Resistance of full-scale beams against close-in explosions.Numerical modeling and field tests

This paper explores the performances of a finite element simulation including four concrete models applied to a full-scale reinforced concrete beam subjected to blast loading. Field test data has been used to compare model results for each case. The numerical modelling has been, carried out using the suitable code LS-DYNA. This code integrates blast load routine(CONWEP) for the explosive description and four different material models for the concrete including: Karagozian & Case Concrete, Winfrith, Continuous Surface Cap Model and Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma models, with concrete meshing based on 10, 15, and 20 mm. Six full-scale beams were tested: four of them used for the initial calibration of the numerical model and two more tests at lower scaled distances. For calibration, field data obtained employing pressure and accelerometers transducers were compared with the results derived from the numerical simulation. Damage surfaces and the shape of rupture in the beams have been used as references for comparison. Influence of the meshing on accelerations has been put in evidence and for some models the shape and size of the damage in the beams produced maximum differences around 15%. In all cases, the variations between material and mesh models are shown and discussed.

Behavior of transporting pipeline sections without and with hydrogen exposure based on full-scale tests

Pipeline transport of hydrogen is one of today’s economic and environmental challenges.In order to find safe and reliable application of both existing gas and build new pipelines,it is essential to carry out tests on full-scale pipeline section,including the potentially more dangerous places than the main pipe,the girth welds.For the investigations,pipeline sections of P355NH steel with girth welds were prepared and exposed to pure hydrogen at twice the maximum allowable operating pressure for 41 days.Subsequently,full-scale burst tests were carried out and specimens were cut and prepared from the typical locations of the failed pipeline sections for mechanical,and macro-and microstructural investigations.The results obtained were evaluated and compared with data from previous full-scale tests on pipeline sections without hydrogen exposure.The results showed differences in the behavior of pipeline sections loaded in different ways,with different characteristics of the materials and the welded joints,both in the cases without hydrogen exposure and in the cases exposed to hydrogen.

Full-scale multi-functional test platform for investigating mechanical performance of track–subgrade systems of high-speed railways

Motivated by the huge practical engineering demand for the fundamental understanding of mechanical characteristics of high-speed railway infrastructure,a fullscale multi-functional test platform for high-speed railway track–subgrade system is developed in this paper,and its main functions for investigating the mechanical performance of track–subgrade systems are elaborated with three typical experimental examples.Comprising the full-scale subgrade structure and all the five types of track structures adopted in Chinese high-speed railways,namely the CRTS I,the CRTS II and the CRTS III ballastless tracks,the double-block ballastless track and the ballasted track,the test platform is established strictly according to the construction standard of Chinese high-speed railways.Three kinds of effective loading methods are employed,including the real bogie loading,multi-point loading and the impact loading.Various types of sensors are adopted in different components of the five types of track–subgrade systems to measure the displacement,acceleration,pressure,structural strain and deformation,etc.Utilizing this test platform,both dynamic characteristics and long-term performance evolution of high-speed railway track–subgrade systems can be investigated,being able to satisfy the actual demand for large-scale operation of Chinese high-speed railways.As examples,three typical experimental studies are presented to elucidate the comprehensive functionalities of the full-scale multi-functional test platform for exploring the dynamic performance and its long-term evolution of ballastless track systems and for studying the long-term accumulative settlement of the ballasted track–subgrade system in high-speed railways.Some interesting phenomena and meaningful results are captured by the developed test platform,which provide a useful guidance for the scientific operation and maintenance of high-speed railway infrastructure.

Stiffness Degradation Modeling for Composite Wind Turbine Blades Based on Full-Scale Fatigue Testing

In order to provide more insights into the damage propagation composite wind turbine blades(blade)under cyclic fatigue loading,a stiffness degradation model for blade is proposed based on the full-scale fatigue testing of a blade.A novel non-linear fatigue damage accumulation model is proposed using the damage assessment theories of composite laminates for the first time.Then,a stiffness degradation model is established based on the correlation of fatigue damage and residual stiffness of the composite laminates.Finally,a stiffness degradation model for the blade is presented based on the full-scale fatigue testing.The scientific rationale of the proposed stiffness model of blade is verified by using full-scale fatigue test data of blade with a total length of 52.5 m.The results indicate that the proposed stiffness degradation model of the blade agrees well with the fatigue testing results of this blade.This work provides a basis for evaluating the fatigue damage and lifetime of blade under cyclic fatigue loading.

