Diurnal variation models for fine fuel moisture content in boreal forests in China

Studying diurnal variation in the moisture content of fine forest fuel(FFMC)is key to understanding forest fire prevention.This study established models for predicting the diurnal mean,maximum,and minimum FFMC in a boreal forest in China using the relationship between FFMC and meteorological variables.A spline interpolation function is proposed for describing diurnal variations in FFMC.After 1 day with a 1 h field measurement data testing,the results indicate that the accuracy of the sunny slope model was 100%and 84%when the absolute error was<3%and<10%,respectively,whereas the accuracy of the shady slope model was 72%and 76%when the absolute error was<3%and<10%,respectively.The results show that sunny slope and shady slope models can predict and describe diurnal variations in fine fuel moisture content,and provide a basis for forest fire danger prediction in boreal forest ecosystems in China.

DYNAMIC PREDICION OF FOREST FUEL LOADS BY GREY VERHULST MODEL

The variation of fuel loads after a fire for three forest types, phododendron -Larix gmetinii forest, herb--Larix gmelinii forest and herb--Betula plalyphlla forest , in the northern forest area of Daxing’anling region was discussed. The dynamic models were developed by gray theory for estimating the fuels loads of arbor- shrub, herbs’ grass, litter, and semi-decomposed litter, inflamma ble fuel and the total fuels in each forest type. After a fire, the inflammabIe fuel loads in phododendron-- Larix gmelinii forest and in the herb- - Betula platyphlla fores was estimated at 10.958 t/hm2and 10.473 t/hm2 respectively’ by 13 years later. and that was 12.297 t/hm 2 in herb--Larix gmeliniiforest by 7 years later.. It was predicated that a big fire may occur after 10 years based on inflammable fuel biomass accumulated.

Supercritical extracts of forest fuels in Great Xing＇an Mountains

Extracts are important components of fuels. Fatty-extracts with high heating value （HV） are hypothe- sized by researchers as positively related to the HV of fuels. The Soxhlet extractor is typically used to extract fatty-extracts but it has shortcomings, including long processing time （8-10 h） and the requirement for large amounts of organic solvent. Supercritical extraction is an alternate and useful technique for extraction of natural products. However, published studies rarely discuss the relationship between extracts and HV. In this study, we assessed the supercritical extracts （SUE） of forest fuels in the Great Xing＇an Mountains. Our results indicated that the optimum conditions for extraction of SuEs were 40-60 mesh, 40-50 MPa, 45℃, 80 min and a CO2 flow rate of 1.5-2.0 dm3/min. The Soxhlet extracts contents and the SuE contents were all related to HV. However, R2 of the coniferous samples （0.8499） and needle samples （0.9722） demonstrated that the correlation between HV and the SuE content was closer. We conclude that supercritical fatty-extracts provide a useful index of the HV of fuels, especially coniferous fuels. SuE data can be used in fire management, for example to estimate the rate of fire spread or fire intensity.

DYNAMIC MODELS OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF FOREST FUELS

The fuel moisture content is an integral part of any workable fire danger-rating system. This paper presented dynamic models for estimating 1-h, 10-h. 100-h and 1000-h timelag fuels, that were developed by multiple regression and stepwise variable selection of statistics. The variables include both meteorological factors and moisture contents observed prior to the day correspondingly. The analysis revealed that the fuel moisture content are correlated positively with the precipitation of 24 hours prior to the observation time, and negatiyely with air temperature at observing height of 1.5 meter in forest.

THE ESTIMATE OF THE EFFECTIVE FUEL COMBUSTION VALUE OF FOREST COMMUNITY IN THE DAXINGAN MOUNTAIN

Under the condition of absolute dry, more than thirty forest fuel pararneters,ash content. extract and burning point were measured. By the method of regression step by step. we found an experience formula which can estimate effective fuel high combusti on value of forest community from the Daxingan Mountain,and then,By means of modifying moisture content. we gave an approximate formula about actual heat releasing of forest fuels in the forest fire behavior.

