Analysis of the factors affecting the fuel rate in the COREX process and improvement measures

Increasing production capacity and operating rate, reducing fuel rates and costs of hot metal （HM） are the urgent tasks for the COREX process. In this study ,the various factors on the fuel consumption of COREX are researched from the theoretical analysis based on the calculations of material balances and heat balances. Combined with the production performances and practices of COREX-2000 （ Saldanha, India） and COREX-3000 （ Baosteel ）, the technical measures of reducing the fuel rate are analyzed and the way forward of technical innovation is addressed and discussed with the standpoint of the COREX process improvement.

The Effect of Lateral Offset Distance on the Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy of Vehicle Queues

The vehicle industry is always in search of breakthrough energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies.In recent years,vehicle intelligence has progressed considerably,and researchers are currently trying to take advantage of these developments.Here we consider the case of many vehicles forming a queue,i.e.,vehicles traveling at a predetermined speed and distance apart.While the majority of existing studies on this subject have focused on the influence of the longitudinal vehicle spacing,vehicle speed,and the number of vehicles on aerodynamic drag and fuel economy,this study considers the lateral offset distance of the vehicle queue.The group fuel consumption savings rate is calculated and analyzed.As also demonstrated by experimental results,some aerodynamic benefits exist.Moreover,the fuel consumption saving rate of the vehicle queue decreases as the lateral offset distance increases.

Assessment on Energy Self-Sufficiency Rate for Building Integrated Photovoltaics and Fuel Cell System in Japan

A building integrated photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC) system is proposed for assessment of the energy self-sufficiency rate in a city in Japan. The electricity consumed in the building is mainly supplied by solar panels, while the gap between the energy demand and supply is solved by the FC that is powered by the H2 produced by water electrolysis with surplus power of PV. A desktop case study of using the proposed system in Tsu city which is located in central part of Japan, has been conducted. The results found that the self-sufficiency rates of PV system to electricity demand of households (RPV) during the daytime in April and July are higher than those in January and October. The results also reveal that the self-sufficiency rate of FC system to the electricity demand (RFC) is 15% - 38% for the day when the mean amount of horizontal solar radiation is obtained in January, April, July and October. In addition, it is found the optimum tilt angle of solar panel installed on the roof of the buildings should be 0 degree, i.e., placed horizontally.

Application of neural network in the study of combustion rate of natural gas／diesel dual fuel engine

In order to predict and improve the performance of matural gas/diesel dual fuel engine(DFE),a combustion rate model based on forward meural network was built to study the combustion process of the DFE.The effect of the operating parameters on combustion rate was also studied by means of this model.The study showed that the predicted results were good agreement with the experimental data.It was proved that the de-veloped combustion rate model could be used to successfully predict and optimize the combustion process of dual fuel engine.

Fuel Burning Rate Model for Stratified Charge Engine

一个零维的单个地区的双曲线模型被介绍在成层的电荷引擎预言燃料燃烧速率，并且预言成层的电荷引擎的全面表演与 GT 力量是综合的。模型为在不同电荷地区计算燃料燃烧速率由二指数的功能组成。模型因素由一种非线性的曲线试穿技术的 redetermined，基于在中间、低的负担从 30cases 获得的试验性的数据。结果证明在测量并且计算的柱体压力之间的好同意，和在计算、测量的柱体压力之间的偏差是不到 5% 。零维的单个地区的双曲线模型在为成层的电荷引擎当模特儿的燃烧是成功的。

Expressions for Entropy Production Rate of Fuel Cells

根据燃料房间的一个一般模型，在不同条件下面的一个燃料房间系统的熵生产率被使用电气化学和热力学的理论导出。以便分析在一个实际燃料房间存在的不可逆的损失的影响，燃料房间的相等的电路被介绍以便燃料房间的不可逆的因素可能作为功能直接坚定内部，漏缝和负载电阻。而且，燃料房间的最大的力量产量和效率被计算，燃料房间的最佳的操作被讨论，并且负担抵抗的匹配的条件是坚定的。

Energy Assessment of Building Integrated Photovoltaics and Fuel Cell Systems: Design Study for Building(s) of Mie, Japan

