Stiffness Degradation Modeling for Composite Wind Turbine Blades Based on Full-Scale Fatigue Testing

In order to provide more insights into the damage propagation composite wind turbine blades(blade)under cyclic fatigue loading,a stiffness degradation model for blade is proposed based on the full-scale fatigue testing of a blade.A novel non-linear fatigue damage accumulation model is proposed using the damage assessment theories of composite laminates for the first time.Then,a stiffness degradation model is established based on the correlation of fatigue damage and residual stiffness of the composite laminates.Finally,a stiffness degradation model for the blade is presented based on the full-scale fatigue testing.The scientific rationale of the proposed stiffness model of blade is verified by using full-scale fatigue test data of blade with a total length of 52.5 m.The results indicate that the proposed stiffness degradation model of the blade agrees well with the fatigue testing results of this blade.This work provides a basis for evaluating the fatigue damage and lifetime of blade under cyclic fatigue loading.

Full-scale multi-functional test platform for investigating mechanical performance of track–subgrade systems of high-speed railways

Motivated by the huge practical engineering demand for the fundamental understanding of mechanical characteristics of high-speed railway infrastructure,a fullscale multi-functional test platform for high-speed railway track–subgrade system is developed in this paper,and its main functions for investigating the mechanical performance of track–subgrade systems are elaborated with three typical experimental examples.Comprising the full-scale subgrade structure and all the five types of track structures adopted in Chinese high-speed railways,namely the CRTS I,the CRTS II and the CRTS III ballastless tracks,the double-block ballastless track and the ballasted track,the test platform is established strictly according to the construction standard of Chinese high-speed railways.Three kinds of effective loading methods are employed,including the real bogie loading,multi-point loading and the impact loading.Various types of sensors are adopted in different components of the five types of track–subgrade systems to measure the displacement,acceleration,pressure,structural strain and deformation,etc.Utilizing this test platform,both dynamic characteristics and long-term performance evolution of high-speed railway track–subgrade systems can be investigated,being able to satisfy the actual demand for large-scale operation of Chinese high-speed railways.As examples,three typical experimental studies are presented to elucidate the comprehensive functionalities of the full-scale multi-functional test platform for exploring the dynamic performance and its long-term evolution of ballastless track systems and for studying the long-term accumulative settlement of the ballasted track–subgrade system in high-speed railways.Some interesting phenomena and meaningful results are captured by the developed test platform,which provide a useful guidance for the scientific operation and maintenance of high-speed railway infrastructure.

Full-scale model tests and nonlinear analysis of prestressed concrete simply supported box girders

Full-scale model tests were carried out on a 30 m span prestressed concrete box girder and a 20 m span prestressed concrete hollow slab. Failure models were prestressed reinforcement tensile failure and crashing of roof concrete, respectively. The ductility indexes of the box girder and hollow slab were 1.99 and 1.23, respectively, according to the energy viewpoint. Based on the horizontal section hypothesis, the nonlinear computation procedure was established using the limited banding law, and it could carry out the entire performance analysis including the unloading, mainly focusing on the ways to achieve the unloading curves computation through stress-strain, moment-curvature and load-displacement curves. Through the procedure, parameters that influence on the bearing capacity, deformation performance and ductility of the structures were analyzed. Those parameters were quantity of prestressed reinforcement and tension coefficients of prestressed reinforcement. From the analysis, some useful conclusions can be obtained.

An Advanced Control Strategy for Dual-Actuator Driving System in Full-Scale Fatigue Test of Wind Turbine Blades

A new dual-actuator fatigue loading system of wind turbine blades was designed.Compared with the traditional pendulum loading mode,the masses in this system only moved linearly along the loading direction to increase the exciting force.However,the two actuators and the blade constituted a complicated non-linear energy transferring system,which led to the non-synchronization of actuators.On-site test results showed that the virtual spindle synchronous strategy commonly used in synchronous control was undesirable and caused the instability of the blade’s amplitude eventually.A cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm was proposed.Firstly,a control system model was built according to the synchronization error and tracking error.Furthermore,based on arranging the transition process,estimating the system state and error feedback,and compensating disturbance,an active disturbance rejection controller was designed by adopting the optimal control function.Finally,on-site test results showed that the cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm could ensure the synchronization of two actuators.The maximum speed synchronization error of the two motors was less than 16 RPM,the displacement synchronization error of the two actuators was less than 0.25 mm and approaching zero after 4 seconds,and the peak value of vibration of the blade was less than 5 mm,which satisfied the fatigue test requirement.

