Research on ECMS Based on Segmented Path Braking Energy Recovery in a Fuel Cell Vehicle

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are widely regarded as having the potential to replace internal combustion engines in vehicles.Since fuel cells cannot recover energy and have a slow dynamic response,they need to be used with different power sources.Developing efficient energy management strategies to achieve excellent fuel economy is the goal of research.This paper proposes an adaptive equivalent fuel minimum consumption strategy(AECMS)to solve the problem of the poor economy of the whole vehicle caused by the wrong selection of equivalent factors(EF)in traditional ECMS.In this method,the kinematics interval is used to update the equivalent factor by considering the penalty term of energy recovery on SOC changes.Finally,the optimized equivalent factor is substituted into the optimization objective function to achieve efficient energy regulation.Simulation results under the New European Driving Cycle show that compared with the traditional ECMS based on fixed SOC benchmarks,the proposed method improves fuel economy by 1.7%while ensuring vehicle power and increases SOC by 30%.

Power Conversion System Strategies for Fuel Cell Vehicles

Power electronics is an enabling technology for the development of environmental friendly fuel cell vehicles, and to implement the various vehicle electrical architectures to obtain the best performance. In this paper, power conversion strategies for propulsion and auxiliary power unit applications are described. The power electronics strategies for the successful development of the fuel cell vehicles are presented. The fuel cell systems for propulsion and for auxiliary power unit applications are also discussed.

A Novel Method for the Application of the ECMS(Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy)to Reduce Hydrogen Consumption in Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles are currently being considered as ideal means to solve the energy crisis and global warming in today’s society.In this context,this paper proposes a method to solve the problem related to the dependence of the so-called optimal equivalent factor(determined in the framework of the equivalent consumption minimum strategy-ECMS)on the working conditions.The simulation results show that under typical conditions(some representative cities being considered),the proposed strategy can maintain the power balance;for different initial battery’s states of charge(SOC),after the SOC stabilizes,the fuel consumption is 5.25 L/100 km.

Theoretical Propulsion System for Fuel Cell Vehicles with Infinite Cruising Range

The realization of a clean automobile society would require electrically-powered propulsion systems in vehicles.In recent years,electric vehicles have attracted considerable attention from the perspective of utilizing electricity generated from natural sources,such as solar and wind power.The propulsion method considered in the present investigation differs from the conventional off-board energy scheme in a manner such that pure stoichiometric H2/O2 fuels for fuel cells are generated on-board during vehicle operation.In this method,energy conversion occurs by means of ESI-PSE(electrostatic-induction potential-superposed electrolysis).If a quasi-static process is assumed,the theoretical power requirement to produce pure stoichiometric H2/O2 fuels is only 17%of the total energy required owing to a new method for supplying power to the EC(electrolytic cell).If an ESI-PSE EC is combined with a fuel cell(FC)to form an energy cycle,a HREG(hydrogen redox electric power generator)that uses solid PEMs(polymer electrolyte membranes)for the EC as well as the FC can be realized.According to calculations based on data from the operational conditions of commercially available ECs and FCs,more than 70%of the power delivered from the FC can be extracted for driving a motor constantly while a car is in motion.Because of energy self-sustainability on the HREG side,the power control system should not have any power loss.This propulsion system will realize tough vehicles that can continue running at a top speed at long unlimited cruising range.

Analysis on carbon emission reduction intensity of fuel cell vehicles from a life-cycle perspective

The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is rapidly developing in China for carbon reduction and neutrality.This paper evaluated the life-cycle cost and carbon emission of hydrogen energy via lots of field surveys,including hydrogen production and packing in chlor-alkali plants,transport by tube trailers,storage and refueling in hydrogen refueling stations(HRSs),and application for use in two different cities.It also conducted a comparative study for battery electric vehicles(BEVs)and internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs).The result indicates that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle(FCV)has the best environmental performance but the highest energy cost.However,a sufficient hydrogen supply can significantly reduce the carbon intensity and FCV energy cost of the current system.The carbon emission for FCV application has the potential to decrease by 73.1%in City A and 43.8%in City B.It only takes 11.0%–20.1%of the BEV emission and 8.2%–9.8%of the ICEV emission.The cost of FCV driving can be reduced by 39.1%in City A.Further improvement can be obtained with an economical and“greener”hydrogen production pathway.

