Mechanism and control technology of strong ground pressure behaviour induced by high-position hard roofs in extra-thick coal seam mining

This work aimed at revealing the mechanism of strong ground pressure behaviour(SGPB)induced by high-position hard roof(HHR).Based on the supporting structures model of HHR,a modified voussoir beam mechanical model for HHR was established by considering the gangue support coefficient,through which the modified expressions of limit breaking span and breaking energy of HHR were deduced.Combined with the relationship between the dynamic-static loading stress of supporting body(hydraulic support and coal wall)and its comprehensive supporting strength,the criteria of ground pressure behaviour(GPB)induced by HHR were discussed.The types of Ⅰ_(1),Ⅰ_(2),Ⅱ_(1),andⅡ_(2) of GPB were interpreted.Results showed that types Ⅰ_(1) and Ⅰ_(2) were the main forms of SGPB in extra-thick coal seam mining.The main manifestation of SGPB was static stress,which was mainly derived from the instability of HHR rather than fracture.Accordingly,an innovative control technology was proposed,which can weaken static load by vertical-well separated fracturing HHR.The research results have been successfully applied to the 8101 working face in Tashan coal mine,Shanxi Province,China.The results of a digital borehole camera observation and stress monitoring proved the rationality of the GPB criteria.The control technology was successful,paving the way for new possibilities to HHR control for safety mining.

Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine,the universal discrete element(UDEC)software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4#coal seam.Besides,this study researched on the influence of face advancing length,speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones(HWFFZ),and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow.Based on those mentioned above,this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies:draining the roof water before mining,draining goaf water,reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness.These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the feld,thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.

Ground pressure law of fully mechanized large cutting height face in extremely-soft thick seam and stability control in tip-to-face area

When stepped coal getting technology was applied to high seam mining working face, with field observations the following aspects of working face were analyzed based on the inherent conditions of extremely soft thick seam mined by Liangbei Mine, such as the brokenness and activity law of rock seam in the working face, the law of load-bearing of its supports, and the instability character of coal or rock in tip-to-face area. The following are the major laws. Pressure intensity of roof in high seam mining with extremely soft thick seam is stronger than one in slicing and sublevel-caving as a whole. But the greater crushing deformation of coal side makes pressure intensity of roof in the middle of working face be equivalent to one in sublevel-caving. In the middle of working face the roof brokenness has less dynamic load effect than roof brokenness in the two ends of working face. The brokenness instability of distinct pace of roof brings several load-bearings to supports. In condition of extremely soft thick seam, the ratio of resistance increment of supports in two ends of working face is obviously greater than that of supports in the middle. Most sloughing in coal side is triangular slop sloughing caused by shear slipping in high seam mining with extremely soft thick seam. Ultrahigh mining is the major reason for roof fall. Instability of coal or rock in tip-to-face area can be controlled effectively with the methods such as improving setting load of supports, mining along roof by reinforcing floor and protecting the immediate roof in time, and so on.

托顶煤巷道易片冒顶板变形机理与超前导管预注浆控制技术研究

目的 为探究厚煤层易片冒区域托顶煤巷道顶板变形破坏机理,并对易片冒区托顶煤巷道顶板进行有效控制,方法 以常村煤矿2701工作面皮带运输巷为例,通过等截面梁理论分析托顶煤巷道顶板破断成因,研究托顶煤巷道顶板的稳定性与巷道宽度和顶煤强度的关系。通过极限平衡准则得到巷帮位移的计算公式,证明托顶煤巷道具有帮顶协同变形机制。建立托顶煤巷道数值模型,研究巷道埋深、侧压系数、顶煤厚度和顶煤强度与托顶煤巷道围岩稳定性的关系。结果 结果表明:巷道埋深越大,其对托顶煤巷道两帮稳定性的影响越大;侧压系数的增加对巷道两帮和底鼓量的影响更大,对顶板影响较小;顶板下沉量与顶煤厚度呈正相关,底鼓量则与顶煤厚度呈负相关;顶煤强度的增加使巷道顶板下沉量与两帮移近量均近似呈线性减小趋势,底鼓量基本保持不变。结论 通过幂律型流体柱形渗透注浆扩散理论得到超前导管注浆半径,由此提出托顶煤巷道超前导管预注浆帮顶联合控制技术,成功控制易片冒托顶煤巷道顶板冒落问题,可为类似地质条件的托顶煤巷道顶板控制提供借鉴。

