An Rapid Assessment Method for Bearing Capacity of RC Girder Bridges Based on Residual Strain

In order to realize the in-situ evaluation of reinforced concrete bridges subjected to fatigue for a long time or after earthquake, an evaluation method for cumulative damage of concrete structures based on unloading elastic modulus was proposed. First, according to the concrete stress-strain curve and the statistical relationship between residual strain and cumulative strain, the calculation method of static equivalent strain and residual strain concrete based on unloading elastic modulus and the method for estimating the strength of concrete after damage were proposed. The detailed steps of field test and analysis and the practical damage indicators of residual strain were given. Then, the evaluation method of existing stress and strain of Reinforced Concrete Bridge under dead load and the concept of “equivalent dead load bending moment” were put forward. On this basis, the paper analyzed the root cause of the decrease of bearing capacity of Reinforced Concrete Bridge after fatigue damage, and pointed out that the equivalent strain or residual strain of reinforced concrete increases under the fatigue effect, which led to the decreasing of actual live moment and deformation performance while the ultimate load-carrying capacity remained constant or very little decrease. The evaluation method of structure residual capacity was given, and through comparative analysis of eight T reinforced concrete beams that had been in service for 35 years with the static failure tests, the effectiveness of the method was verified.

Time-varying Reliability Analysis of Long-span Continuous Rigid Frame bridge under Cantilever Construction Stage based on the Monitored Strain Data

In general,the material properties,loads,resistance of the prestressed concrete continuous rigid frame bridge in different construction stages are time-varying.So,it is essential to monitor the internal force state when the bridge is in construction.Among them,how to assess the safety is one of the challenges.As the continuous monitoring over a long-term period can increase the reliability of the assessment,so,based on a large number of monitored strain data collected from the structural health monitoring system(SHMS)during construction,a calculation method of the punctiform time-varying reliability is proposed in this paper to evaluate the stress state of this type bridge in cantilever construction stage by using the basic reliability theory.At the same time,the optimal stress distribution function in the bridge mid-span base plate is determined when the bridge is closed.This method can provide basis and direction for the internal force control of this type bridge in construction process.So,it can reduce the bridge safety and quality accidents in construction stages.

装配式桥梁板玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋湿接缝受力与变形分析

为解决装配式桥梁板体系湿接缝处力学性能不稳定、易变形的问题,提出采用玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案优化湿接缝性能,以雄安新区荣乌高速荣乌主线桥为背景进行研究。选取主线桥2个试验段(试验段A湿接缝采用普通混凝土-U形钢筋方案,钢筋点焊;试验段B湿接缝采用玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案,钢筋满焊)进行梁板体系湿接缝性能试验,监测湿接缝处搭接钢筋力学响应及混凝土接触面变形特征,同时对长期运载及强降雨影响下的钢筋受力与混凝土变形进行监测。结果表明:长期运载下,试验段B横筋受力约为试验段A的一半,其中部纵筋承受外力远大于试验段A,边缘纵筋承受外力较少,试验段B稳定性更优;试验段B较试验段A在湿接缝部位变形量小,其稳定性及耐久性更优;强降雨阶段,试验段B较试验段A变形及力学响应波动程度更低,其抗渗能力、耐久性更优。由此可知基于玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案的湿接缝构造在外力传导、抵抗变形方面具有较强稳定性,不易受恶劣环境影响。

基于PCA-EWM两级特征融合和NGO-GRU的梁桥损伤诊断

为了提高损伤识别中单一指标对损伤的灵敏度和抗噪能力,基于模态应变能理论,提出联合主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和熵权融合(entropy weight method,EWM)的两级特征融合方法,并使用北方苍鹰优化算法(northern goshawk optimization,NGO)结合门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)进行桥梁损伤程度预测。首先,基于传统的模态应变能理论,构造出对角模态应变能比,由此衍生出对角模态应变能比变化率,对角模态应变能比耗散率,标准化对角模态应变能比差指标。其次,使用主成分分析实现指标内特征提取,熵权法融合指标间的特征,从而构造出加权决策指标(weighted decision index,WDI)。将单个模态应变能衍生指标输入到NGO-GRU混合神经网络中,损伤程度为输出,从而建立指标值与损伤程度之间的关系,进而实现损伤量化。通过三跨连续梁桥数值模型对所提出的方法进行验证,结果表明:加权决策指标具有良好的损伤定位能力和抗噪性,混合神经网络具有较高的损伤预测精度,预测准确率为91.14%。

