Survey of coverage,strategy and cost of hepatitis B vaccination in rural and urban areas of China

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Evolution of Acquired Humoral Immunity after Full Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. IgG Levels in Healthcare Workers at 6 and 9 Months

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a major worldwide health problem. The present study aims to contribute to surveillance of the immune and clinical response of vaccines to SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Observational medication study on acquired immunity and effectiveness of vaccines. Population: 620 workers in the health service of Almansa (Spain). Representative sample of 150 individuals. Sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological data and samples were recorded to determine anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum IgG levels 6 and 9 months after vaccination with Pfizer. Results: Mean age 46.45 years;76% women;85.1% working in a hospital. 19.3% had had COVID-19 in the year prior to vaccination. 96.7% were fully vaccinated with Pfizer/BioNTech. At 6 months, 100% seropositivity and mean IgG levels of 3017.2 AU/ml. Significant variations in IgG levels in individuals with prior COVID-19 infection and smokers. At 9 months, 99.3% remained seropositive;2.8% infected after vaccination. The repeated measures analysis showed a difference in means of 669.0 AU/ml (significant decrease in IgG levels of 28.9%). Conclusion: Antibody levels remained positive 6 and 9 months after vaccination, although IgG levels were found to decay.

Hepatitis B Vaccination Rate among Medical Students at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (Upth)

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Occupational exposure of health care workers and medical students increases their risk of acquiring HBV infection, and many authorities recommend vaccination. However, significant proportions of health care workers do not receive HBV immunization, and remain at increased risk to HBV infection. Objective: To determine the hepatitis B vaccination rate among Medical students at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) and to determine their knowledge of HBV infection. Result: Three hundred and sixteen medical students at UPTH completed self-administered questionnaires which included questions about demographic characteristics, HBV vaccination status, knowledge of hepatitis B vaccine and reasons for not receiving the vaccine. All (100%) of the respondents had heard of hepatitis B vaccine. Two hundred and twenty two (70.2%) of them thought they were at risk of acquiring hepatitis. Two hundred and seventy (85.4%) had received at least one dose of hepatitis B vaccine while 46 (14.6%) had never received the vaccine. One hundred and ten of the respondents had received 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine, giving a vaccination rate of 34.8%. One hundred and sixteen (36.7%) had received 2 doses, while 44 (13.9%) had received one dose. There was a statistical significant relationship among marital status (p = 0.01), clinical level (p = 0.02) and hepatitis B vaccine uptake. Conclusion: The hepatitis B vaccination rate among medical students at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital is low. National and institutional legislation for adult vaccination against Hepatitis B should be promulgated for those at higher risk.

SARS-CoV-2 infection rates after different vaccination schemes:An online survey in Turkey

Objective:To identify effects of various nationwide vaccination protocols on the evolution of new SARS-CoV-2 infections among adult population and to evaluate the safety of mRNA(BioNTech/Pfizer)vaccine.Methods:Totally 10735 adult volunteers that received at least one dose of BioNTech/Pfizer or triple doses of CoronaVac participated in this cross-sectional-online survey between 1 and 10 September 2021.The information was collected covering a 5-month period from April 2021 to September 2021.Information about people who were vaccinated with only single and double dose CoronaVac were not included in this study.Results:At least one side effect after single and double dose of BioNTech/Pfizer and triple doses of CoronaVac were observed in 42.1%,42.5%and 10.9%,respectively.The most common side effects were shoulder/arm pain,weakness/fatigue,muscle/joint pain and headache.The side effects were the most frequent in single BioNTech/Pfizer,while it was the least in triple CoronaVac.The rate of positive PCR tests before vaccination was 17.6%,and decreased to 3.0%after vaccination.The rates of positive SARS CoV-2-PCR were 18.8%,3.5%,3.1%,0.5%and 4.6%in single BioNTech/Pfizer,double BioNTech/Pfizer,double CoronaVac+single BioNTech/Pfizer,double CoronaVac+double BioNTech/Pfizer and triple CoronaVac,respectively.While 1.8%of PCR positive COVID-19 cases needed intensive unit care in the pre-vaccination period,intensive care unit was required in 0%,1.5%,2.4%,0%and 4.2%after single BioNTech/Pfizer,double BioNTech/Pfizer,double CoronaVac+single BioNTech/Pfizer,double CoronaVac+double BioNTech/Pfizer and triple CoronaVac,respectively.Reinfection rate after vaccination was 0.4%.Conclusions:The rarity of COVID-19 infection after vaccination suggests that efficacy of vaccines is maintained.On the other hand,the data underscore the critical importance of continued public health mitigation.

