Effect of inoculating mixed starter cultures of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus on bacterial communities and volatile flavor in fermented sausages

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of the inoculation of mixed starter cultures of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus(labeled L-S)on microbial community and flavor in fermented sausages during the ripening process.Culture-dependent(colony count)and culture-independent(high-throughput sequencing)methods were employed to evaluate bacterial communities.Volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,and the results were analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA).The identified bacteria with high relative abundance included Lactobacillus and Pediococcus,and the relative abundances of Leuconostoc and Weissella in fermented sausages were remarkably decreased at the end of the ripening process.At the end of ripening,2-nonenal,tetradecanal,ethylstearate and terpinyl acetate played substantial roles in the flavor development of the L-S fermented sausages.Sensory evaluation showed a high score in the L-S fermented sausages.Sausages can be inoculated with L-S starter culture to improve the safety and flavor of meat products.

Flavor release from traditional dry-cured pork during oral processing

The rate of flavor release in the mouth from traditional dry-cured pork was evaluated in this study.It was hypothesized that a slow steady release of flavor would occur on chewing and hydration.To test this,high salt dry-cured pork was chewed and held in oral cavity without swallowing for 4 different chewing stages(B,NC_(30),C_(30),EC).Saliva and food bolus from 16 healthy subjects were collected during oral processing,and analyzed for saliva flow rate,total saliva protein content,saliva pH,conductivity,saliva and sodium,and taste components.Results show that oral processing behavior and salivary release have important effects on flavor release of dry-cured pork.Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)analysis showed that oral processing has a certain effect on the protein composition and concentration in saliva.This study suggests that the interaction between food and saliva that accompanies chewing can lead to significant changes in sensory perception during oral processing.

Influence of Various Hydrocolloids on Suspension Stability of Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) in Mango Beverage and Mango Flavored Beverage

With the developing of juices and beverages industry, the processors need to bring new nutritional fortified products to capture the market as per the demand of the consumer who needs healthier product. Thus, this study aimed to the production of mango beverage and mango flavored beverage fortified with chia seeds;evaluate the chemical properties of chia seeds and study the effect of adding carboxymethyl cellulose, xanthan gum and low acyl gellan gum at the concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% on the stability of suspension chia seeds in beverage during storage at ambient temperature for six months. Viscosity, color, zeta potential, suspension of seeds and organoleptic properties were evaluated. Results showed that chia seeds were rich in protein, omega-3 fatty acids and dietary fiber. The addition of 0.05% gellan gum led to improved appearance attributes and the highest stability of suspension of chia seeds for six months, and was the sample which scored highest for overall acceptability compared to the other samples of beverages. Results indicated that using chia seeds with the addition of 0.05% low acyl gellan gum led to the production of fortified mango beverage and mango flavored beverage with high stability for six months.

Effect of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide on the stalling and flavor of tteok during storage

The effect of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide(TFP)on the retrogradation property and aroma profile changes of tteok during storage was investigated.Results indicated that addition of TFP significantly increased the stability to thermal and mechanical shearing of starch,decreased short-term retrogradation,the hardness and the retrogradation enthalpy(ΔH)of tteok during storage,but had no significant effect on the amylopectin chain length of tteok.The possible mechanism for the retarding staling effect of TFP is related to the interaction between TFP and starch chains that interferes with the alignment of starch chains.Electronic nose and g as chromatography-mass spectrum(GC-MS)analysis results showed that the difference in the concentrations of volatile compounds and fatty acids of tteoks at different storage time gradually increased with the advancement of storage period.The addition of TFP to tteok inhibited the development of unpleasant volatile compounds,probably by delaying the oxidation and decomposition of lipids and preserving the antioxidant phenolic compounds in tteok,thus slowing down the flavor deterioration of tteok and contributing to flavor maintainace.Overall,this study could help food manufacturers to choose a high-effective and natural polysaccharide to control the retrogradation rate and flavor loss of tteok.