Engineering approach to in-situ bridge health monitoring with fiber bragg gratings

In this presentation the feasibility and capability of fiber Bragg gratings （FBG） employed in bridge health monitoring are demonstrated on a real bridge. FBG＇ s wavelength shift depending on strain variance has been tested. The technique of FBG installation on bridges has been developed. 12 FBG strain sensors and 3 temperature sensors have been successfully embedded in the prestressed concrete box girder during the construction of Heilongjiang Hulan River Bridge. The prestressing tension process and quasi-static loading process of the girder were monitored with those sensors before it was installed onto the bridge. After the bridge was completed, the FBG sensors embedded have been utilized to monitor the strain shift of the beam under quasi-static load, traffic load and temperature. The results show that the traffic fluxes, possible tatigue damage and deflection of the bridge can be revealed conveniently through strain measurements with these FBG sensors, which provide key information for structural health diagnosis. The fact that the FBG strain sensors have withstood the ordeal of harsh construction process and lasted for more than one year proves that their durability and stability can satisfy the requirements for bridge health monitoring. It is also shown that the FBG strain sensor is more adaptive to long-term structural health monitoring than the electric resistance strain gauge.

高强度螺栓材料全过程真实应力-应变关系研究

对极限状态下螺栓杆会发生较大变形的高强度螺栓连接节点进行模拟分析时,需考虑螺栓材料的真实应力-应变关系。为此,以10.9级M20,M24,M30高强度螺栓为研究对象,探讨单轴拉伸状态下高强度螺栓材料的全过程真实应力-应变关系。首先制作高强度螺栓材料拉伸试件并通过开展单轴拉伸试验获得材料的全过程工程应力-应变曲线。然后采用有限元方法对单轴拉伸试验进行模拟,通过比较有限元分析和实测工程应力-应变曲线,讨论描述材料真实应力-应变关系的Ludwik,Hollomon,Voce,Swift表达式的适用性。最后基于归一化的颈缩前真实应力-应变关系以及归一化的硬化阶段真实应力-应变关系,提出两种改进的Ramberg-Osgood表达式描述螺栓材料的全过程真实应力-应变关系。结果表明:基于颈缩前硬化阶段真实应力-应变曲线拟合的Ludwik,Hollomon,Voce,Swift表达式中,Ludwik,Hollomon,Swift表达式会高估螺栓材料颈缩后的真实应力,而Voce表达式会低估螺栓材料颈缩后的真实应力;本研究提出基于归一化颈缩前真实应力-应变关系的Ramberg-Osgood表达式可较为准确地描述高强度螺栓材料的全过程真实应力-应变关系,其在强化阶段会略高估螺栓材料的真实应力;提出的基于归一化硬化阶段真实应力-应变关系的Ramberg-Osgood表达式可更准确地描述高强度螺栓材料的全过程真实应力-应变关系。

Comparative analysis of cast-in-place post-tensioned and steel-concrete composite bridge bent caps

The complexity of the IH-635 Managed Lanes Project, located in Dallas County, Texas, posed several technical and constructive challenges, leading to the adoption of solutions different from the traditional. Two alternative solutions for the pier cap on one of the bridge crossings over IH-35E in the IH-635 project were analyzed in this case study, a cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete cap and an innovative prefabricated steel-concrete com- posite cap. The approach was to use an estimation of direct costs for material and labor and consideration of con- struction time schedules. A supplementary numerical modeling confirmed that both alternatives behave elasti- cally under imposed loads. The direct cost of material and labor for the two alternatives were close. However, the composite alternative required 13 days less construction time, resulting in substantial cost savings from traffic closing in the very busy traffic corridor. Traffic closing costs were substantially higher than the direct costs, especially for the post-tensioned cap. The quantification of the benefits allows more confidence in the utilization of the composites caps, leading to faster completion of bridge projects and substantial economic savings.

