Online monitoring and assessment of energy efficiency for copper smelting process

The copper flash smelting process is characterized by its involvement of wide energy sources and high energy consumption, so the energy conservation is usually a highly concerned topic for the flash smelting enterprises. However, due to the complexity of the system, it is quite difficult to perform a timely comprehensive analysis of the energy consumption of the whole production system. Aiming to realize an online assessment of the energy consumption of the system, great effort was first made in Jinguan Copper, Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Co. Ltd. Methods were proposed to solve technical difficulties such as the acquisition and processing of data with different sampling frequencies, the online evaluation of the electricity consumption, and timely evaluation of product output in the periodic process. As a result, a software system was developed to make the online analysis of the energy consumption and efficiency from the three levels ranging from the system to the equipment. The analytical results at the system level was introduce. It’s found that electricity is the most consumed energy in the system, accounting for 77.3% of the total energy consumption. The smelting unit has the highest energy consumption, accounting for 52.8% of the total energy consumed in the whole enterprise.

Hydrodynamic Assessment of Increasing the Energy Efficiency of Trawler Propulsion with a Draft Tube

The economy of the fishing industry is suffering from high fuel prices. Considerable efforts are invested in methods to increase the energy efficiency of fishing vessels and reducing the oil consumption per kilo of catch that may be as high as 0.6 to 0.7 liter oil per kilo catch. It is primarily the fact that sailing and fishing are on two very different speeds that cause these high fuel consumptions. This is called the two-speed problem and it is the trawlers that are hit hardest by it. The essence of the two-speed problem is that a hydraulic efficiency of only 28% can be expected in trawling speed, when it would be 67% if the ship is sailing at optimum speed all the time. Hydrodynamical analysis shows that an average hydraulic efficiency of only 41% can be expected for a trawler. There is no simple remedy for this, but it is possible to use a technology developed in the hydropower industry, i.e. a draft tube, or a diffuser, to recover energy that would otherwise be lost when trawling. A draft of tube the same length as the propellers diameter could mean fuel savings of 10%, a draft tube twice as long 20%. The difficulty is to find a way to get the draft tube out of the water during sailing with a vessel-specific mechanical design that is not a part of the fluid dynamics of the problem and not discussed in the paper.

Benchmarking of energy efficiency standards for residential buildings in China

In order to benchmark the energy efficiency standards for residential buildings in China,the Hong Kong building environment assessment method（HK-BEAM）is chosen as the compliance criteria for assessment.The annual energy consumption and the overall thermal transfer value（OTTV）of a baseline residential building prescribed in the Chinese codes and the HK-BEAM are evaluated and compared by the energy budget approach.The results show that in the Chinese codes,the OTTV of the residential building is lower,but the annual energy consumption and the cooling load are higher than those in the HK-BEAM.The annual energy use difference amounts to 13.4%.All the compliance criteria except the ventilation rate and the equipment power in the Chinese codes are set higher than those in the HK-BEAM.However,the compliance criteria of the ventilation rate and the equipment power,especially the ventilation rate,result in much energy consumption,which ultimately induces a high energy budget for residential buildings.

Model Establishment of Whole Life Cycle for Energy Efficiency of Rural Residential Buildings in Northern China

The building energy efficiency is determined by the climatic region and the energy-saving measures. In this paper an assessment model for energy efficiency of the rural residential buildings in the northern China was established by the method of whole life cycle. The energy consumption of the rural residential buildings in different stages was analyzed through quantitative method in this model. At the same time, the corresponding energy efficiency assessment system was developed.

USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT METHODS TO GUIDE ARCHITECTURAL DECISION-MAKING FOR SUSTAINABLE PREFABRICATED MODULAR BUILDINGS

Within this work,life cycle assessment modeling is used to determine top design priorities and quantitatively inform sustainable design decision-making for a prefabricated modular building.A case-study life-cycle assessment was performed for a 5,000 ft2 prefabricated commercial building constructed in San Francisco,California,and scenario analysis was run examining the life cycle environmental impacts of various energy and material design substitutions,and a structural design change.Results show that even for a highly energy-efficient modular building,the top design priority is still minimizing operational energy impacts,since this strongly dominates the building life cycle’s environmental impacts.However,as an energy-efficient building approaches net zero energy,manufacturing-phase impacts are dominant,and a new set of design priorities emerges.Transportation and end-of-life disposal impacts were of low to negligible importance in both cases.