Discovery of the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) based on hTAS2Rs

Objective:To explore the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy),their character-istics were analyzed at the target and pharmacodynamic points.Methods:Compounds with bitter receptor activity were obtained by high-throughput screening models of the human bitter taste receptors(hTAS2Rs),which were used to analyze bitter taste.The efficacy of anti-asthma medications was used as an example to research bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were classified according to the functional modules.The coverage for the same targets or pharmacological effects in the overall protein interaction network(PIN)of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)was analyzed to reveal their relationship.The effect of the compound polydatin with anti-asthma activation on hTAS2R14 was studied to verify the reliability of the aforementioned idea.Results:A total of 121 Chinese materia medica(CMM)compounds that activate hTAS2R10,hTAS2R14,and hTAS2R49 were obtained.The analysis results indicated that 108 same targets for bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were obtained,accounting for 13.9%in the PIN of bitter taste and 72.5%in the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects shared by bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)accounted for 79%of the PIN of bitter taste and 81%of the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The activating effect of the anti-asthma compound polydatin on hTAS2R14 was dose-dependent with EC 50 of 4.3 m M.Conclusion:In this study,the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)has been demonstrated from the target and pharmacodynamic points,which are based on hTAS2Rs and anti-asthma effect.Bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)exhibited a high correlation.This study provides a theoretical and scientific basis for the hypothesis that“the property theory of CMM is the clinical pharmacodynamics of CMM.”

机器学习视角下风味分子研究及其在茉莉花茶中的应用

旨在探讨机器学习在风味分子研究领域的应用,尤其是其在茉莉花茶风味分析中的实践。风味分子的研究是理解和优化食品、特别是茶类饮品味道和品质的基础。机器学习技术的引入为风味分子的识别和分析打开了新的视野。概述了风味分子的基本概念和研究方法,详细讨论了机器学习在解析分子结构与风味特性关系、茉莉花茶品质预测与控制、风味分析、预测与优化、智能化加工等方面的应用,并提出了研究展望,以期为提升茉莉花茶的品质和茶产业发展提供技术支持。

中国传统发酵蔬菜中微生物多样性及其对品质形成影响研究进展

中国传统发酵蔬菜是以新鲜蔬菜为原料,通过微生物代谢和一系列化学反应而制成的发酵制品。在发酵过程中,微生物群落结构复杂,不同阶段的优势微生物发挥的作用不同,对发酵蔬菜品质、风味及安全性都有很大的影响。基于此,本文综述了中国传统发酵蔬菜中微生物多样性对发酵蔬菜品质、风味及安全性的影响,以及影响微生物多样性的非生物因素,旨在为提升发酵蔬菜品质及安全性提供理论依据。

白酒中风味成分的检测分析技术研究进展

白酒历史悠久,是中国的国酒。白酒中的风味成分虽然含量较低,但其类别、组成及比例对产品口感、风味及香气极为重要。近年来,对风味成分的研究已成为白酒领域的热点,本文综述了白酒风味成分检测分析方面的研究进展,介绍了风味成分检测前处理技术与分析方法,总结了各大香型白酒中的风味挖掘及分析的最新成果,探讨了研究中存在的局限与不足,并展望了未来技术发展的方向和趋势。

预制烤鱼水分分布及关键挥发性风味物质分析

以即热型预制烤鱼为研究对象,采用低场-核磁共振技术(Low field-nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)、顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用技术(Headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)对不同电烤条件下烤鱼水分分布及挥发性风味物质进行研究。结果表明:250℃烤制20 min的烤鱼加工损失率最低,持水力最高。烤鱼中水分主要形式为不易流动水,200℃烤鱼的弛豫时间T22、T23最低,其次是250℃烤鱼,T2反演谱整体向左移动,说明水的自由度降低。250℃烤制20 min的烤鱼不易流动水峰面积占比(A22)最高,达94.03%,自由水峰面积占比(A23)最低,为1.93%,说明肌肉组织持水较优。在5组烤鱼中共鉴定出70种挥发性物质,主要为醛类、酮类、醇类及烃类等。通过相对气味活度值(Relative odor activity value,ROAV)筛选出关键挥发性风味物质分别为12、9、11、8和8种。5组样品贡献较大的风味物质为己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛等,其中愈创木酚和4-甲基苯酚是碳烤烤鱼特有的关键风味物质。通过主成分分析,不同条件烤制的烤鱼关键挥发性风味物质差异明显。相关性分析表明,A22与异戊醛、庚醛和2,3-辛二酮呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与壬醛和愈创木酚呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。该研究结果为预制烤鱼开发提供参考。