Fatigue Safety Assessment of Concrete Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge Based on Rain Flow Counting Method and Health Monitoring Data

The fatigue of concrete structures will gradually appear after being subjected to alternating loads for a long time,and the accidents caused by fatigue failure of bridge structures also appear from time to time.Aiming at the problem of degradation of long-span continuous rigid frame bridges due to fatigue and environmental effects,this paper suggests a method to analyze the fatigue degradation mechanism of this type of bridge,which combines long-term in-site monitoring data collected by the health monitoring system(HMS)and fatigue theory.In the paper,the authors mainly carry out the research work in the following aspects:First of all,a long-span continuous rigid frame bridge installed with HMS is used as an example,and a large amount of health monitoring data have been acquired,which can provide efficient information for fatigue in terms of equivalent stress range and cumulative number of stress cycles;next,for calculating the cumulative fatigue damage of the bridge structure,fatigue stress spectrum got by rain flow counting method,S-N curves and damage criteria are used for fatigue damage analysis.Moreover,it was considered a linear accumulation damage through the Palmgren-Miner rule for the counting of stress cycles.The health monitoring data are adopted to obtain fatigue stress data and the rain flow counting method is used to count the amplitude varying fatigue stress.The proposed fatigue reliability approach in the paper can estimate the fatigue damage degree and its evolution law of bridge structures well,and also can help bridge engineers do the assessment of future service duration.

Damage assessment of a continuous beam bridge based on the strain mode

Based on the method of strain mode, damage identification of continuous beam bridges by comparing the variance of several curves of strain modes difference is studied. Three cases of numerical simulation demonstrate that the proposed method is applicable to detecting many a damage in a continuous beam bridge, which accurately identifies the damaged positions of the bridge, and detects the damage severity of an element by its according peak value of the curve of strain modes difference that is found to increase with the increasing damage severity.

基于应变场强法的钢桥面板顶板-纵肋焊接节点疲劳寿命预测

钢桥面板顶板-纵肋焊接节点处疲劳现象频发,应力集中和残余应力是影响其疲劳寿命的关键因素。然而,常用评估方法大多以距焊趾/根一定距离的某一点的应力状态作为参量,忽略了焊接节点附近区域应力分布对疲劳寿命的影响。场强法可通过权函数考虑焊接节点附近区域的应力分布,因此本工作采用场强法进行顶板-纵肋焊接节点的疲劳寿命预测。基于已有疲劳试验,采用ANSYS软件建立顶板-纵肋焊接节点的有限元模型;再利用热-结构顺序耦合法计算残余应力,并施加疲劳荷载,得到应力幅最大位置的应变场强;最后,对适用于低周疲劳寿命评估的Manson-Coffin公式进行修正,实现该节点的高周疲劳寿命预测。研究结果表明:考虑残余应力计算的疲劳寿命较不考虑时误差会减小21.2%;与名义应力法、能量法相比,采用应变场强法预测的疲劳寿命精度会分别提高31.5%、38.2%。

Design and validation of wireless strain test system for bridge based on the resistance strain sensor

In order to achieve an access to strain sensor data with wireless transmission in bridge engineering structure testing, a wireless strain test system is presented based on the resistance strain sensor of networks. The wireless bridge strain test system composed of master station and substation adopts the wireless method to realize the high accuracy data acquisition between the master station and the substation under a reliable communication protocol. The system has been tested in contrast with the present strain apparatus. Results show that the wireless system is high-reliable, and has many characteristics such as high efficiency, good precision, high stability with low cost, and good flexibility, without using the present communication network.

Non-stationary Buffeting Response Analysis of Long Span Suspension Bridge Under Strong Wind Loading

The non-stationary buffeting response of long span suspension bridge in time domain under strong wind loading is computed. Modeling method for generating non-stationary fluctuating winds with probabilistic model for non-stationary strong wind fields is first presented. Non-stationary wind forces induced by strong winds on bridge deck and tower are then given a brief introduction. Finally,Non-stationary buffeting response of Pulite Bridge in China,a long span suspension bridge,is computed by using ANSYS software under four working conditions with different combination of time-varying mean wind and time-varying variance. The case study further confirms that it is necessity of considering non-stationary buffeting response for long span suspension bridge under strong wind loading,rather than only stationary buffeting response.

