Assessment on Energy Self-Sufficiency Rate for Building Integrated Photovoltaics and Fuel Cell System in Japan

A building integrated photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC) system is proposed for assessment of the energy self-sufficiency rate in a city in Japan. The electricity consumed in the building is mainly supplied by solar panels, while the gap between the energy demand and supply is solved by the FC that is powered by the H2 produced by water electrolysis with surplus power of PV. A desktop case study of using the proposed system in Tsu city which is located in central part of Japan, has been conducted. The results found that the self-sufficiency rates of PV system to electricity demand of households (RPV) during the daytime in April and July are higher than those in January and October. The results also reveal that the self-sufficiency rate of FC system to the electricity demand (RFC) is 15% - 38% for the day when the mean amount of horizontal solar radiation is obtained in January, April, July and October. In addition, it is found the optimum tilt angle of solar panel installed on the roof of the buildings should be 0 degree, i.e., placed horizontally.

Expressions for Entropy Production Rate of Fuel Cells

On the basis of a general model of fuel cells, the entropy production rates of a fuel cell system under different conditions are derived by using theories of electrochemistry and thermodynamics. In order to analyze the influence of the irreversible losses existing in an actual fuel cell, the equivalent circuit of the fuel cell is introduced, so that the irreversible factor of the fuel cell may be determined directly as a function of the internal, leak and load resistances. Moreover, the maximum power output and efficiency of the fuel cell are calculated, the optimal operation of the fuel cell is discussed, and the matching condition of the load resistance is determined.

Analysis of the factors affecting the fuel rate in the COREX process and improvement measures

Increasing production capacity and operating rate, reducing fuel rates and costs of hot metal （HM） are the urgent tasks for the COREX process. In this study ,the various factors on the fuel consumption of COREX are researched from the theoretical analysis based on the calculations of material balances and heat balances. Combined with the production performances and practices of COREX-2000 （ Saldanha, India） and COREX-3000 （ Baosteel ）, the technical measures of reducing the fuel rate are analyzed and the way forward of technical innovation is addressed and discussed with the standpoint of the COREX process improvement.

Application of neural network in the study of combustion rate of natural gas／diesel dual fuel engine

In order to predict and improve the performance of natural gas/diesel dual fuel engine (DFE), a combustion rate model based on forward neural network was built to study the combustion process of the DFE. The effect of the operatin g parameters on combustion rate was also studied by means of this model. The stu dy showed that the predicted results were good agreement with the experimental d a ta. It was proved that the developed combustion rate model could be used to succ essfully predict and optimize the combustion process of dual fuel engine.

Energy Assessment of Building Integrated Photovoltaics and Fuel Cell Systems: Design Study for Building(s) of Mie, Japan

A building integrated energy system (photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC)) is proposed for assessment of the energy self-sufficiency rate in five cities of Mie prefecture in Japan. In this work, it is considered that the electricity requirement of the building is provided by the building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system and the gap between the energy demand and BIPV supply is fulfilled by the FC. The FC is powered by the electrolytic H2 produced from the surplus power of PV. A design study of using the proposed system in five cities in Mie prefecture, which are in center part of Japan, has been performed. It has been observed that the monthly power production from BIPV is higher in spring and summer, while it is lower in autumn and winter at all considered locations. The self-sufficiency rate of the FC system is higher with decreasing households’ number and it has been observed that the 12 households are more suitable for full cover of the electricity demand by the combined system of PV and FC. The relationship between the households’ number and self-sufficiency rate of the FC system per solar PV installation area can be expressed by exponential curve. The coefficient of the exponential curve can predict the suitable city for the BIPV system with FC system utilizing electrolytic H2 generated by using excess energy from the PV system.

Fuel Burning Rate Model for Stratified Charge Engine

A zero-dimensional single-zone double-curve model is presented to predict fuel burning rate in stratified charge engines, and it is integrated with GT-Power to predict the overall performance of the stratified charge engines. The model consists of two exponential functions for calculating the fuel burning rate in different charge zones. The model factors are determined by a non-linear curve fitting technique, based on the experimental data obtained from 30 cases in middle and low loads. The results show good agreement between the measured and calculated cylinder pressures, and the deviation between calculated and measured cylinder pressures is less than 5%. The zerodimensional single-zone double-curve model is successful in the combustion modeling for stratified charge engines.