A Geographical-Origin-Destination Model for Calculating the Cost of Multimodal Forest-Fuel Transportation

As a consequence of increasing demand for wood fuels, the management of forest-fuel production chains has become an important logistics issue in FinlandandSweden. Truck-based transportation has been the dominant method in fuel supply from the areas around power plants. However, increasing demand has led to enlargement of supply areas and greater variety in supply methods, including also railway and waterway transportation. This study presents a GIS-based calculation model suitable for cost calculations for power plants’ forest-fuel supply chains. The model has multimodal properties—i.e., it provides transfer of forest-fuel loads between transportation modes—and enables case-specific adjustment of transportation and material-handling cost parameters. The functionality of the model is examined with a case study focusing on a region of intense forest-fuel use. The results indicate that truck transportation is competitive with railway transportation also for long transport distances. However, increasing the proportion of multimodal transportation for other than economic reasons (e.g., for supply security) could be reasonable, since the impact on total supply costs is marginal. In addition to honing of the parameters related to biomass availability and transport costs, the model should be developed through inclusion of other means of transportation, such as roundwood carriers.

云南省果林修剪枝条资源评估及生物质能潜力分析

以2010—2020年果林修剪枝条及45个水果种植(柑橘、石榴、苹果、梨和葡萄)主要优势县(市、区)为研究对象,利用果林修剪系数及折标煤系数,测算云南省果林修剪资源量,估算生物质燃料潜力,解析其时空分布特征。结果表明:2010—2020年云南省果林修剪枝条资源总量呈上升趋势,枝条年均修剪用量为152.27万t,不同区域之间果林修剪枝条资源量差异明显;2020年云南省果林修剪枝条资源量为261.75万t,其中超10万t的县(市、区)6个,5万~10万t的县(市、区)份有8个,低于5万t的有31个;将枝条制成颗粒燃料折算成标准煤,年均量为91.80万t,标准煤折算成天然气和发电量,年均量分别为69.03亿m^(3)和74.72亿kW·h,其产生的年均潜在价值为41.84亿元。云南省果林修剪枝条能源化潜力巨大,发展生物质燃料的资源禀赋条件优异,具备产业化发展生物质颗粒燃料的资源基础。

滇东地区海寨林场针叶林地表可燃物潜在火行为研究

在海寨林场针叶林内设置样地,开展外业调查,采集地表凋落物并进行室内燃烧模拟和实验室理化性质分析,采用SPSS 26.0软件分析数据,探究海寨林场针叶林地表可燃物的特征及潜在火行为。杉木的绝对含水率为(9.40±0.65)%,热值最低为(19 878.9±48.63) kJ/kg,并且杉木的火强度和蔓延速度最小,分别为(259.64±19.73) kW/m和(0.33±0.14) m/min,所以杉木的燃烧性最差;云南松纯林可燃物载量为(0.27±0.12)kg/m2,热值为(21390.88±73.39)kJ/kg,火强度较低,为(307.26±15.83) kW/m,实际烧损率仅为(55.32±15.02)%,云南松的热值最大,容易引燃,但载量太低,无法维持正常燃烧;华山松纯林的热值低于云南松,且火强度和烧损率低于云南松-华山松混交林;云南松-华山松混交林的蔓延速度和火强度为(0.82±0.31) m/min和(564.14±13.53) kW/m,远高于其他3种,潜在火灾风险等级最高。由上述潜在火行为可知,海寨林场4种针叶林引发火灾的风险等级由高到低依次为云南松-华山松混交林、华山松纯林、云南松纯林和杉木。