半刚构-连续箱梁桥动静载试验研究

桥梁动静载试验是检测桥梁结构安全的重要方法,可准确评价桥梁结构的受力性能和实际工作状态。文中依据JTG/T J21-01—2015《公路桥梁荷载试验规程》,对陶赖昭特大桥主桥进行动静载试验,测试桥梁结构的挠度、应变及动力特性,并与理论值进行对比分析。结果表明,桥梁处于弹性受力状态,强度及刚度满足设计要求,动力响应及动力特性良好。

基于小波分析和深度学习的钢-混组合梁损伤识别

为提高钢-混组合梁损伤识别的准确率,提出一种基于小波分析和深度学习的损伤识别方法。设计并制作6种不同损伤的工字钢-混凝土组合梁,通过钢球自由落体冲击组合梁表面,采用光纤光栅应变传感器获取不同损伤组合梁的应变信号;采用haar、sym2、sym4、db2和db4五种小波基函数对采集到的应变信号进行降噪处理;搭建ResNet-18、ResNet-50、ResNet-101、InceptionV3、InceptionResNetV2、MobileNetV2六个深度学习模型对降噪前、后的应变信号进行训练和预测,分析得出预测准确率最高的模型,以实现对组合梁损伤的分类和定位。结果表明:haar小波基函数降噪效果优于其它函数;ResNet-50模型预测准确率均高于其它模型,降噪前、后的预测准确率平均值分别为96.73%、97.91%,小波降噪使ResNet-50模型预测准确率提高了1.18%;远离损伤位置ResNet-50模型预测准确率平均值为96.82%,仍有较高的准确率。该方法可为钢-混组合梁的运营维护以及损伤评估提供参考。

Identification of Connection Flexibility Effects Based on Load Testing of a Steel-Concrete Bridge

In the case of composite girders, an effective cooperation of both parts of the section is influenced by deformability of connectors. Limited flexural stiffness of welded studs, used commonly in bridge structures, does not provide full interaction of a steel beam and a concrete slab. This changes strain distribution in cross-sections of a composite girder and results in redistribution of internal forces in steel and concrete element. In the paper partial interaction index defined on the basis of a neutral axis position, which can be used for verification of steel-concrete interaction in real bridge structures rather than in specimens is proposed. The range of the index value changes, obtained during load testing of a typical steel-concrete composite beam bridge, is presented. The investigation was carried out on a motorway viaduct, consisting of two parallel structures. During the testing values of strains in girders under static and quasi-static loads were measured. The readings from the gauges were used to determine the index, characterizing composite action of the girders. Results of bridge testing under movable load, changing position along the bridge span is presented and obtained in-situ influence functions of strains and index values are commented in the paper.

考虑横隔板局部刚域的宽幅钢-混组合梁桥荷载试验研究

在主梁高度既定的情况下,长宽比大的桥梁横向抗弯刚度相对较大,桥面荷载横向分布对主梁应变及挠度在横桥向的响应程度影响较小;但对于长宽比小的宽幅桥梁,桥梁整体的横向抗弯刚度对应变及挠度的分布影响会急剧增大,对于分离式主梁桥梁,传统的梁格法荷载试验模型在模拟横向抗弯刚度时会产生误差,影响最终的检验结果评判精度。本文以宽幅钢-混组合梁桥荷载试验为例,采用梁格法模型计算了横隔板与主梁交接处局部刚域对理论应变和挠度横向分布的影响,结合板单元+实体单元模型和现场实测数据进行对比分析,研究结果可为宽幅分离式主梁桥梁的荷载试验及有限元模型修正提供参考。

Study on Identification and Fermentation Condition of Strain ZY-19-2 with Inhibitory Effect against Tobacco Black Shank (Phytophtora parasitica var. nicotianae Tucker)