A building integrated energy system (photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC)) is proposed for assessment of the energy self-sufficiency rate in five cities of Mie prefecture in Japan. In this work, it is considered that the electricity requirement of the building is provided by the building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system and the gap between the energy demand and BIPV supply is fulfilled by the FC. The FC is powered by the electrolytic H2 produced from the surplus power of PV. A design study of using the proposed system in five cities in Mie prefecture, which are in center part of Japan, has been performed. It has been observed that the monthly power production from BIPV is higher in spring and summer, while it is lower in autumn and winter at all considered locations. The self-sufficiency rate of the FC system is higher with decreasing households’ number and it has been observed that the 12 households are more suitable for full cover of the electricity demand by the combined system of PV and FC. The relationship between the households’ number and self-sufficiency rate of the FC system per solar PV installation area can be expressed by exponential curve. The coefficient of the exponential curve can predict the suitable city for the BIPV system with FC system utilizing electrolytic H2 generated by using excess energy from the PV system.

Energy Characteristics of an Integrated Power Generation System with Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell

An integrated energy system (with photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC) for building) is proposed and assessed in term of its energy self-sufficiency rate in seven cities (Nagoya, Toyota, Tajimi, Takayama, Ogaki, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka) in Tokai region in Japan in this paper. In this work, it is considered that the electricity requirement of the building for household users is provided by a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system and the gap between the energy demand and BIPV supply is fulfilled by the FC. The FC is powered by the electrolytic H2 produced when PV power was in surplus. Based on the study of applying the proposed system in seven cities, which clarifies the effectiveness of the integrated BIPV, electrolytic H2 and FC power generation system, a universal system model has been developed in this paper. It has been observed that the monthly power production from BIPV as well as FC system are higher in spring and summer, while they are both lower in autumn and winter at all considered locations. The self-sufficiency rate of the FC system is higher with decreasing households’ number and it has been observed that 16 is the most appropriate number of households in a building, whose electricity demand could be fully covered by the integrated PV and FC system. Due to its climate condition, Hamamatsu is the best city in the region for installing the proposed system. The correlation between the households’ number and self-sufficiency rate of the FC system per solar PV installation area can be expressed by the regression curve in the form of y = ax-b well.

炉腹煤气量指数和透气阻力系数在马钢2号高炉的应用

对炉腹煤气量指数X_(BG)和透气阻力系数K在马钢2号高炉的应用进行了总结。通过对2号高炉1年多的生产数据跟踪分析,结果表明:X_(BG)控制在63~64m/min,对应炉腹煤气量V_(BG)控制在6300~6400m^(3)/min时,高炉稳定顺行,燃料比较为稳定;针对2号高炉炉腹渣皮厚、炉腹温度整体偏低现象,风压控制在靠上限水平,K值实际控制在4.25~4.75为宜,高炉运行状态良好。认为炉腹煤气量指数和透气阻力系数都是综合操作参数,在高炉日常操作中,可以用此来判断炉况,衡量强化程度,使炉况保持稳定顺行,技术经济指标改善。

添加热压铁块对宝钢2号高炉生产的影响

为了探索减少高炉碳排放的新途径,在宝钢2号高炉进行了添加热压铁块工业试验。从炉况顺行、煤气流、透气性、煤气发生量、热制度、渣比、日产量、CO_(2)排放量等方面,阐述了添加热压铁块对2号高炉生产的影响。热压铁块比加到60kg/t后的结果表明:①随着热压铁块比的提升,炉况顺行得到改善,入炉品位提高,燃料比大幅降低,产量提升,取得了明显的增产降耗效果;②焦比由基准期的415kg/t降至353kg/t,燃料比从514kg/t降至最低488kg/t;③富氧率提升至4.255%,利用系数达到2.181t/(m^(3)·d),日产量较基准期提高5.9%。

双燃料喷射器油-气瞬时质量流率同场测量方法

提出一种组合式的测量方法,将其应用于缸内高压直喷柴油/天然气发动机双燃料喷射器瞬态燃料质量流率的研究,实现了两相燃料同场高精度测试.针对传统“动量法”只能获取喷气规律型线无法获取准确质量流率的问题,提出一种平行测试的方法,通过采集测试容腔内的压力变化获取循环喷气量,结合瞬态动量信号得到精确的喷气规律曲线.并对喷射器的计量特征及时间特征进行验证.最后对柴油/天然气双燃料喷射器常用工况进行测试,结果表明:该方法解决了两相燃料难以同场测量的问题,实现了双燃料喷射器油-气瞬时质量流率的精确测量;喷气量测试误差不超过5%,喷油及喷气起始时刻与结束时刻的测试误差不超过0.113 ms,喷油量及喷气量的波动率分别不超过1.4%和2.9%.随着燃料喷射压力增加,喷射器的开启时段减小、关闭时段增加,且内部轴针开启和关闭的速度均大于外部轴针.引燃油的喷射通过影响喷气持续期影响喷气量,先油后气喷射方式下的喷气量在仅喷气方式下的喷气量上、下波动.