Energy Characteristics of an Integrated Power Generation System with Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell

An integrated energy system (with photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC) for building) is proposed and assessed in term of its energy self-sufficiency rate in seven cities (Nagoya, Toyota, Tajimi, Takayama, Ogaki, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka) in Tokai region in Japan in this paper. In this work, it is considered that the electricity requirement of the building for household users is provided by a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system and the gap between the energy demand and BIPV supply is fulfilled by the FC. The FC is powered by the electrolytic H2 produced when PV power was in surplus. Based on the study of applying the proposed system in seven cities, which clarifies the effectiveness of the integrated BIPV, electrolytic H2 and FC power generation system, a universal system model has been developed in this paper. It has been observed that the monthly power production from BIPV as well as FC system are higher in spring and summer, while they are both lower in autumn and winter at all considered locations. The self-sufficiency rate of the FC system is higher with decreasing households’ number and it has been observed that 16 is the most appropriate number of households in a building, whose electricity demand could be fully covered by the integrated PV and FC system. Due to its climate condition, Hamamatsu is the best city in the region for installing the proposed system. The correlation between the households’ number and self-sufficiency rate of the FC system per solar PV installation area can be expressed by the regression curve in the form of y = ax-b well.

The Effect of Lateral Offset Distance on the Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy of Vehicle Queues

The vehicle industry is always in search of breakthrough energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies.In recent years,vehicle intelligence has progressed considerably,and researchers are currently trying to take advantage of these developments.Here we consider the case of many vehicles forming a queue,i.e.,vehicles traveling at a predetermined speed and distance apart.While the majority of existing studies on this subject have focused on the influence of the longitudinal vehicle spacing,vehicle speed,and the number of vehicles on aerodynamic drag and fuel economy,this study considers the lateral offset distance of the vehicle queue.The group fuel consumption savings rate is calculated and analyzed.As also demonstrated by experimental results,some aerodynamic benefits exist.Moreover,the fuel consumption saving rate of the vehicle queue decreases as the lateral offset distance increases.

替代率对某船用中速双燃料发动机性能的影响

为了改善某船用中速柴油机的燃油经济性和排放特性,对进气歧管加装天然气喷射装置的柴油/天然气双燃料发动机进行研究。基于仿真软件GT-Power,在螺旋桨推进特性的工况下,分析了某船用双燃料发动机纯柴油模式和双燃料模式下的缸内压力、燃油经济性和排放特性。结果表明:与纯柴油模式相比,双燃料模式的气缸峰值压力和NO_(x)排放量有所减少,NO_(x)排放量最多减少41.3%;随着天然气替代率的增加,发动机的燃油经济性最多提高了16.08%。综合来看,双燃料模式下发动机性能得到提升。

Radiation dose distribution of liquid fueled thorium molten salt reactor

A liquid fueled thorium molten salt reactor(TMSR-LF),one of the Generation IV reactors,was designed by the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.This study uses the‘rt code to calculate the neutron and gamma dose rate distributions around the reactor.Multiple types of tallies and variance reduction techniques were employed to reduce calculation time and obtain convergent calculation results.Based on the calculation and analysis results,the TMSR-LF1 radiation shield with a 60-cm serpentine concrete layer and a 120-cm ordinary concrete layer is able to meet radiation requirements.The gamma dose rate outside the reactor biological shield was 16.1 mSv h-1;this is higher than the neutron dose rate of 3.71×10^(–2)mSv h^(-1).The maximum thermal neutron flux density outside the reactor biological shield was 1.899103 cm^(-2)s^(-1),which was below the 19105 cm^(-2)s^(-1)limit.

Experimental and numerical studies of micro PEM fuel cell

A single micro proton exchange membrane fuel cell （PEMFC） has been produced using Micro-electromechanical systems （MEMS） technology with the active area of 2.5 cm 2 and channel depth of about 500 μ m.A theoretical analysis is performed in this study for a novel MEMS-based design of a micro PEMFC.The model consists of the conservation equations of mass,momentum,species and electric current in a fully integrated finite-volume solver using the CFD-ACE＋ commercial code.The polarization curves of simulation are well correlated with experimental data.Three-dimensional simulations are carried out to treat prediction and analysis of micro PEMFC temperature,current density and water distributions in two different fuel flow rates （15 cm 3 /min and 40 cm 3 /min）.Simulation results show that temperature distribution within the micro PEMFC is affected by water distribution in the membrane and indicate that low and uniform temperature distribution in the membrane at low fuel flow rates leads to increased membrane water distribution and obtains superior micro PEMFC current density distribution under 0.4 V operating voltage.Model predictions are well within those known for experimental mechanism phenomena.