深部顶板夹煤层巷道变形破坏分析及其控制

为了探究深部顶板夹煤层软岩巷道大变形破坏问题,以平煤六矿三水平戊二胶带运输巷为工程背景,开展夹煤层巷道围岩破坏分析及控制对策的研究。首先,构建原支护体系组合拱力学模型,推导出直墙半圆拱形巷道稳定判别式;其次,提出“锚网索-梁-注浆-组合砂浆锚索”联合返修控制对策,即沿戊8煤层顶板进行巷道扩刷,采用锚网索、梯子梁完成基本支护,对围岩进行深浅孔注浆加固、顶板及两帮关键部位布置组合砂浆锚索等加强支护,并通过数值模拟分析返修前后应力、位移场分布特征;最后,开展工业性试验,并监测矿压。结果表明:两帮及顶底板最大收敛量分别为93、112 mm,后期变形速率均低于1 mm/d,围岩变形得到有效控制,返修效果良好。

深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压机理与应用

为解决悬顶导致的煤柱及邻近巷道高应力和大变形问题,结合工作面顶板地质条件,提出深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压专项方案,采用数值模拟及现场试验对卸压效果开展综合研究。研究结果表明,煤层顶板在切顶后垂直应力减幅为21.62%,预裂切顶措施可显著降低煤柱及邻近巷道围岩应力水平。试验发现,炮孔内轴向贯穿裂缝明显,可实现采空区顶板及时垮落。顶底板在切顶后累计位移量减幅达59.27%,巷道两帮及顶底板移近变形得到有效控制,煤柱垂直应力增量显著降低。实践证明,采用深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压效果显著,可大幅提高作业效率,为类似矿压防治工程提供借鉴。

淮南矿区煤层顶板分段压裂水平井抽采技术及效果研究

淮南矿区为典型高瓦斯矿区,煤层碎软、渗透率低、瓦斯含量偏高、抽采难度大,为探讨地面煤层气顶板分段压裂水平井在矿区的技术可行性与瓦斯治理效果,在分析矿区主要煤层13-1煤储层特征基础上,采用应力解除法进行了煤层三向地应力测试,结果显示三向应力场类型主要为σ_(h,max)>σ_(v)>σ_(h,min),具有实施顶板分段压裂水平井技术的充分条件;利用MFrac Suite软件分别模拟了水平段距离煤层1、3、5 m时的压裂缝参数,压裂缝半长最大107.33 m、最小89.47 m,具有理想的压裂效果,说明顶板分段压裂水平井在淮南矿区具有比较好的地质适应性与可行性。以潘一煤矿13-1煤层“L”型顶板分段压裂水平井CBM01井为研究对象,采用井下钻孔检测与数值模拟等手段综合分析了瓦斯治理效果,结果显示CBM01井抽采415 d即显著降低了煤层瓦斯压力与瓦斯含量,距离水平井50、65 m处瓦斯压力由6.4 MPa分别降至2.6、2.7 MPa,降低幅度均超过55%,水平段两侧各15~20 m范围内瓦斯含量由13.5 m^(3)/t降至最大9.11 m^(3)/t、最小6.92 m^(3)/t,平均7.92 m^(3)/t,约10 m范围均降至8 m^(3)/t以下。最后,采用数值模拟方法预测了CBM01井抽采10 a的产气效果及瓦斯治理效果,气井抽采10 a累计产气约272.08×10^(4)m^(3),水平段倾向单侧约150 m范围内气含量均降至8 m^(3)/t以下、压力均降至3 MPa以下。综合研究结果表明,煤层顶板分段压裂水平井技术在淮南矿区瓦斯治理方面均具有较大的优势和应用效果。