重型柴油机二级增压系统匹配仿真研究

为了降低重型柴油机的燃油消耗率,采用GT-POWER软件建立仿真模型,在一台单级可变截面涡轮增压器(variable geometry turbocharger,VGT)柴油机上开展了二级增压匹配与增压系统参数优化工作。仿真结果表明,所提出的二级增压系统在匹配点能够以最高效率运行,在全工况都能提供足够的进气流量;完全关闭低压级废气旁通阀,正交优化高压级废气旁通阀开度和米勒循环度,能够进一步降低二级增压发动机的燃油消耗率;降低级间中冷温度能够降低泵气损失,提高增压压力,温度由100℃降至50℃在标定点能够使燃油消耗率降低约3 g/(kW·h)。对二级增压及参数优化工作的燃油消耗率改善效果进行了试验验证,低速工况燃油消耗率整体有所下降,高效点燃油消耗率下降4.1%。

涡轮电力分布式推进设计参数优化选择分析

为研究涡轮电力分布式推进系统(Turbo-electric Distributed Propulsion system简称TeDP)设计参数的选择,基于部件法对整个TeDP系统建立设计点性能计算模型,推导了TeDP的有效功在涡轴尾喷管和风扇系统间的最佳分配关系。在此基础上,以ECO-150-300客机作为应用对象,采用差分进化算法,以设计巡航点的耗油率作为优化目标,对TeDP的循环参数进行优化选择;然后对优化后的循环参数进行分析,并将优化结果与大涵道比涡扇发动机作对比。结果表明,优化后的巡航耗油率比原系统下降了7.68%;存在最佳风扇设计压比使风扇涵道效率最高,最佳设计压比与涵道的总压损失有关;TeDP系统的耗油率对电部件传输效率、自由涡轮效率和风扇绝热效率最为敏感,当效率分别降低1.0%时,耗油率分别上升1.0%,0.94%和0.85%;与涵道比为20的齿轮传动涡扇发动机相比,当电部件传输效率大于0.95时,TeDP才显现经济优势,当电部件传输效率接近1时,TeDP耗油率下降了5.40%。

大功率燃料电池建模与电压一致性分析

随着燃料电池堆朝着大功率发展,其工作时单体间的不一致性更加明显,长时间处于恶劣工作条件的单体寿命会明显短于其他单体,并导致电池堆的寿命大幅缩减。为探究不同运行参数对大功率燃料电池单体工作性能一致性的影响规律,首先,建立了包括流体网络模型、燃料电池电压模型和燃料电池热阻模型三个部分的110 kW大功率燃料电池模型。其次,开展燃料电池稳态试验,对所建立的燃料电池模型进行试验验证,仿真与试验结果误差在5%以内。最后,基于模型仿真,以电压最大偏差率为评价指标,分别探究工作电流、冷却水流量和冷却水进口温度三个运行参数对燃料电池电压一致性的影响规律。仿真结果表明,工作电流对燃料电池单体电压一致性的影响程度更大,其次是冷却水进口温度,最后是冷却水流量。本研究有助于大功率燃料电池发动机的结构优化设计以及为热管理控制策略开发提供指导。