发酵降低大豆组织蛋白豆腥味的复合菌株筛选

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术并结合风味活度值和感官评价,比较了生香酵母、活性干酵母、植物乳杆菌和肉葡萄球菌对大豆组织蛋白(textured soybean protein,TSP)豆腥味的降低效果,筛选出可有效降低豆腥味的2种菌株,并研究其复配质量比和添加方式。结果表明,4种菌对大豆组织蛋白豆腥味均有一定的消减效果,其中活性干酵母的降腥效果最明显,其发酵TSP中豆腥味物质含量减少了70%;肉葡萄球菌的增香作用最大,其发酵TSP中良好风味物质的含量增加了865.41%。选择活性干酵母作为降腥菌、肉葡萄球菌作为增香菌,二者复配适宜的的质量比为10∶1,添加方式为先加肉葡萄球菌于20℃发酵12 h后加活性干酵母于该温度下发酵20 h。

电子舌和气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术分析炖煮时间对松茸鸡汤风味的影响

以雅江鲜松茸为试验材料,采用电子舌和气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术,使用主成分、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析,结合相对气味活度值分析炖煮时间对松茸鸡汤风味的影响。结果表明:鲜松茸对鸡汤滋味贡献很大,电子舌鲜味强度值从2.1提高到8.0。采用GC-IMS方法共检出45种化合物,加入松茸后醛类含量从47.88%下降到21.13%,由ROAV值(128.08)确认3-甲基-1-丁醇是松茸鸡汤的关键化合物。其中,伞花烃、3-辛醇、正辛醇是松茸鸡汤的特征化合物,使松茸鸡汤呈现独特的汽油味、苔藓清香、坚果香味、蘑菇气味和金属气味。炖煮5 min后,鸡汤中松茸特征风味最明显,达到最佳食用效果。研究结果为雅江松茸鸡汤风味特征研究提供参考。

植物蛋白肉感官品质与营养安全研究进展

综述了植物蛋白肉在外观、口感、风味方面的技术进步,分析了植物蛋白肉营养稍逊肉类的原因以及改善途径,论述了植物蛋白肉的安全性,以期为高品质植物蛋白肉加工提供理论参考。

雪莲菌发酵提高枸杞原浆甜菜碱含量的工艺优化及品质分析

该研究以混合菌种雪莲菌为发酵菌种,枸杞原浆中甜菜碱含量为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对雪莲菌发酵枸杞原浆进行工艺优化,并对发酵后的枸杞原浆进行品质分析。结果表明,最佳发酵工艺条件为雪莲菌接种量5%(m/V),发酵时间48 h,发酵温度25℃,此条件下甜菜碱含量为18.95 mg/mL,比未发酵枸杞原浆甜菜碱含量增加2.54倍,总酚含量为2.03 mg/mL、黄酮含量为0.68 mg/mL、总糖含量为11.92 mg/mL。雪莲菌发酵后枸杞原浆中共检测出65种挥发性成分,包括21种醇类、27种酯类、1种醛类、1种酮类、8种酸类、3种烷类、2种酚类和2种烯类,与发酵前相比新增24种,且醇类、酯类和酸类物质较发酵前显著性增加,挥发性成分总含量由8.94 mg/mL增加至39.76 mg/mL,为制备高品质枸杞原浆提供理论依据,为枸杞产业化深加工提供指导。