How Much Fossil Fuel Is in the Earth?

In this work, by using an indirect method based on the correspondence between the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere and the quantity of fossil fuel in the Earth, the resources of fossil fuels were evaluated to be about 1.9 × 1016 ton. Unluckily, only a small part of these fuels is easily accessible. Nevertheless, their quantity is so high that it is reasonable to assume that fossil fuels will continue to dominate the global energy scene for several years. The extensive use of fossil fuels alters the ratio between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The effects of this change are however so slow that they become important only on the geological time scale.

炉腹煤气量指数和透气阻力系数在马钢2号高炉的应用

对炉腹煤气量指数X_(BG)和透气阻力系数K在马钢2号高炉的应用进行了总结。通过对2号高炉1年多的生产数据跟踪分析,结果表明:X_(BG)控制在63~64m/min,对应炉腹煤气量V_(BG)控制在6300~6400m^(3)/min时,高炉稳定顺行,燃料比较为稳定;针对2号高炉炉腹渣皮厚、炉腹温度整体偏低现象,风压控制在靠上限水平,K值实际控制在4.25~4.75为宜,高炉运行状态良好。认为炉腹煤气量指数和透气阻力系数都是综合操作参数,在高炉日常操作中,可以用此来判断炉况,衡量强化程度,使炉况保持稳定顺行,技术经济指标改善。

柴油-天然气双燃料喷射器燃料喷射特性的测试方法

针对双燃料喷射器结构复杂而无法实现喷射特性同时测量的问题,以同心双轴针式喷射器为研究对象,提出一种油和气同场测量方法,用动量法获取喷油规律及喷气规律型线,再通过测试密闭容腔内的压力变化计算喷气量,将二者结合可在测量喷气量的同时测量出精确喷气规律,最后对柴油-天然气双燃料喷射器的常用工况进行测试及验证。结果表明,采用动量法结合容积法的喷气规律测量方法得出的喷气量误差不超过5%。对喷射器的一致性进行验证,喷油量与喷气量的波动率均不超过3%,证明其喷射器一致性较好,该测试技术具有较高的准确度与可信度。

柴油引燃掺氢-甲烷混合燃料发动机的燃烧特性

对引燃柴油能量比例为5%的甲烷-氢气双燃料燃烧中不同初始进气温度、氢能量比例以及喷射时刻对燃烧过程的影响进行研究.在接近上止点(TDC)时喷射甲烷-氢气-空气的混合气,并由先导柴油引燃.在初始进气温度为25℃和50℃下,研究了氢能量比例和喷气时刻对双燃料发动机着火延迟期、燃烧持续期和各阶段燃烧放热率的影响.通过高速摄像机记录燃烧过程的自然光度图像,计算每个自然光度图像对应的曲轴转角,并结合放热率(HRR)和放热率二阶导数(SDHRR)曲线识别出燃烧的阶段.结果表明:进气温度为25℃时着火延迟期随氢能量比例的升高先减小,在氢能量比例达到60%后有所增加,燃烧持续期随氢能量比例的增加,下降幅度为41%.进气温度为50℃时着火延迟期进一步下降,燃烧持续期显著降低.随着温度升高,燃烧放热阶段第一阶段、第二阶段占比逐渐增加,第三阶段占比逐渐减少,使得燃烧放热过程提前.

大功率燃料电池建模与电压一致性分析

随着燃料电池堆朝着大功率发展,其工作时单体间的不一致性更加明显,长时间处于恶劣工作条件的单体寿命会明显短于其他单体,并导致电池堆的寿命大幅缩减。为探究不同运行参数对大功率燃料电池单体工作性能一致性的影响规律,首先,建立了包括流体网络模型、燃料电池电压模型和燃料电池热阻模型三个部分的110 kW大功率燃料电池模型。其次,开展燃料电池稳态试验,对所建立的燃料电池模型进行试验验证,仿真与试验结果误差在5%以内。最后,基于模型仿真,以电压最大偏差率为评价指标,分别探究工作电流、冷却水流量和冷却水进口温度三个运行参数对燃料电池电压一致性的影响规律。仿真结果表明,工作电流对燃料电池单体电压一致性的影响程度更大,其次是冷却水进口温度,最后是冷却水流量。本研究有助于大功率燃料电池发动机的结构优化设计以及为热管理控制策略开发提供指导。