煤矿大采高工作面片帮冒顶诱因分析及控制技术研究

厚煤层大采高工作面回采过程中时常发生片帮冒顶事故,在周期来压期间更为严重。以沙曲矿24208大采高工作面为工程背景,综合运用现场监测、理论分析和数值模拟等方法,分析造成工作面片帮冒顶的主要诱因,提出相应的防范和控制措施。结果表明,直接顶的垮落对工作面影响明显,支架载荷增大,与基本顶来压时的支架载荷相近,引起工作面不同程度的片帮冒顶;支架支护强度、截深和推进速度是造成大采高工作面片帮冒顶的主要影响因素,提出了增大支架支护强度和初撑力、控制截深和加快推进速度的防治措施,同时将劳动制度由原来的‘六—六—十二制’改为‘四—六制’,有效改善了工作面的顶板下沉和片帮冒顶情况。

同忻煤矿窄煤柱宽度留设及围岩控制实践

针对特厚煤层综放开采沿空掘巷时,留设宽煤柱护巷造成煤炭资源丢失严重,以及围岩变形量大、煤壁片帮等问题,以同忻煤矿8311工作面5311回风巷为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场观测相结合的方法,对其沿空掘巷护巷煤柱合理宽度的留设进行了分析。研究表明,理论分析得知留设煤柱宽度为6 m左右时可确保5311回风巷位于沿空边缘煤体支承压力降低区和煤体应力屈服区,有利于巷道围岩的稳定。基于3DEC数值模拟分析,得到留设6 m煤柱5311回风巷的稳定性以及8311工作面回采后沿空掘巷超前段顶板、实体煤帮、煤柱内围岩应力分布和塑性区演化特征。经现场应用,验证了综放开采留设窄煤柱掘巷技术的优越性和可靠性。

特厚煤层坚硬顶板井下定向深孔水力压裂卸压防冲技术

为进一步解决坚硬难垮顶板导致的冲击风险升高问题,以文家坡矿为例,提出了一种井下定向深孔水力压裂卸压防冲技术,并在4106工作面开展了试验研究,结果表明:提前对厚硬顶板进行卸压处理,岩层强度和完整性大大降低,有利于根本上消除冲击地压对安全生产的严重威胁。压裂期间泵压-时间曲线呈现锯齿状,定向深孔水力压裂能够使得裂缝起裂与扩展,实现顶板有效致裂。在水力压裂作用下,工作面微震活动平稳变化,高级别能量微震事件频次占比显著降低,未超过冲击危险预警临界指标,工作面顶板活动性及微震能量释放保持在较稳定状态,围岩积聚能量能够有序释放,冲击风险显著降低。

突出煤层综采工作面初采期间瓦斯治理技术研究

突出煤层坚硬顶板综采工作面初采期间受采空区悬空面积大、煤层瓦斯含量高及采空区高浓度瓦斯涌出量多等因素影响,容易引起瓦斯超限,甚至诱发安全事故,因此,以6203综采工作面为工程背景,提出了以强化初采期间瓦斯抽采为核心的瓦斯治理措施。首先,适当增加了初采期间的配风量,以提高风排瓦斯能力;其次,对高位钻孔参数进行了优化,通过降低高位钻孔终孔与6#煤层顶板的距离,并增加其覆盖范围,以提高采空区瓦斯抽采效果;然后,增加了煤层钻孔的数量,并在回风顺槽布置了大直径低负压抽采管,以实现对采空区内6~12 m范围内的瓦斯抽采,强化了初采范围煤层瓦斯的抽采效果,降低了回采期间瓦斯涌出量;最后,在实际工程应用中,6203综采工作面初采期间未出现瓦斯异常涌出情况,采面各区域瓦斯体积分数均保持在安全范围内。