Improving Influenza Vaccination Rates— A Straightforward Task or a Multifaceted Challenge?

Annual vaccination with trivalent inactivated vaccines has been proven as safe and efficacious in preventing influenza and its complications. It is recommended especially to the elderly (>65) and other people at high risk for influenza complications and death such as patients with chronic medical conditions. Healthcare workers, who are considered to transmit infection to patients, or reciprocally, can be infected during encounters with patients, are also strongly advised to regularly receive vaccines. In order to improve influenza vaccination rates in countries in Europe, health authorities set targets for vaccination coverage by 2010. Despite the substantial efforts done, coverage rates maintain low. It is considered that informed decisions, based on existing evidence, are likely to cope with improving vaccination rates. Intention of this manuscript is to address some important issues connected with influenza vaccination which, to be able to aid the evidence, need to be further clearified. To support the debate, the author presented some dubious facts from the own practice experiences. As a long-lasting solution to improve vaccination practice strategies, strengthening programed vaccination is suggested. This concept would include implementation of nationwide vaccination protocols and their harmonization by the common logistics, and standardized data collection based on installation of E-health records. This strategy would allow data comparison among different populations. As based on this debate, improving influenza vaccination rates is not likely to be easy to perform straightforward task, but a multifaceted, long term challenge.

Prevaccination Antibody Confers Additional Immune Responses to Repeated Yearly Influenza Vaccination in an Elderly Population

Annual vaccination is necessary to maintain humoral immunity in the elderly population. However, the factors influencing the response to influenza vaccination have not been completely identified. The aim of this study was to explore the factors that influenced antibody responses to repeated vaccination using measures that were both objective and quantitative. A total of 111 volunteers aged > 61 years were vaccinated subcutaneously with one dose of influenza vaccine from the 2005-2006 season through the 2009-2010 season. The factors that influenced antibody responses after vaccination were evaluated. The seroprotection rates (PRs) were significantly higher in responders (subjects with a higher antibody titer in the 2005-2006 season) than in nonresponders only in the 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 seasons. PRs after vaccination were significantly higher in seropositive individuals (subjects with a higher prevaccination antibody titer in the 2006-2007 season) than in seronegative individuals for all three virus strains in almost all of the 5 years. Age, gender, and vaccination in the 2004-2005 season did not influence the response. These results suggest that an immune response at a certain time point would predict immune responses only in the near future. However, prevaccination antibody titer in the following season is the ideal predictor for future responses that last over several influenza seasons.

SIX-YEAR EFFICACY OF HEPATITIS B REVACCINATION:A DOUBLE-BLIND,PLACEBO-CONTROLLED AND RANDOMIZED FIELD TRIAL

in order to observe the efficacy or a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine, ic4 primaryschool children with a good response were enrolled in a double-bind, placebo-controlled and randomized field trial three years after the primary vaccination. At the end of the 6-year follow-up anti-HBspositive rate and GMT (of S/N value) In the revaccinated group were 54. 5% and 12. 0. still higherthan those in the control group (40. 5 % & 4. 8), but the difference of the positive rates was not statistically significant this time. Anti-HBs I,osltlve rate and GMT not only in the control group but inthe revaccinated group had dramatically declined against those 3 years arter the revaccination (thecontrol group: 69. 4 % & 20. 6 1 the revaccinated group: 87' 8% & 43. 3) (P < 0. of ). The higher anti-HBs titer before the revaccination, the better the persistence of anti-HBs after the revaccination.HBV infection rate (calculated by person-year) In the revacclnated group was l' 44%, without statistical difference from 3. 19% In the control group (P > 0. 05) as before. Considering the perfect longterm efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine, we concluded that a booster dose 9 years arter the primary immunization seems unnecessary.