ECOLOGICAL PAYBACK TIME OF AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT MODULAR BUILDING

Ecological payback time was calculated for demolishing an existing commercial building with average energy performance and replacing it with an energy-efficient,prefabricated building.A life-cycle assessment was performed for a 5,000 ft2 commercial building designed by Project Frog and prefabricated in San Francisco,California,and compared to the impacts of annual energy consumption and continued status quo operation of a comparable average commercial building.Scenarios were run both with and without rooftop solar panels intended to make the prefabricated building net zero energy.The analysis considers the materials and manufacturing,transportation,annual energy use of the new building,and disposal of the existing building,compared to continued annual energy use of the existing building.The carbon payback of a new building with no solar against operation of an existing commercial building was found to be roughly eleven years,and a building with enough rooftop solar to be net zero energy was roughly 6.5 years.The full EcoIndicator99 environmental impact payback for a new efficient building with no solar was found to be twenty years,and a solar net-zero building was roughly eleven years against operation of an existing commercial building.

绿色AI效率评价模型的构建与应用

随着人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)的兴起,大模型(large language model,LLM)日益成为知识推介和多轮对话的核心技术。伴随而来,AI大模型在数据处理、模型训练和部署过程中的高能耗问题亟须有效评估,以便在模型优化后进行前后量化对比。提出一种AI大模型能耗的评估方法,旨在量化评估AI模型的服务效率(efficiency,E)。该模型使用训练收敛时间(time,T)、模型参数规模(parameter,P)和浮点运算量(floating-point operations,F)等多维度因素,通过构建能源消耗函数C(T,P,F)实现量化分析;同时,运用非线性最小二乘法,得出模型参数。该分析方法不仅适用于电信运营商客服AI模型的运行效率分析,也可泛化于其他行业的AI模型能耗评估。

基于改进TOPSIS的区域综合能源系统综合能效评估

随着区域综合能源系统的发展,对区域综合能源系统进行全面综合能效评估已经成为热点问题。文章首先针对不同能源在转化过程中“质”的变化,引入火用效率的概念,通过能质系数法对不同的能源进行折算,在此基础上建立包含经济、能源、环境3个维度的综合能效评估指标,构建了综合能效评估体系;其次,建立改进的TOPSIS对区域综合能源系统进行综合能效评估,利用最小二乘法将熵权法和变异系数法的结果相结合计算客观权值,并利用灰色关联度对TOPSIS中的测距方式进行改进;最后,算例分析结果表明了所提方法的有效性和可行性。为高品质区域综合能源系统的规划和优化运行提供一定的参考价值。

基于SOM-K-means的新能源车能效评估

对新能源汽车进行能效评估是监控车辆性能和及时做出预警的前提。利用取自大数据实时监测平台的新能源车运行数据,总结新能源车性能特征,构建能效等级评价算法。基于自组织映射神经网络修正K-means聚类受初始点影响较大的不足,结合主成分分析给出新能源汽车能效等级结果。通过实际案例验证了方法的有效性和实用性。

制冷机房能效分解考核分析

在地铁通风空调系统中,保证空调系统的高效运行至关重要,但在实际工程中,实际系统运行效果往往不理想。设备的良好运行与控制系统的精准控制对于空调系统高效运行至关重要,但目前缺少对于单体设备与控制系统的考核方案,因此有必要建立单体设备与控制系统的能效分解量化指标考核方案。本文提出了能效分解考核方法,针对苏州市轨道交通某线路的案例,提出了对制冷系统和空调系统的能效目标进行分解的方法,并建立了能效分解量化指标。

高压水除鳞系统能效在线评估方法研究

高压水除鳞系统在线能效评估是以高压泵运行信号、除鳞信号、集管设计参数等数据,结合泵类设备做功机理模型,对该系统的能效进行在线评估,从而使辅助设备管理人员对设备异常做出判断,提升高压水系统的运行效率。

What leads to variations in the results of life-cycle energy assessment?An evidence-based framework for residential buildings