Full-scale model tests and nonlinear analysis of prestressed concrete simply supported box girders

Full-scale model tests were carried out on a 30 m span prestressed concrete box girder and a 20 m span prestressed concrete hollow slab. Failure models were prestressed reinforcement tensile failure and crashing of roof concrete, respectively. The ductility indexes of the box girder and hollow slab were 1.99 and 1.23, respectively, according to the energy viewpoint. Based on the horizontal section hypothesis, the nonlinear computation procedure was established using the limited banding law, and it could carry out the entire performance analysis including the unloading, mainly focusing on the ways to achieve the unloading curves computation through stress-strain, moment-curvature and load-displacement curves. Through the procedure, parameters that influence on the bearing capacity, deformation performance and ductility of the structures were analyzed. Those parameters were quantity of prestressed reinforcement and tension coefficients of prestressed reinforcement. From the analysis, some useful conclusions can be obtained.

An Advanced Control Strategy for Dual-Actuator Driving System in Full-Scale Fatigue Test of Wind Turbine Blades

A new dual-actuator fatigue loading system of wind turbine blades was designed.Compared with the traditional pendulum loading mode,the masses in this system only moved linearly along the loading direction to increase the exciting force.However,the two actuators and the blade constituted a complicated non-linear energy transferring system,which led to the non-synchronization of actuators.On-site test results showed that the virtual spindle synchronous strategy commonly used in synchronous control was undesirable and caused the instability of the blade’s amplitude eventually.A cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm was proposed.Firstly,a control system model was built according to the synchronization error and tracking error.Furthermore,based on arranging the transition process,estimating the system state and error feedback,and compensating disturbance,an active disturbance rejection controller was designed by adopting the optimal control function.Finally,on-site test results showed that the cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm could ensure the synchronization of two actuators.The maximum speed synchronization error of the two motors was less than 16 RPM,the displacement synchronization error of the two actuators was less than 0.25 mm and approaching zero after 4 seconds,and the peak value of vibration of the blade was less than 5 mm,which satisfied the fatigue test requirement.

Experimental and analytical study on design performance of full-scale viscoelastic dampers

Viscoelastic（VE） dampers, with their stiffness and energy dissipation capabilities, have been widely used in civil engineering for mitigating wind-induced vibration and seismic responses of structures, thus enhancing the comfort of residents and serviceability of equipment inside. In past relevant research, most analytical models for characterizing the mechanical behavior of VE dampers were verified by comparing their predictions with performance test results from small-scale specimens, which might not adequately or conservatively represent the actual behavior of full-scale dampers, especially with regard to the ambient temperature, temperature rise, and heat convection effects. Thus, in this study, by using a high-performance testing facility with a temperature control system, full-scale VE dampers were dynamically tested with different displacement amplitudes, excitation frequencies, and ambient temperatures. By comparing the analytical predictions with the experimental results, it is demonstrated that adopting the fractional derivative method together with considering the effects of excitation frequencies, ambient temperatures, temperature rises, softening, and hardening, can reproduce the design performance of full-scale VE dampers very well.

DDA Simulations of Large Flume Tests and Large Landslides Triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake

This paper presents some numerical simulations using Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA). First, DDA was applied to reproduce a series of granular flows released in a large flume. The comparison between simulated velocity and that measured in the tests demonstrates the effectiveness of DDA on description of kinematic behavior of blocky assembly. Simulated results were highly sensitive to the shape and angularity of blocky elements. Employing unrealistic block might result in different behavior from real situation. Second, three large landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake were simulated. A well agreement with field data was obtained if apparent friction coefficient determined by post-analysis was adopted.

Static load test and load transfer mechanism study of squeezed branch and plate pile in collapsible loess foundation

As a special geological phenomenon, the character of collapsible loess foundation is collapsible when penetrated by water. This character leads to the soil losing load bearing capacity largely and may lead to foundation failure. Pile is a popular foundation used in collapsible loess. The squeezed branch and plate pile is a new type of pile developed in recent years and has not be used in a project before. In this paper three squeezed branch and plate piles are tested in collapsible loess after immersion processing. The results may be used for reference in similar construction project, and to provide theoretical references for de- signing of the squeezed branch and plate piles in engineering practice.

High-frequency interference waves in low strain dynamic testing of X-section concrete piles

Stress waves propagate along vertical,radial and circumferential directions when a non-uniformly distributed load is applied at one end of a three-dimensional shaft.As a result,the receiving signals are usually mixed with undesired interference components,often featuring as high-frequency fluctuations.Previous studies have revealed that sectional geometry(shape and size)greatly affects the high-frequency interference.In this study,low strain dynamic testing on full-scale X-section concrete is conducted in order to investigate the influences of high-frequency interference on velocity responses at the pile head.Emphasis is placed on the frequency and peak value of interference waves at various receiving points.Additionally,the effects of the geometrical,and mechanical properties of the pile shaft on high-frequency interference are elaborated on through the three-dimensional finite element method.The results show that the measured wave is obscured by interference waves superposed by two types of high-frequency components.The modulus and cross-sectional area are contributing factors to the frequency and peak value of the interference waves.On the other hand,the position with the least interference is determined,to some extent,by the accurate shape of the X-section.