2017-2022年北京市怀柔区免疫规划疫苗接种报告情况分析

目的回顾性分析2017-2022年北京市怀柔区免疫规划疫苗接种报告数据,为进一步做好接种率监测报告工作提供参考。方法利用北京市免疫规划监测信息管理系统获取2017-2022年北京市怀柔区免疫规划疫苗接种率监测数据,对接种报告的及时性、完整性、可靠性进行分析评价。结果2017年1月1日至2022年12月31日,北京市怀柔区各预防接种单位免疫规划疫苗接种报告及时性、完整性均为100%;5种免疫规划疫苗PV1-3、DTaP1-3、MMR/MR1、JE-L1、MPSV1-2基础免疫报告接种率均在96%以上,估算接种率为90.53%~127.42%;D值评价指标:可信占36.67%,可疑占50.00%,不可信占13.33%;R值评价指标:可信占66.67%,可疑占29.17%,不可信占4.17%。结论2017-2022年北京市怀柔区常规免疫接种率监测系统运行良好,大部分常规免疫疫苗维持在较高接种水平,但可能存在流动儿童摸底不够清晰、报告接种率偏高的问题,需要更精准掌握应种儿童人数,优化免疫规划监测信息管理系统接种率判定功能,做好漏种儿童补种等,进一步强化常规免疫接种率监测工作。

布鲁氏菌A19-△VirB12疫苗接种犊牛的免疫抗体变化

为了解不同剂量的布鲁氏菌A19-△VirB12疫苗采用不同接种方式免疫犊牛的抗体变化,使用不同剂量的布鲁氏菌A19-△VirB12疫苗采用点眼和皮下接种两种方式免疫3~6月龄母犊牛,用试管凝集试验(SAT)检测采集于犊牛免疫各时段的血清中抗体变化。结果表明,首次试验中在免疫24周除点眼10亿组和皮下接种50亿组外的其他免疫组均能检出SAT阳性结果。第二次试验中皮下免疫50亿组在免疫3周的SAT检测阳性率达到84.21%,在免疫25周之后的SAT检测均为阴性;两个点眼免疫组在免疫12周初次检出持续抗体阳性,至免疫52周抗体阳性率为4.54%~9.09%。可以得出,布鲁氏菌A19-△VirB12疫苗大剂量免疫犊牛后可能会干扰后期布病检疫结果的判定,A19-△VirB12疫苗50亿CFU/mL皮下免疫犊牛后具有免疫原性较好和抗体转阴时间较早的优势。点眼免疫组检出抗体时间晚,现缺乏针对前期该疫苗细胞免疫指标的检测方法,需要进一步研究。

2020年西藏自治区1~14岁儿童乙型肝炎流行病学调查分析

目的:了解2020年西藏自治区1~14岁儿童乙型肝炎血清标志物流行情况和乙型肝炎疫苗接种情况。方法:使用2020年全国乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查资料,分析西藏自治区1~14岁儿童乙型肝炎表面抗原、表面抗体和核心抗体阳性率、乙型肝炎疫苗接种情况。结果:共调查1059人,其中乙型肝炎表面抗原、表面抗体、核心抗体阳性率分别为2.64%、39.47%、5.67%,乙型肝炎疫苗接种率、全程接种率、首针及时接种率分别为96.51%、93.48%、76.86%。1~4岁、5~9岁、10~14岁儿童乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性率分别为2.23%、2.31%、3.72%;表面抗体阳性率分别为52.79%、36.57%、26.39%;核心抗体阳性率分别为4.19%、6.25%、6.69%。结论:2020年西藏自治区1~14岁儿童乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性率较既往下降,乙型肝炎疫苗接种率水平较高,需重点推进乙型肝炎疫苗首针及时接种工作。