低强度计划火烧对滇中地区云南松纯林可燃物的影响

在云南省中部的新平县照壁山云南松纯林内连续4年设置样地,通过外业调查、采样和实验室内实验,观测计划烧除时的火行为,以及计划烧除后的8个月左右对样地内的可燃物进行调查,可燃物包括乔木、灌木、草本和蕨类。结果表明:(1)计划烧除使得乔木的死亡率在10%以下;(2)计划烧除使得灌木、草本和蕨类的高度降低,降低了林内的垂直连续性,而2020年未进行计划烧除,灌木、草本和蕨类的高度有所增加,可见周期性计划烧除促进了林内植被生长;(3)计划烧除使得可燃物载量降低,能较有效地调控可燃物载量;(4)计划烧除使可燃物的种类减少,计划烧除内出现的物种,未计划烧除内均出现,未计划烧除的物种数大于计划烧除的物种数。研究结果能为云南计划烧除提供有利依据。

大娄山典型林分草本可燃物载量及其影响因素分析

以大娄山6种典型林分的草本可燃物为研究对象,通过对相同林分和不同林分下草本可燃物载量进行差异性及相关性分析,结合林分特征因子进行逐步回归分析,得到草本可燃物载量的预测模型。结果表明:阔叶混交林内草本可燃物载量最大值为0.759 t/hm^(2),杉木林最小,仅为0.058 t/hm^(2);马尾松林的草本可燃物载量主要与平均厚度相关,而阔叶混交林的草本可燃物载量主要受平均盖度和林分密度影响;相同林分时,马尾松林下模型的拟合优度为0.885,拟合效果较好,平均厚度、郁闭度和平均地径显著负向影响草本可燃物的载量;阔叶混交林下模型拟合优度为0.973,拟合效果好,平均盖度显著正向影响草本可燃物的载量。本研究对大娄山森林可燃物调控和科学林火管理具有重要意义。

北京西山林场侧柏林可燃物含水率及林火预测

以北京西山林场侧柏林为研究对象,对选择林分的特征进行调查,经内业试验对侧柏林地表细小可燃物含水率进行测定,选择通过Pearson相关性分析呈显著的气象因子为拟合变量建立细小可燃物含水率模型,根据引燃试验建立地表火发生概率模型,同时结合Cruz树冠火发生模型,利用实际气象条件对地表火与树冠火发生概率的动态变化进行分析。结果表明:侧柏林细小可燃物含水率模型预测效果较好;防火期内,侧柏林发生地表火的概率较大,而不同样地发生树冠火的概率差别较大,在风速较大时发生树冠火的概率较大。

川西南地区云南松飞播林火灾研究

云南松是我国重要的造林绿化树种,也是西南地区飞播造林的主要树种之一,为国土绿化、森林覆盖率提高等发挥了重要作用。通过文献综述,分析云南松飞播林火灾危险性及特征,火灾形成条件和影响等。结果表明:现有云南松飞播林大部分是近熟林和成熟林,管护较好,林下可燃物载量大、连续性好,火源较多,火灾形成机制很复杂,火灾危险性高。要系统谋划飞播林的林下经济发展,生态优先,因地制宜,充分利用好林地资源,拓展林间、林下发展空间,将生态效益转化为经济效益。研究结果能更好总结现行云南松飞播林火管理政策和方法,提出与时俱进的飞播林火灾防控措施,为积极预防和安全扑救提供理论参考。

基于通径分析的云南松林地表可燃物载量与林分因子的关系研究

[目的]研究林分因子对云南松林地表可燃物载量的影响,探讨林分因子对地表可燃物载量的作用机理及其关系,为研究区森林防火和地表可燃物管理提供科学依据。[方法]以雅安市汉源县为研究区域,在云南松林中设置标准地、样方,调查地表可燃物载量,对林分因子和地表可燃物载量关系进行分析。[结果]乔木层可燃物载量与郁闭度、林分密度和草本盖度显著相关;灌木层可燃物载量与灌木盖度显著相关;草本可燃物载量与郁闭度、林分密度和草本盖度显著相关;枯落物可燃物载量与郁闭度、林分密度、草本盖度和枯落物厚度显著相关;腐殖质可燃物载量与草本盖度和腐殖质厚度显著相关。平均胸径和平均树高对地表可燃物载量的直接影响较大,郁闭度、林分密度对地表可燃物载量的间接影响较大。[结论]云南松林林分因子通过直接和间接效应共同影响地表可燃物载量,其影响机理各不相同,在进行可燃物管理时,要因地制宜地选择可燃物管理方法以及调控措施。