Acoustic emission activity in directly tensile test on marble specimens and its tensile damage constitutive model

For understanding acoustic emission （AE） activity and accumulation of micro-damage inside rock under pure tensile state, the AE signals has been monitored on the test of directly tension on two kinds of marble specimens. A tensile constitutive model was proposed with the damage factor calculated by AE energy rate. The tensile strength of marble was discrete obviously and was sensitive to the inside microdefects and grain composition. With increasing of loading, the tensile stress-strain curve obviously showed nonlinear with the tensile tangent modulus decreasing. In repeated loading cycle, the tensile elastic modulus was less than that in the previous loading cycle because of the generation of micro damage during the prior loading. It means the linear weakening occurring in the specimens. The AE activity was corresponding with occurrence of nonlinear deformation. In the initial loading stage which only elastic deformation happened on the specimens, there were few AE events occurred; while when the nonlinear deformation happened with increasing of loading, lots of AE events were generated. The quantity and energy of AE events were proportionally related to the variation of tensile tangent modulus. The Kaiser effect of AE activity could be clearly observed in tensile cycle loading. Based on the theory of damage mechanics, the damage factor was defined by AE energy rate and the tensile damage constitutive model was proposed which only needed two property constants. The theoretical stress-strain curve was well fitted with the curve plotted with tested datum and the two property constants were easily gotten by the laboratory testing.

Experimental and analytical study on design performance of full-scale viscoelastic dampers

Viscoelastic（VE） dampers, with their stiffness and energy dissipation capabilities, have been widely used in civil engineering for mitigating wind-induced vibration and seismic responses of structures, thus enhancing the comfort of residents and serviceability of equipment inside. In past relevant research, most analytical models for characterizing the mechanical behavior of VE dampers were verified by comparing their predictions with performance test results from small-scale specimens, which might not adequately or conservatively represent the actual behavior of full-scale dampers, especially with regard to the ambient temperature, temperature rise, and heat convection effects. Thus, in this study, by using a high-performance testing facility with a temperature control system, full-scale VE dampers were dynamically tested with different displacement amplitudes, excitation frequencies, and ambient temperatures. By comparing the analytical predictions with the experimental results, it is demonstrated that adopting the fractional derivative method together with considering the effects of excitation frequencies, ambient temperatures, temperature rises, softening, and hardening, can reproduce the design performance of full-scale VE dampers very well.

Edge crack growth of mortar plate specimens under uniaxial loading tests

In this paper, a compression-to-tension conversion technique is developed by applying predominant mode I loading test, using a servo-controlled compression system. The technique is applied to thin mortar plate specimens of different widths that include a prefabricated crack on either a single side to facilitate unilateral crack propagation, or prefabricated cracks positioned on both sides asymmetrically with respect to the specimen midpoint to facilitate bilateral crack propagation under direct tensile stress with a loading rate of 0.001 mm/s. The results show that the main pathways of unilateral crack propagation governing specimen failure are fluctuated locally, but present an approximately straight line overall in the absence of pre-existing internal defects. However, the pathways of bilateral crack propagation are relatively complex, although they present similar characteristics. Analysis results suggest that bilateral crack propagation can be basically divided into three stages, i.e. a stage of linear propagation, a stage representing deviation from the other crack, and a stage where one crack approaches either the other crack or approaches the opposite edge of the specimen, and thereby forming a continuous crack through the specimen. In addition, the stressestrain curves of bilateral crack specimens do not vary significantly around the point of peak stress prior to specimen failure, which means that the specimens do not fail instantaneously.