2011—2019年广州市番禺区青少年水痘发病情况分析

目的 分析2011—2019年广州市番禺区青少年水痘发病情况。方法 从中国疾病预防控制信息系统中调取广州市番禺区2011—2019年青少年水痘病例30685例进行流行病学分析。结果 2011—2019年青少年水痘总发病率为194.15/10万,每年发病率呈整体上升趋势。2011—2019年每年12月至次年1月出现水痘发病高峰,2011—2019年1月和12月均出现一个发病小高峰。2011—2019年青少年水痘病例中,女性13690例,男性16995例,男性发病率较女性高。发病集中在6~14岁青少年,占比42.24%,其中男性7889例,女性5072例。结论 2011—2019年广州市番禺区青少年水痘的发生具有季节性特征,发病年龄集中于6~14岁青少年,应适时推出相应的防控措施及疫苗接种方案,避免出现水痘流行。

儿童家长对预防接种知晓率的调查以及影响因素分析

目的探讨儿童家长对预防接种知晓率的情况以及影响因素,旨在促进儿童接种工作的顺利进行。方法选取日照市2020年1月—2022年12月接种疫苗的2000名儿童家长进行问卷调查,所有被调查对象均自愿参与,对其调查结果进行分析与统计。采用logistic回归模型预防接种知晓率的影响因素。结果具有大专及以上学历的儿童家长答题正确率最高,占87.61%。该组儿童家长预防接种知识答题情况显示,对于“乙肝疫苗可预防哪种疾病”的回答正确率最高,占97.4%;而对于“百白破三联疫苗预防哪种疾病”的回答正确率最低,占33.00%。儿童家长获得预防接种知识的主要渠道显示,“通过接种门诊医生告知”此种途径所占比例最多,为95.60%;“通过社区卫生室医务人员告知”占37.80%;以其他医生告知,占5.00%;其他途径,占0.40%。采用logistic多因素分析,不同监护人身份、知识知晓途径以及有无参加妈妈课堂的监护人在预防接种知晓率可作为影响儿童家长对预防接种知晓率的高危因素(P<0.05)。结论有关部门应通过多种手段提高儿童家长对预防接种相关知识的知晓率,能够做到向基层普及相关知识,促进预防接种工作的顺利开展。

疫苗免疫后胚胎移植时间对受体牛受胎率的影响

为探究受体牛疫苗免疫后胚胎移植时间对胚胎移植效果的影响、进一步提高冷冻胚胎移植的受胎率,于2019年6月和9月、2022年9月、2023年9月分批开展试验,选取红安格斯牛、和牛、荷斯坦牛,每种牛随机分成4组(10~15 d组、16~30 d组、31~45 d组、≥60 d组),在疫苗免疫不同时间进行胚胎移植。在胚胎移植第35天采用B超仪监测受胎率。结果表明:在进行疫苗免疫后不同时间进行胚胎移植,安格斯、和牛、荷斯坦牛受胎率均为31~45 d组、≥60 d组受胎率较高,显著高于10~15 d组、16~30 d组(P<0.05)。说明牛的胚胎移植受体牛接种疫苗应与预定移植日期保持30 d以上间隔,以避免胚胎移植受胎率下降。