A Simple Lumped Mass Model to Describe Velocity of Granular Flows in a Large Flume

This paper presents a lumped mass model to describe the run-out and velocity of a series of large flume tests,which was carried out to investigate some propagation mechanisms involved in rapid,dry,dense granular flows and energy transformation when the flows encountered obstacles and reoriented their movement directions.Comparisons between predicted and measured results show that the trend of predicted velocities was basically matched with that of measured ones.Careful scrutiny of test videos reveals that subsequent particles with a higher velocity collided with slowed fronts to make them accelerate. However,this simple model cannot reflect collisions between particles because it treated released materials as a rigid block.Thus,the predicted velocity was somewhat lower than the measured velocity in most cases.When the flow changed its direction due to the variation in slope inclination,the model predicted a decrease in velocity.The predicted decrease in velocity was less than the measured one within a reasonable range of 10% or less.For some cases in which a convexity was introduced,the model also predicted the same trend of velocities as measured in the tests.The velocity increased greatly after the materials took a ballistic trajectory from the vertex of the convexity,and reduced dramatically when they finally made contact with the base of the lower slope.The difference between prediced and measured decrease in velocity was estimated to be about 5% due to the landing.Therefore,the simple lumped mass model based on the energy approach could roughly predict the run-out and velocity of granular flows,although it neglected internal deformation,intergranular collision and friction.

基于失稳模量理论的降雨条件下非饱和边坡流滑与滑移失稳机理研究

基于经典塑性理论,利用失稳模量(HIN)的概念建立了非饱和土的渗流稳定性准则;针对非饱和土边坡常出现的失稳形式(即有限滑移失稳和快速流动失稳),通过引入考虑基质吸力依赖性的弹塑性本构模型,给出了识别边坡不同失稳模式的HIN表达式;对于具有潜在液化能力的松散火山灰土给出了理论模型参数的标定方式;在此基础上,预测了火山灰土边坡出现的失稳模式以及相应的失稳含水率,通过与室内水槽试验结果对比验证了理论模型的正确性和合理性,结果显示,结合无限边坡模型与失稳模量理论可进一步推导出不同失稳模式下的边坡安全系数表达式,二者互为验证;最后,通过参数分析研究了各模型参数对边坡在不同边界条件下失稳模式的影响.研究结果可进一步明晰降雨条件下非饱和土边坡出现不同失稳模式的内在机理,以便为渗流边坡稳定性的评估与设计提供相应的指导.

抛投防汛石沿坡面滑滚落距影响因素研究

为论证抛投时防汛石沿坡面滑滚的落距影响因素,基于黄河下游顺坝区沿岸坡抛投工况,建立理想情况下日常根石除险加固的抛投防汛石模型,推导考虑流速、水深、河堤坡度、边坡粗糙度的理论公式,通过水槽试验对理论分析结果进行验证比较,找出不同形状防汛石的抛投落距规律。结果表明:水流流速越大,抛投水深越深,河堤坡度越缓,边坡粗糙度越大,则防汛石的落距越大;不同形状的防汛石抛投落距不同,在其他因素相同的情况下,四棱台的落距最小,为最佳形状。利用钢筋混凝土外壳和沙石芯制作大体积新型复合材料防汛石,在黄河下游进行现场抛投试验,其落距与推算结果比较吻合。

泥石流中球形巨石运动规律模型试验研究

该研究通过室外水槽模型试验,模拟了不同直径巨石与不同密度泥石流完全固液耦合作用下的运动状态,分析了泥石流沟内巨石在泥石流中的运动模式、运动的影响因素及其在泥石流中的受力情况,并探讨了泥石流密度与巨石粒径对其运动速度的影响。研究结果表明:巨石在运动过程中可能出现滚动、跳跃与滑动等运动模式,巨石出现的运动模式同泥石流的密度以及巨石粒径有关;巨石的直径越大,运动速度越小,它在泥石流中的运动模式越简单,越倾向于发生滚动运动,在泥石流流体中的跟随性越好,速度比n越容易趋近于1;巨石粒径对巨石运动速度的影响大于泥石流密度对它的影响。