Ringlike failure experiment of thick-walled limestone cylinder specimens in triaxial unloading tests

In order to study the failure of surrounding rock under high in situ stress in deep underground engineering projects, disturbed by excavation unloading, we carried out triaxial unloading experiments using thickwalled cylinder specimens on a TATW-2000 rock servo-controlled triaxial testing machine in a laboratory. The specimens were made of limestone material, taken from Tongshan county, Xuzhou city, Jiangsu province, China. In our experiments, rock deformation and failure behavior was studied through loading and unloading of inner hole pressure of thick-walled cylinder specimens. At first, the axial stress, confining pressure and inner pressure were increased simultaneously to a specified designed state of stress. Then, keeping the axial stress and confining pressure stable, the pressure on the inner hole was decreased until the specimen was fractured. When the inner pressure was released completely but the specimen did not fracture, the confining pressure was decreased subsequently until complete failure occurred. Our experimental results suggest that traces of major circular ringlike fractures with a number of radial cracks often appear in thick cylinder walls. This type of ringlike failure phenomenon, similar to intermittent zonal fracturing characteristics of deep exploitation, has, so far, not been published. Our experimental results show that rock deformation and failure behavior of thick-walled limestone cylinders vary under different stress paths between loading and unloading. Tensile failure and orderly failure surfaces occur under unloading conditions while irregular damaged rock blocks are produced during loading failure. This type of triaxial unloading experiment provides for new research methodology and approach for thorough investigations on intermittent zonal fracturing in deep underground excavations.

Resistance of full-scale beams against close-in explosions.Numerical modeling and field tests

This paper explores the performances of a finite element simulation including four concrete models applied to a full-scale reinforced concrete beam subjected to blast loading. Field test data has been used to compare model results for each case. The numerical modelling has been, carried out using the suitable code LS-DYNA. This code integrates blast load routine(CONWEP) for the explosive description and four different material models for the concrete including: Karagozian & Case Concrete, Winfrith, Continuous Surface Cap Model and Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma models, with concrete meshing based on 10, 15, and 20 mm. Six full-scale beams were tested: four of them used for the initial calibration of the numerical model and two more tests at lower scaled distances. For calibration, field data obtained employing pressure and accelerometers transducers were compared with the results derived from the numerical simulation. Damage surfaces and the shape of rupture in the beams have been used as references for comparison. Influence of the meshing on accelerations has been put in evidence and for some models the shape and size of the damage in the beams produced maximum differences around 15%. In all cases, the variations between material and mesh models are shown and discussed.

Behavior of transporting pipeline sections without and with hydrogen exposure based on full-scale tests

Pipeline transport of hydrogen is one of today’s economic and environmental challenges.In order to find safe and reliable application of both existing gas and build new pipelines,it is essential to carry out tests on full-scale pipeline section,including the potentially more dangerous places than the main pipe,the girth welds.For the investigations,pipeline sections of P355NH steel with girth welds were prepared and exposed to pure hydrogen at twice the maximum allowable operating pressure for 41 days.Subsequently,full-scale burst tests were carried out and specimens were cut and prepared from the typical locations of the failed pipeline sections for mechanical,and macro-and microstructural investigations.The results obtained were evaluated and compared with data from previous full-scale tests on pipeline sections without hydrogen exposure.The results showed differences in the behavior of pipeline sections loaded in different ways,with different characteristics of the materials and the welded joints,both in the cases without hydrogen exposure and in the cases exposed to hydrogen.

2015-2021年CHINET尿液分离菌分布和耐药性变迁

目的了解2015-2021年CHINET细菌耐药监测网中尿液分离菌的分布和耐药性。方法收集CHINET细菌耐药监测网51家医疗机构2015-2021年所有尿液标本临床分离菌的耐药监测数据资料,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果2012-2021年尿液标本共分离细菌261893株,其中革兰阳性菌62219株,占23.8%,革兰阴性菌199674株占76.2%。常见的分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌(46.7%)、屎肠球菌(10.4%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(9.8%)、粪肠球菌(8.7%)、奇异变形杆菌(3.5%)、铜绿假单胞菌(3.4%)、无乳链球菌(2.6%)和阴沟肠杆菌(2.1%)。上述细菌主要分离自住院患者,女性多见于男性,成人多见于儿童。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌株分别占53.2%、52.8%和37.0%。耐碳青霉烯类的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中检出率分别为1.7%、18.5%、16.4%和40.3%。粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁和磷霉素的耐药率<10%,屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星、红霉素的耐药率>90%,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替考拉宁的耐药率<2%。ICU住院患者分离的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于门诊患者和非ICU住院患者。结论尿液标本临床分离菌主要以大肠埃希菌、肠球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,不同人群尿液标本中分离的细菌种类和耐药性不尽相同,应重视细菌耐药监测,减少抗菌药物的不合理使用。