东曲矿预留钻孔疏放28206工作面老空积水技术研究

近距离煤层群开采时,上部煤层开采后形成的采空区积水是威胁下部煤层安全开采的主要因素之一。针对传统采空区积水的防治方法存在一定盲目性,导致工程量通常较大的情况,本文根据东曲矿28206工作面和29206工作面是近距离煤层开采的具体情况,提出在28206工作面开采时预留疏水钻孔,对工作面低洼区域采空区积水进行监测和有序疏放,最终保证了下部29206工作面的安全开采,为类似近距离煤层群防治采空区积水提供了经验借鉴。

多煤层复合采动顶底板裂隙带发育规律研究

基于友众煤矿多煤层复合采动顶底板裂隙发育情况,分别采用理论计算、数值模拟和钻孔实测等方法进行研究,计算统计出150202工作面顶板垮落带发育高度分别为40.11~63.09 m、50.2 m、54~57 m,3种方式结果变化范围基本一致。结合矿井地质条件和研究结果可知,15号下煤层采动裂隙带在无构造区域内不会导通上覆3号、6号含水层,在贯穿性断层或陷落柱赋存区域内存在联通导水的可能性。因此,煤矿制定“物探先行、钻探验证、查清构造、上防下采”的防治水原则,为相关类型矿井生产提供依据。

坚硬顶板特厚煤层开采矿压显现规律及控制技术研究

针对坚硬顶板特厚煤层开采过程中,临空巷道围岩变形矿压现象剧烈,巷道围岩变形程度较大,支护结构损坏严重现象。以岳南煤矿为工程背景,分析了坚硬顶板特厚煤层采矿临空巷道围岩变形破坏特征及规律。建立FLAC^(3D)数值计算模型,探究了坚硬顶板特厚煤层开采时覆岩应力时空演化规律,揭示了坚硬顶板特厚煤层覆岩力学作用机制。提出了覆岩切顶卸压控制方法,进行了工业性试验。试验结果显示:切顶卸压技术改变超前工作面临空巷道围岩应力环境,有效的切断了侧向覆岩活化的应力传递路径,降低工作面开采超前强采动影响,巷道围压变形得到了有效控制,顶底板最大移近速率由311 mm/d减小至64 mm/d,变形量大幅度降低,有利于矿井安全高效生产。

极近距离上下同采工作面卸压治理技术研究与应用

针对山西灵石华苑煤业有限公司极近距离煤层同采过程中,下位工作面超前变形严重的问题开展技术研究与实践。通过理论分析10#煤层的压力来源是由于上位煤层开采动压叠加侧向静压造成的巷道变形严重,提出通过对上位煤层超前爆破预裂切顶的方法,切断工作面端头的弧形三角板,减小由于9#煤层开采对10#煤层的影响,降低了下位煤层的巷道变形量,使巷道变形量减少40%以上,保证了工作面安全生产的需求,同时也为其他类似条件的矿井工作面提供技术参考。

基于灰色关联与主成分分析法富水性的相关性研究

在收集新汶煤矿、新泰煤矿等鲁中、鲁西的煤层顶板砂岩涌水案例的基础上,为确定各评价指标(含水层厚度、砂泥比、钻孔浆液消耗量、断层分维值)对煤层顶板砂岩含水层富水性的相对重要性,基于灰色关联分析法(GRA)与主成分分析法(PCA)两种方法,研究得到主控因素与含水层富水性之间的相关性结果,用于相对客观地评价预测煤层顶板含水层的富水性。

Mechanism of Mining-induced Slope Movement for Gullies Overlaying Shallow Coal Seams

This paper provides an improved understanding of the movement mechanisms of both bed-rock gully and sandy soil gully when underground mining occurs underneath,followed by systematic analysis of the contributing factors such as mining advance direction,gully slope angle,gully erosion coefficient and mining height.This paper presents the results from monitoring,theoretical analyses and up to date modeling based on the geological features in the gully affected area,and the implications of these results to the success of roof support trial.It was observed that when mining occurred towards the gully,sliding of slope block along the fracture surface occurred,which resulted in unstable roof condition;when mining progressed away from the gully,polygon blocks developed in the gully slope and rotated in reversed direction forming hinged structure;within the bed-rock slope,the hinged structure was unstable due to shear failure of the polygon block;however,within the sandy soil slope,the structure was relatively stable due to the gradual rotating and subsiding of the polygon block.The increase of the value of slope angle and mining height lead to a faster and more intensive fracture development within the gully slope,which had a pronounced effect on gully slope stability and underground pressure.Various remediation approaches are hence proposed in this paper including introducing more powerful support and reasonable mining height,setting up working face along or away from gullies,using room and pillar,strip mining and backfill instead of longwall mining.