甜香型毛花猕猴桃新品种赣绿1号的选育

赣绿1号系从野生毛花猕猴桃(Actinidia eriantha Benth.)自然变异群体中选育而成的新品种。果实长圆柱形至长卵圆形,果喙微钝凸,果面密被白色短茸毛。果实大小中等,均匀一致,平均单果质量为46.22 g,最大单果质量为73.50 g。果肉翠绿,肉质细嫩,风味香甜,果实可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为18.4%~22.2%,可滴定酸含量为0.94%,可溶性糖含量为9.25%,干物质含量为21.74%,抗坏血酸含量为662.6 mg·100 g^(-1)。在江西省宜春市,盛花期为5月上旬,果实成熟期为10月底至11月上旬。植株树势较强,耐热抗旱,适应性强,果实均匀一致,富含抗坏血酸,易剥皮,鲜食品质佳,果实耐贮藏,常温下可贮藏30~50 d,综合性状优良。

茶叶烟用香料的制备技术及其在卷烟中的应用进展

综述了茶叶种类和物质组成、茶叶烟用香料制备技术及其在卷烟中的应用现状。茶叶中富含的茶多酚、茶多糖、茶氨酸、茶色素、挥发性成分是茶叶和茶叶烟用香精滋味和功效差异的物质基础。溶剂提取与蒸馏、膜分离技术、超临界二氧化碳萃取、亚临界萃取等技术被应用于茶叶烟用香料的制备,且在叶组、滤棒、内衬纸和卷烟胶有广泛的研究和应用。因此对茶叶烟用香料的现有研究进行归纳总结,并对未来研究方向进行展望分析。

基于固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱和电子舌分析不同处理秋刀鱼烤后的风味特征

本实验以不同处理的秋刀鱼(鲜秋刀鱼、腌制秋刀鱼和紫外+冷风干制秋刀鱼)为原料进行烤制,采用电子鼻和固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GCMS)分析其挥发性风味物质的变化规律,进一步采用电子舌测定其滋味特征,并结合感官评价综合描述烤秋刀鱼的风味特征。电子鼻分析结果表明烤制后3组鱼肉具有完全不同的气味轮廓。3组烤秋刀鱼中共检测到38种挥发性风味化合物,由11种醛类物质、4种醇类物质、5种酮类物质、13种烃类物质以及含氮化合物组成,共同形成了烤秋刀鱼以油脂香为主,带有青草香、鱼腥味的风味特征。3组烤秋刀鱼关键风味化合物的含量有显著差异,紫外+冷风干制秋刀鱼烤制后累积了更多的挥发性风味化合物,增添了清香、焦香味,使得其风味特征更加丰富。电子舌分析结果显示,咸味、鲜味和鲜味回味是烤秋刀鱼的重要味觉指标,紫外+冷风干制通过丰富烤秋刀鱼的咸味和鲜味回味从而提升其滋味。感官评价分析结果表明,经紫外+冷风干制的秋刀鱼在烤制后外观、气味、滋味和口感均得到了改善,其色泽金黄、肉质紧实,具有丰富的油脂香气、适宜的滋味和回味,感官可接受度显著提高。综上,3种不同处理的秋刀鱼中,经紫外+冷风干制的秋刀鱼烤后被赋予了更丰富的风味。