固结黏性土河床冲刷深度试验研究

固结黏性土是沉积日久、经过物理化学作用、已经形成黏土矿物的黏性土,其起动特性与散粒体泥沙存在明显差异,河床冲刷情况也更为复杂。以拟建绍兴市城市轨道交通2号线下穿曹娥江隧道工程河段为例,采用水槽试验与河工模型试验相结合的方法,通过水槽试验测量原状土与模型沙起动流速及输沙率,从而选取模型沙并确定冲淤时间比尺。结果表明:在百年一遇与三百年一遇极端洪水作用下,隧道线位上游受弯道的影响,下游受左岸边滩的约束,冲刷深度均较大,而隧道线位处冲刷幅度相对较小,最大冲刷深度分别为5.5 m、7.7 m。水槽试验与河工模型试验相结合的方法可为固结黏性土河床的隧道、管道埋深设计提供参考。

牺牲桩截面特性对圆柱桥墩局部冲刷的影响试验研究

墩前牺牲桩防护是减小桥墩局部冲刷的主要措施之一,现有的牺牲桩防护桥墩局部冲刷研究主要集中在圆形截面,关于牺牲桩截面特性对桥墩局部冲刷的影响关注较少。通过单向流循环水槽构建冲刷环境,开展不同直径与不同截面牺牲桩防护单桩桥墩局部冲刷物理模型试验,并通过水下高清摄像以及倾斜摄影测量技术实现对局部冲刷深度发展历程和冲刷平衡时刻冲刷坑形态的精准测量,进而探究牺牲桩直径与截面形式对单桩桥墩局部冲刷防护效果的影响规律。试验表明:牺牲桩直径与截面形状是影响桥墩局部冲刷防护效果的关键因素,牺牲桩的防护效果随牺牲桩直径的增大而增强,相比方形和圆形截面牺牲桩,菱形截面牺牲桩对桥墩的冲刷防护效果更好;牺牲桩防护会影响后方桥墩冲刷坑变化的剧烈程度,防护效果越好,后方冲刷坑变化越平缓;牺牲桩防护会缩短冲刷达到平衡状态的时间,牺牲桩直径越大,到达冲刷平衡状态的时间越短。采用牺牲桩开展桥墩局部冲刷防护时,应合理确定牺牲桩尺寸和截面特性,从而提高冲刷防护效果。

推摇组合式造波的波流循环水槽设计与研究

针对海工实验波流水槽中的造流装置与造波装置间存在的干扰问题,研发了推摇组合式造波的波流循环水槽,并分别从造流和造波两个方面进行了设计和验证.综合设计循环流道、造流驱动装置及稳流出水口,保障实验区域水流稳定性及可控性;采用倒挂式摇摆结构,结合平行四边形结构运动特点,实现倒挂推摇组合式造波,在保证波形质量的同时减小对流道的影响;建立数学模型分析推块运动与波浪要素间的关系;基于西门子PLC开发实验测试平台测控系统搭建整个实验平台,完成水槽各项性能测试.结果表明,实验平台能够实现最大流速1.5 m∙s^(–1),且同时满足造波周期1~4 s,波高范围0.1~0.6 m的单独造波及所需要的波流海况耦合,能满足相关科教应用要求.

降雨型滑坡水槽试验研究若干进展

基于降雨型滑坡水槽试验的研究现状,简要介绍了降雨式水槽、界面渗水式水槽以及后缘汇水式水槽的基本信息,归纳了降雨模式(雨强、持续时间、降雨形式)、岩土类型以及土体物理参数(颗粒级配、密度)等对滑坡稳定性的影响,厘清了不同岩土类型、颗粒级配以及降雨模式下的斜坡变形破坏特征,总结出了超孔隙水压力导致土壤液化破坏、水体渗流侵蚀致坡体抗剪强度减小以及剪切稀化破坏等3种主要的降雨型滑坡形成机制,展望了进一步开展降雨型滑坡水槽试验研究亟待解决的科学问题,提出了解决相关问题的建议及下一步拟开展研究的方向,可为依托水槽试验深入探究降雨型滑坡的运动特征和形成机理提供参考。

海上风电大直径单桩冲刷演变规律大比尺模型试验研究

波浪作用下,KC数(Keulegan-Carpenter Number)是影响海上风电单桩局部冲刷的主要无量纲参数。利用1:14的大比尺物理模型试验,研究了不规则波作用下,海上风电大直径单桩局部冲刷形态、平衡冲刷深度和局部冲刷方量随KC数的变化规律。试验结果表明,在小KC数(KC<6)工况下,当KC数小于4时,冲刷主要发生在单桩两侧,冲刷深度较小;而当KC数超过4后,冲刷坑形态从扇形过渡到椭圆形,且最大冲刷深度显著增加。在大KC数工况下,通过对KC数重新定义改进了平衡冲刷深度计算方法,并给出了海上风电单桩局部平衡冲刷方量与KC数的关系,为单桩防护施工时的冗余量估算提供了预测方法。