A case study of multi-seam coal mine entry stability analysis with strength reduction method

In this paper,the advantage of using numerical models with the strength reduction method(SRM) to evaluate entry stability in complex multiple-seam conditions is demonstrated.A coal mine under variable topography from the Central Appalachian region is used as a case study.At this mine,unexpected roof conditions were encountered during development below previously mined panels.Stress mapping and observation of ground conditions were used to quantify the success of entry support systems in three room-and-pillar panels.Numerical model analyses were initially conducted to estimate the stresses induced by the multiple-seam mining at the locations of the affected entries.The SRM was used to quantify the stability factor of the supported roof of the entries at selected locations.The SRM-calculated stability factors were compared with observations made during the site visits,and the results demonstrate that the SRM adequately identifies the unexpected roof conditions in this complex case.It is concluded that the SRM can be used to effectively evaluate the likely success of roof supports and the stability condition of entries in coal mines.

大倾角煤层长壁综采顶板冒落形态与支架稳态控制

为研究大倾角煤层走向长壁综采工作面采空区顶板冒落形态与支架稳态控制,通过理论分析、试验研究与现场观测,在厘定走向长壁综采工作面初次来压与周期来压矿压显现规律基础之上,分析耦合效应下的顶板冒落形态的演化机理和支架失稳的典型分区特征。结果表明:沿倾斜自下而上顶板冒落呈非对称的向斜与背斜形态,且冒落与断裂岩块的堆积密实程度逐渐减小,直至采空区上部形成空穴;沿走向采空区下部顶板冒落呈谷峰相间(锯齿)状态;倾向中上部支架受向背斜冒落顶板影响,支架与围岩呈非均匀接触,是支架最易倾倒的部分,且倒架后中上部支架两立柱工作阻力差异最为明显。针对现用支架不具“带压移架”功能,采用“少降快拉”移架的稳态控制方法并指导现场拉架操作,获得良好的支架稳态控制效果,确保了大倾角煤层走向长壁综采工作面的安全高效生产。

特厚煤层综放开采邻空动压巷道围岩变形机理及卸压控制

受工作面采动叠加影响,特厚煤层综放开采邻空动压巷道极易发生冲击地压、巷道大变形等强矿压显现现象,是采掘过程中的重点防控区域。以榆神矿区曹家滩矿井特厚煤层综放开采为工程背景,分析了邻空动压巷道强矿压显现机理,研究了邻空巷道围岩倾向和走向支承压力分布力学机制,提出于邻空巷道进行定向张拉爆破切顶卸压巷道围岩控制,并运用数值模拟及现场试验等方法对该技术的作用效果进行了综合研究。结果表明,特厚煤层综放开采条件下,工作面开采大空间采空区长悬臂结构断裂后形成台阶岩梁块体长度较大,其滑落失稳或关键层失稳均会引发强动压,该动压作用在煤柱上并进一步传递至超前区邻空巷道围岩是造成底鼓大变形的主要原因。于邻空巷道内进行定向切顶卸压后,可减弱本工作面后方采空区顶板与煤柱间的承压,邻空巷道围岩应力向远离巷道方向转移,应力峰值降低,应力范围减小。现场开展了不同切顶方式下的现场工程试验,基于定向张拉爆破的深孔切顶卸压技术可有效减小特厚煤层工作面端头区邻空动压巷道的围岩压力,定向切顶后邻空动压巷道超前支架平均荷载降低11%,巷旁煤柱体应力峰值降低10%,巷内底鼓严重段平均变形减小65%,有效提高了巷道稳定性,为特厚煤层综放开采邻空动压巷道强矿压大变形控制提供了一种有效手段。