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) in Automotive Applications: Environmental Relevance of the Manufacturing Stage

This study presents a state of the art of several studies dealing with the environmental impact assessment of fuel cell (FC) vehicles and the comparison with their conventional fossil-fuelled counterparts, by means of the Life Cycle As-sessment (LCA) methodology. Results declare that, depending on the systems characteristics, there are numerous envi-ronmental advantages, but also some disadvantages can be expected. In addition, the significance of the manufac-turing process of the FC, more specifically the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) type, in terms of environmental impact is presented. Finally, CIEMAT’s role in HYCHAIN European project, consisting of supporting early adopters for hydrogen FCs in the transport sector, is

Atomic-scale engineering of advanced catalytic and energy materials via atomic layer deposition for eco-friendly vehicles

Zero-emission eco-friendly vehicles with partly or fully electric powertrains have exhibited rapidly increased demand for reducing the emissions of air pollutants and improving the energy efficiency. Advanced catalytic and energy materials are essential as the significant portions in the key technologies of eco-friendly vehicles, such as the exhaust emission control system,power lithium ion battery and hydrogen fuel cell. Precise synthesis and surface modification of the functional materials and electrodes are required to satisfy the efficient surface and interface catalysis, as well as rapid electron/ion transport. Atomic layer deposition(ALD), an atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing method, shows unique characteristics of precise thickness control, uniformity and conformality for film deposition, which has emerged as an important technique to design and engineer advanced catalytic and energy materials. This review has summarized recent process of ALD on the controllable preparation and modification of metal and oxide catalysts, as well as lithium ion battery and fuel cell electrodes. The enhanced catalytic and electrochemical performances are discussed with the unique nanostructures prepared by ALD. Recent works on ALD reactors for mass production are highlighted. The challenges involved in the research and development of ALD on the future practical applications are presented, including precursor and deposition process investigation, practical device performance evaluation, large-scale and efficient production, etc.

A Resonant Dual Full-Bridge Class-E Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

The interests on energy storage schemes, bidirectional dc-dc converter and uninterruptible power supplies have been increasing nowadays as there wide researches are undertaken in the area of electric vehicles. A modified bi directional class-E resonant dc-dc converter is introduced here in this proposed topology for the application in electric vehicles. The advantages of soft switching techniques have been utilized for making analysis simple. The main advantage here in this system is that it can operate in a wide range of frequencies with minimal switching loss in transistors. This paper elaborates a detailed analysis on converter design and the same has been simulated and verified in Matlab/Simulink.

融合工况预测的燃料电池汽车里程自适应等效氢耗最小控制策略

为有效地提高插电式燃料电池汽车的经济性,实现燃料电池和动力电池的功率最优分配,考虑到行驶工况、电池荷电状态(State of charge,SOC)、等效因子与氢气消耗之间的密切联系,制定融合工况预测的里程自适应等效氢耗最小策略.通过基于误差反向传播的神经网络来实现未来短期车速的预测,分析未来车辆需求功率变化,同时借助全球定位系统规划一条通往目的地的路径,智能交通系统便可获取整个行程的交通流量信息,利用行驶里程和SOC实时动态修正等效消耗最小策略中的等效因子,实现能量管理策略的自适应性.基于MATLAB/Simulink软件,搭建整车仿真模型与传统的能量管理策略进行仿真对比验证.仿真结果表明,采用基于神经网络的工况预测算法能够较好地预测未来短期工况,其预测精度相较于马尔可夫方法提高12.5%,所提出的能量管理策略在城市道路循环工况(UDDS)下的氢气消耗比电量消耗维持(CD/CS)策略下降55.6%.硬件在环试验表明,在市郊循环工况(EUDC)下的氢气消耗比CD/CS策略下降26.8%,仿真验证结果表明了所提出的策略相比于CD/CS策略在氢气消耗方面的优越性能,并通过硬件在环实验验证了所提策略的有效性.

基于TD3-PER的氢燃料电池混合动力汽车能量管理策略研究

为优化氢燃料电池混合动力汽车的燃料经济性及辅助动力电池性能,提出了一种基于优先经验采样的双延迟深度确定性策略梯度(TD3-PER)能量管理策略。采用双延迟深度确定性策略梯度(TD3)算法,在防止训练过优估计的同时实现了更精准的连续控制;同时结合优先经验采样(PER)算法,在获得更好优化性能的基础上加速了策略的训练。仿真结果表明:相较于深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法,所提出的TD3-PER能量管理策略的百公里氢耗量降低了7.56%,平均功率波动降低了6.49%。

考虑不同制氢方法的高速公路加氢站布局规划

针对高速公路加氢设施不完善的问题,提出一种基于改进自适应遗传算法的高速公路加氢站布局方法。根据高速公路特性及电子收费记录,建立高速公路网络和加氢判断模型。基于多层次-模糊综合评价方法,从经济性、环保性以及安全性角度,提供适合高速公路加氢站的制氢方法和制氢地点的组合。再结合分布式光伏的投入,以经济效益最优为目标,构建高速公路站外和站内制氢2组目标函数,利用改进自适应遗传算法分别进行优化布局和容量配置。以沈海高速(浙江段)作为研究对象进行分析,提供了不同制氢方法下加氢站布局方案及相关设施的容量配置,算例结果与模糊综合评价结果相互验证了模型的有效性。