[Objective] The paper was to identify stain ZY-19-2 with inhibitory effect against tobacco black shank （Phytophtora parasitica var.nicotianae Tucker）, and study the fermentation condition of the strain. [Method]A strain ZY-19-2 with strong inhibitory effect against P. parasitica were isolated and screened from tobacco rhizosphere soil samples, and identified according to its morphological characteristics. The chitinase production activity of the strain under different culture conditions was also studied. [Result] For stain ZY-19-2 Paecilomyces lilacinus, the optimal fermentation conditions were as follows： 1.2% colloidal chitin as carbon source, 1% peptone as nitrogen source, 0.1% Tween 80 as surfactant, initial pH of fermentation broth at 6.0, the fermentation time of 60 h, inoculum amount at 1%, shaker speed at 120 r/min. The highest enzyme activity reached 0.216 U/ml. [Conclusion]The optimization of fermentation condition of strain ZY-19-2 lay foundation for large-scale production of cheap and efficient chitinase and chitin oligosaccharides, as well as application of the strain for control of tobacco black shank.

Application of LRB isolation technology in continuous girder bridges

This paper summarizes the superiority of lead-rubber beating （LRB） continuous girder bridges. The research method for isolation performance is discussed when pile-soil interaction is considered. By the finite element method and self-compiling program, a systematic study of the reliability of LRB continuous girder bridges is given by the use of different indicators, including the riding comfort of the LRB system, the pounding and dynamic stability when the LRB system is subjected to seismic excitations, and the reliability of the LRB system when subjected to other common horizontal loads. The results show that the LRB system has obvious advantages over the traditional continuous girder structure. The LRB isolation effect remains good even when pile-soil interaction is considered; the vertical rigidity of the LRB guarantees desirable riding comfort. The LRB demonstrates good reliability when subjected to the effects of braking, wind loads and temperature. However, it is also pointed out that the pounding of the LRB system subjected to earthquakes must be avoided, and the dynamic stability may be reduced when the LRB system has higher piers and generates a larger displacement in a strong earthquake. Useful advice and guidance are proposed for engineering application.

橡胶-钢纤维混凝土的劈裂应力-应变曲线特征及破坏机理研究

为探究橡胶掺量及其粒径对橡胶-钢纤维混凝土(R-SFC)应力-应变曲线特征和破坏机理的影响,利用电液伺服万能试验机对R-SFC试件进行静载劈裂抗拉试验。结果表明:随着橡胶掺量的增加,R-SFC的应力-应变曲线均位于钢纤维混凝土(SFC)的上方,且峰后延/韧性显著地增加。随着橡胶粒径的增大,R-SFC的弹性段先减小后增大,且各粒径下峰后曲线近似平行。劈裂抗拉强度和峰值应变随橡胶掺量的增加均逐渐降低。在SFC中加入橡胶颗粒可以明显地改善其低应力劈裂脆性并提高其峰后变形能力。根据材料特性和破坏形态建立了橡胶和钢纤维协同作用的桥接模型,并基于该模型推导了协同作用的力学简化计算表达式。最后,结合纤维间距理论和断裂力学推导了劈裂抗拉强度式。

Probiotic yeasts: Anti-inflammatory potential of various non-pathogenic strains in experimental colitis in mice

AIM: To evaluate the in vitro immunomodulation capacity of various non-pathogenic yeast strains and to investigate the ability of some of these food grade yeasts to prevent experimental colitis in mice.METHODS: In vitro immunomodulation was assessed by measuring cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12p70,IL-10,tumor necrosis factor and interferon γ] released by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after 24 h stimulation with 6 live yeast strains (Saccharomyces ssp.) and with bacterial reference strains.A murine model of acute 2-4-6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis was next used to evaluate the distinct prophylactic protective capacities of three yeast strains compared with the performance of prednisolone treatment.RESULTS: The six yeast strains all showed similar non-discriminating anti-inflammatory potential when tested on immunocompetent cells in vitro .However,although they exhibited similar colonization patterns in vivo ,some yeast strains showed significant anti-inflammatory activities in the TNBS-induced colitis model,whereas others had weaker or no preventive effect at all,as evidenced by colitis markers (body-weight loss,macroscopic and histological scores,myeloperoxidase activities and blood inflammatory markers).CONCLUSION: A careful selection of strains is required among the biodiversity of yeasts for specific clinical studies,including applications in inflammatory bowel disease and other therapeutic uses.