多纹钱蝶鱼源海豚链球菌的分离鉴定及灭活疫苗的免疫效果

为探究养殖的多纹钱蝶鱼(Selenotoca multifasciata)病害频发的原因,建立有效的病害防控方法,对暴发于海南养殖场的多纹钱蝶鱼病害开展调查并进行灭活疫苗的研制及免疫保护效果评估。分离到2株病原菌LSSM和DFSM,经形态学和16S rDNA序列分析,将病原鉴定为海豚链球菌(Streptococcus iniae)。将这2株菌与实验室收集保藏的2株鱼源海豚链球菌(菌株GXTO和GXAS)进行了血清型鉴定和耐药性、致病性分析,制备了灭活疫苗并评价了疫苗的免疫保护效果。研究表明:4株海豚链球菌鉴定为血清Ⅰ型。所有菌株均对青霉素类、头孢类、四环素等23种抗生素高度敏感、对丁胺卡那耐药,其中海南株LSSM、DFSM对庆大霉素和卡那霉素抗生素耐药,广西株GXTO和GXAS对庆大霉素和卡那霉素敏感。DFSM、GXTO和LSSM对多纹钱蝶鱼的半数致死量(LD_(50))分别为7.20×10^(2)、2.72×10^(3)和3.40×10^(6) CFU/尾,GXAS未显示毒力。分别制备3株毒株(DFSM、GXTO和LSSM)的灭活疫苗,通过腹腔注射途径免疫多纹钱蝶鱼,各组免疫鱼在同源菌株攻毒后,获得的免疫保护率分别为84.6%~85.7%、69.2%~71.4%和33.3%~40.0%;此外,DFSM免疫鱼在异源毒株LSSM和GXTO攻毒后,获得的交叉免疫保护率分别为86.7%和100%。本研究确定了海豚链球菌是海南养殖的多纹钱蝶鱼病害频发的病原,使用DFSM株制备的海豚链球菌灭活疫苗对多纹钱蝶鱼有良好的免疫保护效果。

认知图式宣教模式对预防接种门诊接种者疫苗接种情况的影响

目的探讨认知图式宣教模式对预防接种门诊接种者疫苗接种情况的影响。方法将200例预防接种门诊接种者按照随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,各100例。对照组行常规护理干预,研究组在此基础上给予认知图式宣教模式干预。比较两组接种者疫苗接种率、接种知识知晓度、疫苗接种时间、风险事件发生率、接种配合度、护理满意度。结果干预后研究组接种者乙肝、甲肝、流感、HPV疫苗接种率高于对照组(P<0.05或0.01)。干预后研究组接种知识知晓度评分高于对照组(P<0.01),接种时间短于对照组(P<0.01),风险事件总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组接种者接种总配合度及护理总满意度均高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论对预防接种门诊接种者实施认知图式宣教模式干预,能提高其接种知识知晓度、疫苗接种率、接种配合度,缩短疫苗接种时间,降低风险事件发生率,护理满意度较高。

预防接种证查验对适龄儿童国家免疫规划疫苗接种率的影响

目的探讨适龄儿童入学前进行预防接种证查验对疫苗接种率的影响。方法选取我国西部、中部、东部地区7所幼儿园及小学中2022年秋季入学的儿童1400名,统计儿童预防接种证查验前后的疫苗接种情况、接种证持证率及不同年龄的疫苗接种情况、漏种情况、补种情况。结果1400名儿童中,有1378名持证,总持证率高达98.43%;其中,幼儿园儿童的持证率达100%,未持证儿童均为小学学生。预防接种证查验后,小学儿童除MPV-AC2及DT疫苗外,其余疫苗接种率均大于95%。140名2岁儿童的接种率由接种证查验前的70.00%升至接种后的98.57%;335名3岁儿童由89.85%升至99.70%;110名4岁儿童由83.64%升至99.09%;343名5岁儿童由90.38%升至100%;472名不低于6岁儿童由97.46%升至99.79%。接种证查验后,疫苗补种率有所改善。结论对适龄儿童实施预防接种证查验可提升国家免疫规划接种率,能有效预防传染性疾病的侵袭,促进儿童的健康成长。

具有疫苗接种和标准发生率的ZIKV感染模型

研究了一类具有疫苗接种和标准发生率的ZIKV感染模型。利用再生矩阵方法,计算得出了模型的基本再生数(R_(0)),证明了模型平衡点的存在性以及局部稳定性。结果表明:当R_(0)<1时,无病平衡点是局部渐近稳定的;当R_(0)>1时,地方病平衡点是局部渐近稳定的。基于疫苗接种对病毒感染的影响,分析了疾病传播的动态。