非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵对薏米酒醪色泽及风味的影响

该研究分别考察了商业酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)(SC)单菌发酵,商业酿酒酵母(SC)分别与非酿酒酵母德尔布有孢圆酵母(Torulaspora delbrueckii)(TD)、东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)(IO)、粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)(SP)混合发酵对薏米酒醪基础理化特性、颜色和挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,与SC组发酵相比,混合发酵降低了薏米酒醪的酒精度、pH和还原糖含量,可增加酒醪的亮度;混合发酵增加挥发性风味物质的种类,SC组、TD+SC组、IO+SC组和SP+SC组分别检出43种、49种、48种和48种挥发性风味物质,可显著增加酯类化合物含量(P<0.05),其中,SP+SC组显著增加了苯乙醛、壬醛和3-羟基-2-丁酮的含量(P<0.05),SC组的标志性化合物为正戊醇、2,3-丁二醇、苯乙醇等;TD+SC组为正癸醇、2-甲基丁醇、丁二酸二乙酯等;IO+SC组为异戊酸、苯甲酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯等;SP+SC组为乙酸异丁酯、丁酸乙酯、苯乙醛等。综上,非酿酒酵母和商业酿酒酵母混合发酵有助于提高薏米酒醪的色泽及风味品质。

苦藠木姜子对发酵辣椒酱风味品质的影响

以二荆条辣椒、大蒜、食盐为主要原料制作的传统辣椒酱存在品种单一、无特征风味等问题,限制了其推广与应用。为赋予辣椒酱独特的风味,在传统辣椒酱制作过程中创新性地加入了苦藠和木姜子。通过对比实验,借助理化测试、感官评价以及GC-MS技术,探究了苦藠和木姜子在发酵过程中对辣椒酱总酸含量、pH值、挥发性成分等的影响。

响应面法优化芷江鸭美拉德风味增益工艺

为优化芷江鸭休闲产品的风味,以芷江鸭鸭胸肉为原料,耦合原位美拉德反应,在工艺耦合位点、美拉德反应体系基料种类及添加量的单因素试验的基础上采用响应面设计,以反应体系吸光度为指标,对其工艺参数进行优化。结果表明原位美拉德风味增益的最佳工艺条件为:蛋氨酸0.06%,半胱氨酸0.07%,木糖0.4%,最佳耦合位点为炒制。此条件下美拉德反应体系吸光值为0.783,验证实际吸光值为0.780,感官综合评分可达89.65分。

鳜鱼宰后冷藏24 h内肌肉代谢物及相关风味的变化

为探究鲜活鳜鱼宰后4℃冷藏24 h过程中肌肉代谢物变化情况,借助超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱技术,结合非靶向代谢组学方法对宰后鳜鱼在不同冷藏条件(4℃,0、2、4、6、9、12、24 h)的差异代谢物进行多元统计分析、代谢通路分析及相关风味计算。结果表明:鳜鱼宰后冷藏24 h过程中共有33种代谢物被鉴定为差异代谢物,包括3种有机酸及衍生物(氨基酸、有机酸)、8种有机杂环化合物(嘌呤和嘌呤衍生物、内酯等)、7种核苷、核苷酸及其类似物(嘌呤核苷及核苷酸、嘧啶核苷酸)、9种有机氧化合物(碳水化合物及其结合物、少量醇类)、4种脂质和类脂分子(脂肪醇、脂肪酸酯等)、1种黄酮苷、1种生物碱及其衍生物;根据差异代谢物和代谢通路拓扑分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书分析,得到9种关键差异代谢物,分别为琥珀酸、天冬氨酸、5’-腺苷酸(5’-adenosine monophosphate,AMP)、次黄嘌呤核苷、一磷酸腺苷琥珀酸、黄嘌呤、5’-鸟苷酸(5’-guanosine monophosphate,GMP)、核糖-5-磷酸和次黄嘌呤;关键差异代谢产物参与的代谢通路主要为嘌呤代谢,其次是天冬氨酸、谷氨酸代谢和三羧酸循环;提出相对滋味活度值和相对味精当量计算方法,根据计算结果发现,鲜鳜鱼的滋味主要由天冬氨酸等鲜味氨基酸与AMP和GMP协同产生,冷藏2~6 h,滋味的主要贡献物质是AMP和GMP,而冷藏9~24 h则主要是GMP的呈味作用;单从冷藏24 h的角度来看,宰后鲜鳜鱼的滋味最好,冷藏后由于天冬氨酸含量下降导致鲜味损失,冷藏9~24 h GMP的积累使鳜鱼鲜味再次增加。