Residential buildings are one of the major contributors to climate change due to their significant impacts on global energy consumption.Hence,most countries have introduced regulations to minimize energy use in residential buildings.To date,the focus of these regulations has mainly been on operational energy while excluding embodied energy.In recent years,extensive studies have highlighted the necessity of minimizing both embodied energy and operational energy by applying the life-cycle energy assessment(LCEA)approach.However,the absence of a standardized framework and calculation methodology for the analysis of embodied energy has reportedly led to variations in the LCEA results.Retrospective research endeavoured to explore the causes of variations,with a limited focus on calculating embodied impacts.Despite the undertaken attempts,there is still a need to investigate the key parameters causing variations in LCEA results by examining methodological approaches of the current studies toward quantifications of embodied and operational energies.This paper aims to address three primary questions:‘what is the current trend of methodological approach for applying LCEA in residential buildings?’;‘what are the key parameters causing variations in LCEA results?’;and‘how can the continued variations in the application of LCEA in residential buildings be overcome?’.To this end,40 LCEA studies representing 157 cases of residential buildings across 16 countries have been critically reviewed.The findings reveal four principal categories of parameters that potentially contribute to the varying results of LCEAs:system boundary definition,calculation methods,geographical context,and interpretation of results.This paper also proposes a conceptual framework to minimize variations in LCEA studies by standardizing the process of conducting LCEAs.

绿色数据中心发展研究综述

围绕数据中心全生命周期管理,聚焦节能减碳与能效提升,分析绿色数据中心等级评估体系的演进,总结从规划设计到建造运营的一系列促进数据中心绿色转型、节能提效的创新措施。最后展望绿色数据中心运营AI化发展方向和总体拥有成本优化。

大规模系统月度机组组合和安全校核算法

采用时序优化方式解决月度机组组合和电网安全校核问题,针对电力市场和节能调度模式,建立了优化数学模型。利用拉格朗日松弛算法进行月度720时段机组组合优化,利用非线性内点最优潮流算法进行电网安全校核。以IEEE RTS标准算例和中国华东电网为例进行大规模优化性能分析,结果表明该算法是解决大规模电力系统月度发电计划和电网安全校核的有效方法。

能效对标指标体系建立的基本思路与探讨

从分析油气田开发、天然气净化、轻烃回收、CNG及矿区服务五项业务的用能特点入手,提出了建立这五项业务能效对标指标体系的基本思路。阐述了建立能效对标指标的原则、能效对标指标体系的基本构架;探讨了各级能效对标指标设置的必要性和意义。

天然气管道运行能效评价指标探讨

归纳了当前用于天然气管道运行能效的评价指标,指出这些指标难以识别管道系统各组成单元或设备的能耗情况和节能潜力,且单位周转量生产能耗的计算方法尚需确定,电单耗和气单耗、电耗与输量比以及气耗与输量比等指标相互不独立,难以用于能效评价。从能源利用效率的角度出发,提出了天然气管道系统及其附属设备的评价指标,初步建立了天然气管道能效评价指标体系,给出了相关指标的计算方法。认为各个能效评价指标合理使用范围的确定,应以不同天然气管道运行能耗的大量实测和统计数据为基础。

高能耗企业能效综合评估系统设计研究

为了优化能源资源配制、控制企业能耗,达到节能减排的目的,提出了适用于高能耗行业内推广的能效综合评估指标体系及评估方法,采用模糊Petri网进行企业能耗建模,设计了企业能效综合评估系统,用于仿真高能耗企业生产过程中能源使用与消耗的动态行为。该系统具备数据采集、分析、统计、预测等能效综合评估功能,具有行业通用性。选择离子膜法烧碱产品生产中液碱到固碱生产工艺片段为应用对象,验证了该系统的可行性。

上海市能源提高效率和优化结构对居民健康影响的评价

为定量评价上海市提高能源效率和优化能源结构后,因大气环境质量改善而获得的居民健康效益,采用定量健康危险度评价的方法,结合大气污染物浓度每增高一单位所产生的健康损失,对能源效率提高和结构调整实施后,大气污染物浓度的变化对上海市居民未来健康状况的影响进行定量评估。结果表明,与不实施相应能源政策的基线场景相比,上海实施能源效率提高和结构调整后,2010年和2020年可以分别减少2 937例和6 834例与大气污染相关的死亡,同时还可减少一定数量的发病、住院和门诊人数。

基于电力系统能效评估的蓄能用电技术节能评价及优化

蓄能用电技术的调峰特性使得其应用比较广泛,但对于蓄能用电技术的节能效果却少有量化的分析。提出、推导了电力系统能效评估的节点煤耗率指标,基于交流最优潮流进行了节点煤耗率的求解;基于节点煤耗率理论,提出了蓄能用电技术节能评价的节点用电煤耗指标,利用该指标构建并研究了蓄能用电的节能优化控制模型。IEEE14节点系统算例分析了节点煤耗率指标的时间空间特性以及用于电力系统能效评估的可行性;冰蓄冷系统算例验证了该评价方法和控制策略的可行性,蓄能用电节能优化控制可有效降低系统的整体能耗。