双燃料喷射器油-气瞬时质量流率同场测量方法

提出一种组合式的测量方法,将其应用于缸内高压直喷柴油/天然气发动机双燃料喷射器瞬态燃料质量流率的研究,实现了两相燃料同场高精度测试.针对传统“动量法”只能获取喷气规律型线无法获取准确质量流率的问题,提出一种平行测试的方法,通过采集测试容腔内的压力变化获取循环喷气量,结合瞬态动量信号得到精确的喷气规律曲线.并对喷射器的计量特征及时间特征进行验证.最后对柴油/天然气双燃料喷射器常用工况进行测试,结果表明:该方法解决了两相燃料难以同场测量的问题,实现了双燃料喷射器油-气瞬时质量流率的精确测量;喷气量测试误差不超过5%,喷油及喷气起始时刻与结束时刻的测试误差不超过0.113 ms,喷油量及喷气量的波动率分别不超过1.4%和2.9%.随着燃料喷射压力增加,喷射器的开启时段减小、关闭时段增加,且内部轴针开启和关闭的速度均大于外部轴针.引燃油的喷射通过影响喷气持续期影响喷气量,先油后气喷射方式下的喷气量在仅喷气方式下的喷气量上、下波动.

试论高炉燃料替代的降碳路径

为有效降低高炉工序的CO_(2)排放量,向高炉喷吹气体、液体或固体燃料来替代焦炭受到广泛的关注。以我国6家典型钢铁企业7座1800m^(3)级高炉2021年的主要技术经济指标为基础,重点分析了燃料比和煤比对高炉CO_(2)排放量的作用和影响。结果表明,6家典型钢铁企业高炉CO_(2)排放量约为1.419~1.595Vt,影响高炉CO_(2)排放量相关性最强的因素且最重要的指标是燃料比,而单纯提高喷煤比的技术手段并不是降低高炉CO_(2)排放量的决定性因素。因此,通过优化喷吹燃料的种类,以氢代碳,实现有效替代,才是降低高炉CO_(2)排放量的有效途径。

超级铝热剂在固体推进剂中的应用研究进展

超级铝热剂具有高放热和高活性的特点,其反应速率和能量释放效率均显著高于传统铝热剂,应用于固体推进剂有望改善释能速率、效率、感度等指标,已成为固体推进剂的发展方向。总结了超级铝热剂的制备工艺、特点及其工业化应用潜力;论述了超级铝热剂在固体推进剂中的适用性;综述了超级铝热剂的微结构(燃料/氧化剂界面控制、核壳结构、多层膜结构)和组分(金属氧化物、氟材料、碳纳米材料)对固体推进剂燃烧性能和能量释放的影响。超级铝热剂的添加显著提高了热反应活性和放热量,增强了推进剂的点火及燃烧性能,同时存在工业生产成本高、工艺控制要求复杂、燃烧过程精密控制难度大等问题,展望了未来超级铝热剂在固体推进剂中应用的研究重点和发展方向。

氨–柴油双燃料发动机燃烧的光学诊断研究

为了解决氨燃料在发动机中燃烧不稳定的问题,通过开展氨–柴油双燃料发动机燃烧过程的光学诊断研究,以获得柴油引燃氨的燃烧及火焰发展特性,研究了不同氨替代率及不同柴油喷射时刻对氨–柴油双燃料缸内燃烧和火焰发展特性的影响。结果表明:随着氨替代率的增加,缸压和放热率峰值先增加后减小,燃烧相位不断后移,滞燃期和燃烧持续期延长,70%和80%氨替代率下放热率峰值相比40%氨替代率降低了41.7%和58.8%。随氨替代率增加,火焰光强和火焰面积均逐渐减小,氨替代率为80%时,火焰向燃烧室中心的扩散燃烧速度变慢,火焰面积峰值为612.5 mm2,占燃烧室总面积约19%,燃烧表现较差;随着柴油喷射时刻的不断推迟,缸压和放热率峰值先增加后减小,燃烧相位不断后移,燃烧持续期先减小后增加,火焰光强和火焰面积均先增加后减小。-25°喷射时刻缸压和放热率峰值分别为4.28 MPa和115.4 J/(°),相比其他时刻具有较好的放热性能。与-20°喷射时刻相比火焰光强和火焰面积分别增加了15%和42.5%,此时燃烧室中心未燃区域最小,对氨有较好的引燃效果。