[鱼師]诺卡氏菌口服疫苗的制备与免疫效果研究

以海藻酸钠为包被体,[鱼師]诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)全菌灭活疫苗为内芯,制备[鱼師]诺卡氏菌口服微球疫苗,口灌体质量(45±5)g的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E.lanceolatus♂)。一周灌3 d停4 d,4周后每尾腹腔注射100μL[鱼師]诺卡氏菌液,攻毒浓度为1×10~8CFU/mL,对照组口服生理盐水微球,然后测定保护率及肝中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,用RT-PCR研究相关免疫基因的表达。结果显示,口服疫苗免疫保护率(RPS)为67%,疫苗组ACP活力在免疫1周时达到峰值;CAT活力在免疫后先升高再降低,在免疫1周时达峰值,第3周时仍与对照组差异显著;LSZ活力第2 d、21 d、28 d显著低于对照组;SOD活力整体显著低于对照组;免疫组与对照组相比,口服疫苗免疫后的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼激发TLR信号通路,促进TLR2、TLR3、MyD88基因表达量上调。细胞因子类相关基因IL-12p40、TNF-α转化生长因子TGF-β、免疫球蛋白IgM,及适应性免疫相关基因MHC表达量均有上调,但不同组织上调程度不同。

Analysis of SIRVI model with time dependent coefficients and the effect of vaccination on the transmission rate and COVID-19 epidemic waves

COVID-19 epidemic models with constant transmission rate cannot capture the patterns of the infection data in the presence of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions during a pandemic.Because of this,a new modification of SIR model that contain the vaccination compartment with time dependent coefficients and weak/lossimmunity is explored.Literature review confirms that the effect of vaccination on the time dependent transmission rate is still an open problem.This study answers this open problem.In this study,we first prove the well-posedness and investigate the model dynamics to show their continuous dependence on the model parameters.We then provide an algorithm to derive the time-dependent transmission function for the epidemiologic model and the data of the infected cases.The derived coupled nonlinear differential equations show the effect of vaccination on the transmission rate.Unlike previous studies,we first filter the published data and solve the nonlinear coupled differential equations using the finite difference technique,where the coefficient of the coupled nonlinear differential equations is a function of given data.We then show that time-dependent transmission function can be represented by linear combinations of Gaussian radial base function.We then validate the prediction of our models using numerical simulations,where we used the published data of COVID-19 confirmed cases by the Ministries of Health in Saudi Arabia and Poland.Finally,the numerical solutions of a SIRVI model with time dependent transmission rate show that the waves for currently active cases are in good agreement with the data of Saudi Arabia and Poland.

2022年栖霞市手足口病疫苗接种率和疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的调查2022年栖霞市手足口病疫苗接种率,监测疑似预防接种异常反应发生情况。方法采用整群随机抽样法,选择2022年1月—2022年12月在栖霞市居住的1090例学龄前儿童及其家长作为研究对象,调查与监测手足口病疫苗接种情况与疑似预防接种异常反应发生情况,调查儿童的一般资料并进行多因素分析。结果在1090例学龄前儿童中,完成全程接种的有824例,部分接种的有166例,无接种的有100例,接种率为90.83%。Logistic回归分析显示,家长文化程度、本地区居住时间、家长职业、家庭月收入等为影响2022年栖霞市手足口病疫苗接种率的重要因素(P<0.05)。发生疑似预防接种异常反应15例,发生率为1.38%,都在48 h内进行了及时报告,及时报告率为100.00%。一般反应13例,占86.67%;常规反应1例,占6.67%;偶合症1例,占6.67%,均未发生接种事故、心因性反应、疫苗质量事故等。治愈14例,好转1例,未出现任何后遗症。结论2022年栖霞市手足口病疫苗接种率有待提高,家长文化程度、本地区居住时间、家长职业、家庭月收入为影响接种率的主要因素,依然存在疑似预防接种异常反应,都及时进行了报告,多为一般反应,预后转归效果都比较高。