车用氢能储供阀门测试标准比较研究

氢能一直以来是全球能源界关注的重点,燃料电池汽车是氢能应用与发展的重要领域。氢气属于易燃易爆且小分子易泄漏气体,车用氢能储供阀门作为车载供氢系统的关键部件,产品的安全性能关系到整车的安全性和稳定性。本文通过对国内外车用氢能储供阀门常用的测试标准的比较研究,着重对GB/T 42536、EU406和GTR13三个标准的测试试验项目进行比较,对标准的试验要求进行了分析和总结,为更好地理解和应用标准提供了借鉴,对于车用氢能产业的发展具有重要的意义。

车用氢能发展难点与对策

“双碳”目标背景下,国内加快能源转型步伐,交通运输业作为第三大碳排放行业,加快向电、氢转型。分析了国内氢燃料电池汽车和加氢站的发展现状,从产业链的角度深入剖析了国内车用氢能发展的“车贵”“氢贵”“站贵”等三大痛点,认为深层次的原因是燃料电池、车辆生产和加氢站设备生产存在技术瓶颈,关键零部件仍然依赖进口,加氢站建设及运营成本高,电解水等制氢成本高等。最后,从行业发展的角度,分别提出了降低车用氢能成本的突破路径,指导行业良性发展。

基于蓄热装置辅助的燃料电池电动车供暖系统动态仿真

为了辅助燃料电池车辆预热,提升燃料电池在低温下的冷启动速率以及降低电动车能耗,该文提出了一种基于热泵和蓄热装置联合的燃料电池电动车供暖方案,并开展了燃料电池车辆系统动态仿真研究,对比了有无蓄热装置辅助的系统对车辆运行过程的影响。结果表明:在寒冷运行环境下,蓄热装置可确保驾驶循环工况下循环冷却液热量来源的连续性,相较于无蓄热装置的热管理系统,热泵和蓄热联合供暖方案可使空调系统能耗下降26%;利用蓄热装置辅助的供暖系统能够改善燃料电池电动车的冬季冷启动特性,优化车辆电池系统的热管理。

基于单片阻抗一致性吹扫的燃料电池低温冷启动策略研究

车用石墨板燃料电池低温冷启动能力弱,是影响燃料电池技术在北方寒冷地区大规模推广的重要瓶颈。饥饿自升温是一种常见的低温冷启动策略,其基本原理是通过降低反应物供应速率来增加过电势,短时间在电池内部产生大量热量从而实现快速升温。该方法原理简单,但对电堆单体初始含水量一致性要求高、且易出现单片反极和尾排氢浓度超标的情况,影响系统安全性和电堆耐久性。针对上述问题,课题组研制了单体多通道交流阻抗在线测试装置,提出了面向单片阻抗一致性的电堆优化吹扫策略,建立了基于定电压变流量泵氢控制的低温冷启动方法,实现了低温启动瞬态过程的高产热、高安全、高动态的电压、电流、进堆/旁通空气流量的多目标多参数的耦合协调控制。台架实验结果表明,采用优化吹扫策略后,单片阻抗间最大差值由0.7降低至0.2 mΩ以下;燃料电池发动机系统可实现124 s内-40℃下快速启动,且重复性好。相关技术在北京冬奥会燃料电池示范中获得了应用,验证了其有效性。

燃料电池汽车动力系统匹配及能量管理

为了分析燃料电池汽车动力系统参数匹配设计以及能量管理方案对整车性能的影响,以某款燃料电池汽车为研究对象,对其主要动力系统部件进行了参数匹配.以提升整车经济性能为目标,提出了功率跟随式能量管理策略和基于模糊控制的能量管理策略,并采用滑动平均滤波算法对模糊控制策略输出量进行优化.基于AVL-Cruise和Simulink建立了联合仿真平台,搭建整车及能量管理系统模型,验证了整车动力性能,对比分析了3种控制策略下的整车经济性能.结果表明:经过优化后的能量管理策略燃料电池输出功率曲线更加平滑,且一直处于高效率输出区间内,基于燃料电池优先保护原则,经过优化后的能量管理策略性能最佳.

贫数据条件下燃料电池汽车故障分类方法

燃料电池汽车是未来汽车工业可持续发展的重要方向,但现存燃料电池整车相关的测试评价标准尚未对燃料电池汽车存在的故障类型及其分类进行深入研究,缺乏统一故障分级分类方案。为改善该问题,提出一套完善的燃料电池汽车故障模式的分级分类评价指标以统一相关故障等级,重点研究在缺乏数据条件下的燃料电池汽车故障分类方法。基于因子分析法和模糊集理论,提出一种针对燃料电池汽车在贫数据条件下的故障模式分类评价方法,为燃料电池汽车故障等级的分类提供指导意见。