Modeling surface fuels moisture content in Pinus brutia stands

Fuel moisture content is an important variable for forest fires because it affects fuel ignition and fire behavior. In order to accurately predict fuel ignition potential, fuel moisture content must be assessed by evaluating fire spread, fireline intensity and fuel consumption.Our objective here is to model moisture content of surface fuels in normally stocked Calabrian pine(Pinus brutia Ten.) stands in relation to weather conditions, namely temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed in the Mugla province of Turkey. All surface fuels were categorized according to diameter classes and fuel types. Six fuel categories were defined: these were 0–0.3, 0.3–0.6, and0.6–1 cm diameter classes, and cone, surface litter, and duff. Plastic containers 15 9 20 cm in size with 1 9 1 mm mesh size were used. Samples were taken from 09:00 to19:00 h and weighed every 2 h with 0.01 g precision for10 days in August. At the end of the study, samples were taken to the laboratory, oven-dried at 105 °C for 24 h and weighed to obtain fuel-moisture contents. Weather measurements were taken from a fully automated weather station set up at the study site prior to the study. Correlation and regression analyses were carried out and models were developed to predict fuel moisture contents for desorption and adsorption phase for each fuel type categories. Practical fuel moisture prediction models were developed for dry period. Models were developed that performed well with reasonable accuracy, explaining up to 92 and 95.6%of the variability in fuel-moisture contents for desorption and adsorption phases, respectively. Validation of the models were conducted using an independent data set and known fuel moisture prediction models. The predictive power of the models was satisfactory with mean absolute error values being 1.48 and 1.02 for desorption and adsorption as compared to the 2.05 and 1.60 values for the Van Wagner's hourly litter moisture content prediction model. Results obtained in this study will be invaluable for fire management planning and modeling.

Wildland fires and moist deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh, India: divergent component assessment

We studied moist deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh, India （1） to assess the effect of four levels of historic wildland fire frequency （high, medium, low, and no-fire） on regeneration of seedlings in fire affected areas during pre and post-fire seasons, （2） to evaluate vegetation struc- ture and diversity by layer in the four fire frequency zones, （3） to evalu- ate the impact of fire frequency on the structure of economically impor- tant tree species of the region, and （4） to quantify fuel loads by fire fre- quency level. We classified fire-affected areas into high, medium, low, and no-fire frequency classes based on government records. Tree species were unevenly distributed across fire frequency categories. Shrub density was maximum in zones of high fire frequency and minimum in low- frequency and no-fire zones. Lower tree density after fires indicated that regeneration of seedlings was reduced by fire. The population structure in the high-frequency zone was comprised of seedlings of size class （A） and saplings of size class （B）, represented by Diospyros melanoxylon, Dalbergia sissoo, Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis. Younger and older trees were more abundant for Tectona grandis and Dalbargia sis- soo after fire, whereas intermediate-aged trees were more abundant pre- fire, indicating that the latter age-class was thinned by the catastrophic effect of fire. The major contributing components of fuel load included duff litter and small woody branches and twigs on the forest floor. Total fuel load on the forest floor ranged from 2.2 to 3.38 Mg/ha. The netchange in fuel load was positive in high- and medium-frequency fire zones and negative under low- and no-fire zones. Repeated fires, how- ever, slowly reduced stand stability. An ecological approach is needed for fire management to restore the no-fire spatial and temporal structure of moist deciduous forests, their species composition and fuel loads. The management approach should incorporate participatory forest manage- ment. Use of controlled fire, fire lines and mapping of fire prone areas are fundamental principles of fire hazard reduction in these areas.

