效促进被爆岩体的破坏。数值模拟研究结果验证了环向切缝管壁上的环向切缝能有效地调制爆轰波波形,进而通过切缝管狭缝的气隙聚能效应控制并会聚爆轰产物的流向与爆炸能量的定向释放,形成有别于传统空穴装药聚能效应的狭缝气隙聚能效应。

露天爆破堵塞物对混装乳化炸药影响研究

随着现场混装乳化炸药的广泛应用,露天爆破施工中存在着堵塞物渗入乳化炸药,间接改变堵塞长度,降低爆破效果的情况。为研究露天爆破堵塞物对混装乳化炸药影响,先后开展了填塞模拟试验、数值模拟试验及现场爆破试验。首先,采用4种常用孔径的PVC管模拟炮孔,使用钻孔岩屑模拟炮孔堵塞,系统研究了填塞过程中炸药药柱顶部岩屑渗入炸药情况;其次,借助LS-DYNA软件进行单孔爆破数值模拟,通过观察测点的应力值变化,探究了药柱顶部混入堵塞物对爆炸威力产生的影响;最后,以金堆城露天台阶爆破为工程背景,在装药过程中设置物理隔离改善堵塞工艺,通过对比物理隔离前后的爆破效果分析堵塞物对混装乳化炸药的影响。结果表明:在乳化炸药填塞过程中,药柱顶部首先出现炸药上溢现象,在填装完成后受重力影响岩屑逐渐渗入乳化炸药,且随着孔径的增大,相同时间内岩屑的渗入长度不断增大;数值模拟结果表明,不同监测点位的应力值均有所下降,堵塞物的渗入降低了顶部炸药的爆炸威力;对现场爆破后的顶部岩石进行块度分析发现,对比常规装药过程,采取堵塞隔离措施后,爆区内岩石主要块度分布从20~40 cm降低为0~20 cm,且超过60 cm的岩石占比由6.13%降低至1.81%。综上,堵塞物渗入对乳化炸药的威力及爆破效果影响显著,通过采取物理隔离手段分离堵塞物与炸药可以有效改善爆破效果。

装药速度对三波点高度的影响

为研究装药速度对三波点高度的影响,对不同速度下装药的近地动爆过程开展了数值模拟,获取了动爆冲击波场演化历程图像,定量研究了近地面动爆冲击波流场演化情况。仿真结果表明:装药速度对三波点的高度有较大影响,在速度正方向上,装药速度越大,同时刻三波点高度越高,且变化幅度随装药速度的增加而增大,马赫波形成位置到爆心投影点的距离较静爆时更远,在距爆心投影点相同水平距离处三波点高度越低,在速度负方向上则反之;在速度正方向距爆心投影点相同水平距离处,B炸药和C4炸药形成的马赫波高度相当,二者的三波点迹线更贴近于地面,TNT装药的三波点高度较高。