氨–柴油双燃料发动机燃烧的光学诊断研究

为了解决氨燃料在发动机中燃烧不稳定的问题,通过开展氨–柴油双燃料发动机燃烧过程的光学诊断研究,以获得柴油引燃氨的燃烧及火焰发展特性,研究了不同氨替代率及不同柴油喷射时刻对氨–柴油双燃料缸内燃烧和火焰发展特性的影响。结果表明:随着氨替代率的增加,缸压和放热率峰值先增加后减小,燃烧相位不断后移,滞燃期和燃烧持续期延长,70%和80%氨替代率下放热率峰值相比40%氨替代率降低了41.7%和58.8%。随氨替代率增加,火焰光强和火焰面积均逐渐减小,氨替代率为80%时,火焰向燃烧室中心的扩散燃烧速度变慢,火焰面积峰值为612.5 mm2,占燃烧室总面积约19%,燃烧表现较差;随着柴油喷射时刻的不断推迟,缸压和放热率峰值先增加后减小,燃烧相位不断后移,燃烧持续期先减小后增加,火焰光强和火焰面积均先增加后减小。-25°喷射时刻缸压和放热率峰值分别为4.28 MPa和115.4 J/(°),相比其他时刻具有较好的放热性能。与-20°喷射时刻相比火焰光强和火焰面积分别增加了15%和42.5%,此时燃烧室中心未燃区域最小,对氨有较好的引燃效果。

某船用发电辅机性能优化

为降低某船用发电辅机常用工况油耗,采用仿真分析确定最佳配气相位、压缩比、柱塞速度;通过负荷特性试验及正交试验,确定最佳喷油器方案;通过热怠速试验选择合适的机油泵、海水泵;通过台架负荷特性试验对比发电辅机优化前、后的油耗。结果表明:该发电辅机优化后,进气关闭角对应的曲轴转角为565°,排气开启角对应的曲轴转角为135°,压缩比为15.5,最高柱塞速度提高至2.54 m/s,选用喷孔直径为0.32 mm、喷孔锥角为158°的喷油器,机油泵、海水泵体积流量分别降低10、15 m^(3)/h,辅机常用工况区油耗比原机下降4~5 g/(kW·h),达到降低油耗的目的。

试论高炉燃料替代的降碳路径

为有效降低高炉工序的CO_(2)排放量,向高炉喷吹气体、液体或固体燃料来替代焦炭受到广泛的关注。以我国6家典型钢铁企业7座1800m^(3)级高炉2021年的主要技术经济指标为基础,重点分析了燃料比和煤比对高炉CO_(2)排放量的作用和影响。结果表明,6家典型钢铁企业高炉CO_(2)排放量约为1.419~1.595Vt,影响高炉CO_(2)排放量相关性最强的因素且最重要的指标是燃料比,而单纯提高喷煤比的技术手段并不是降低高炉CO_(2)排放量的决定性因素。因此,通过优化喷吹燃料的种类,以氢代碳,实现有效替代,才是降低高炉CO_(2)排放量的有效途径。

湘钢3号高炉提产降耗的措施及成效

对湘钢3号高炉提产降耗的措施及成效进行了总结。3号高炉装料制度采用中心加焦模式,由于优质自产焦炭量不足,大量使用质量较差的外购焦炭后,日产量受到限制,焦比和燃料比较高。通过采取改善焦炭质量、优化操作制度、精细化操作等一系列措施,3号高炉煤气流分布更合理,操作炉型更稳定,主要技术经济指标逐步改善,提产降耗成效明显。2023年1-2月,3号高炉日产量上升到5600/d以上,利用系数达到3.11V(m^(3)·d),焦比降低至355kg/t,燃料比降至515kg/t以下。

中天钢铁3号高炉大矿批冶炼的主要措施

对中天钢铁3号高炉大矿批冶炼的主要措施进行了总结。3号高炉开炉后,在建立操作炉型期间,通过采取改善原燃料质量、优化基本操作制度、高富氧大喷煤、稳定炉体热负荷等措施,矿批逐步从90t扩大至111t,炉况稳定顺行,主要技术经济指标明显改善,实现优质、高产、低耗的目标。在人炉品位只有56.5%~57.2%的条件下,取得了燃料比495.88kg/t、煤比163.31kg/t的良好指标,不仅消除了建立操作炉型的“阵痛”,同时还降低了生铁成本。

泵气损失对柴油机性能影响分析

基于某款船用中速柴油机,在当前配置状态的基础上,利用试验数据测试和GT-Power一维仿真计算手段,研究了不同配气凸轮型线、排气管直径、增压器配置对柴油机泵气损失和燃油消耗率的影响。选取部分优化方案来制作样件,并通过开发试验对比验证。结果表明,通过优化匹配可以分别将高转速高负荷工况、低转速低负荷工况的泵气损失和燃油消耗率降低到最佳水平。