不同烈度林火对油松林潜在地表火行为的影响

油松是我国华北地区代表性树种之一,含有丰富油脂,容易引发大面积高烈度森林火灾。阐明不同烈度林火对油松林地表可燃物负荷量和潜在地表火行为的影响,对于油松林林火管理具有重要意义。以辽河源自然保护区2014年不同烈度林火干扰后油松林分为研究对象,根据不同烈度(重度、中度、轻度)和对照(未过火)分别设置3块20 m×20 m样地,共12块样地,调查地表可燃物和林分结构指标,结合室内实验,利用BehavePlus 5.0软件进行潜在火行为模拟,探讨不同烈度林火5年后油松林地表可燃物负荷量和潜在地表火行为特点,并分析影响潜在地表火行为的主要因素。研究结果表明:(1)不同烈度林火之间,细小可燃物负荷量和地表可燃物总负荷量均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)不同烈度林火后,在不同风速和可燃物含水率条件下,油松林潜在地表火蔓延速度、火线强度不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),单位面积发热量、火焰高度、反应强度存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。(3)不同烈度林火后油松林潜在地表火行为主要受油松更新幼苗基径、灌木负荷量、油松平均冠幅、上层枯叶负荷量、油松更新幼苗密度的影响。研究结果表明不同烈度林火均可以降低再次燃烧的火烈度和风险。

Rapid Increase in Log Populations in Drought-Stressed Mixed-Conifer and Ponderosa Pine Forests in Northern Arizona

Down logs provide important ecosystem services in forests and affect surface fuel loads and fire behavior. Amounts and kinds of logs are influenced by factors such as forest type, disturbance regime, forest management, and climate. To quantify potential short-term changes in log populations during a recent global- climate-change type drought, we sampled logs in mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in northern Arizona in 2004 and 2009 (n = 53 and 60 1-ha plots in mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forests, respectively). Over this short time interval, density of logs, log volume, area covered by logs, and total length of logs increased significantly in both forest types. Increases in all log parameters were greater in mixed-conifer than in ponderosa pine forest, and spatial variability was pronounced in both forest types. These results document rapid increases in log populations in mixed-conifer forest, with smaller changes observed in ponderosa pine forest. These increases were driven by climate-mediated tree mortality which created a pulse in log input, rather than by active forest management. The observed increases will affect wildlife habitat, surface fuel loads, and other ecosystem processes. These changes are likely to continue if climate change results in increased warmth and aridity as predicted, and may require shifts in management emphasis.

Forest utilization patterns and socio-economic status of the Van Gujjar tribe in sub-Himalayan tracts of Uttarakhand,India

The present study was conducted on the Van Gujjar tribe inhabiting a sub-Himalayan tract in the North Western Himalayas of Uttarakhand State, India. The Van Gujjars have been practicing transmigration over hundreds of years. They migrate each year with their households and livestock between summer and winter pastures. A few years ago with the announcement of the establish- ment of the Rajaji National Park, the tribe has been forced out of the forest area and rehabilitated outside the park, which has affected their lifestyle. The newly established rehabilitation colony in the Gandikhata area of Haridwar District of Uttarakhand State was taken as a case study. The aims of the present study were to understand and evaluate the socio-economic status of the Van Gujjars in their newly established rehabilitation colony, the utilization pattern of forest resources by the tribe and their relative preference for selec- tive trees for various uses. A total of 176 households were interviewed （giving equal weight to all economic classes and family every size） by using pre-structured questionnaires. The education level was very low （12.9%） and the average income per household was recorded as Rs. 36000 （approximately $ 803） per year. The major source of income was dairy production （80.6%） followed by labor employment （13.9%）, NTFPs （4.2%） and agricultural production （1.4%）. More than 90% of fuel wood and fodder is extracted from the forest. The average fuel wood and fodder consumptions per household per day were recorded as 25.86 and 21.58 kg, respectively. A total of 35 species of cultivated plants and 89 species of wild plants were found to be utilized as food sources. Selectively 25 wild tree species are well known as being used by the Van Gujjars as fodder, fuel wood, agricultural implements, household articles, dye, medicine, fiber and other products. According to their utility value, the most preferred and useful tree species is Ougeinia oojeinensis, followed by Terminalia alata, Bombax ceiba, Shorea robusta and Dalbergia sissoo,