装配整体式梁柱节点的抗震性能对比研究

目的 研究预制柱纵筋间距放大后装配整体式T型节点和十字型节点的抗震性能,为工程设计提供依据。方法 对5个足尺梁柱节点试件进行低周往复荷载试验,通过对比各试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线和位移延性等,研究了节点类型、柱纵筋间距和轴压比对梁柱节点抗震性能的影响。结果 装配式节点均发生梁端弯曲破坏,预制柱和节点核心区未见明显破坏,破坏主要是预制梁端底部纵筋屈服和梁端底部混凝土压碎脱落;楼板加强了叠合梁的抗负弯矩能力,叠合梁上部现浇混凝土和预制混凝土交界面出现明显的水平剪切裂缝;柱纵筋间距放大后,与对比试件相比,T型节点的承载力提高了9.2%,十字型节点的承载力提高了1.3%。结论 柱纵筋间距放大试件的延性和耗能能力与对比试件相差不大,柱纵筋间距放大对梁柱节点的抗震性能影响不大;十字型节点和T型节点位移延性系数相差不大。

成组法疲劳试件个数选取方法研究

目的 在成组法疲劳试验过程中,确定最少疲劳试件个数判据,获取有效可靠的疲劳试验结果。方法基于疲劳可靠性的基本原理,在疲劳寿命对数正态分布的假设下,根据t分布理论,结合船舶及海洋工程一般构件具有95%置信度和可靠度p=97.72%下的P-S-N曲线的基本要求,推算出相应置信度和可靠度下5%误差限度内的疲劳试件个数与允许的最大变异系数数值的对应关系,以此作为成组法疲劳试验最少试件个数的判据,开展典型节点的疲劳试验。结果 得到了具有95%置信度的百位估计值Np,并通过线性相关系数r,判断对数疲劳应力Y=lg S与X=lg Np之间线性相关的程度,采用最小二乘法对对数疲劳寿命lg Np和对数疲劳应力lg S进行线性拟合,得到了具有95%置信度的P-S-N曲线,与IIW规范中相应的曲线一致。结论 文中给出的成组法疲劳试验个数确定方法是合理、可靠的,为船舶与海洋工程结构物典型焊接接头成组法疲劳试验个数的确定提供了依据。

临床生化检验标本溶血对肝肾功能、血脂和心肌标志物的影响及应对措施

目的探讨临床生化检验标本溶血对肝肾功能、血脂和心肌标志物的影响及应对措施。方法选择2021年3月至2022年9月接受生化检验的120例健康体检者,在晨起空腹状态下采集肘部静脉血10 mL作为检测标本,将每位体检者的血液标本均分为2份,分别设置为观察组与对照组。观察组血液样本经溶血处理后行临床生化检验,对照组血液样本未经溶血处理,直接行临床生化检验。比较两组健康体检者的肝功能、心肌标志物、肾功能及血脂指标。结果观察组的天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)及总蛋白(TP)水平明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的肌酸激酶同工酶MB(CK-MB)、肌酸激酶(CK)及N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的血尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(Scr)及尿酸(UA)水平明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)水平高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论临床生化检验血液标本发生溶血反应会影响肝肾功能、血脂、心肌标志物等检验项目的检测结果,易导致生化检验结果误差,临床诊疗工作中对此需充分重视,并制定一系列应对措施。

凝血检验标本采集与处理过程中的质量控制分析

目的探讨凝血检验标本采集与处理过程中的质量控制。方法随机选取2023年4-8月在该院接受凝血检验的200例患者作为研究对象,按照凝血标本采集量均分为A组(2 mL)、B组(1.6 mL),对比不同温度、不同保存时间下的两组凝血指标差异以及组内差异。结果在相同时间、保存温度下,A组和B组间凝血指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);相比于即时检测,冰箱保存A组B组的凝血功能指标中活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)水平均显著更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但凝血酶原时间(PT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);常温保存A组B组的凝血功能指标均与即时检测结果比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论为确保凝血检验结果的准确性,需要加强凝血检验标本采集与处理过程中的质量控制,为临床诊断提供更有效的数据参考。

基于加速加载试验的青川岩改沥青混合料疲劳性能研究

为评价青川岩改沥青混合料疲劳性能,该文设计了基于比例尺为1∶3的路面加速加载试验系统的动轮载三点弯曲加载疲劳试验装置,对双层沥青混合料复合车辙试件进行轮胎碾压下的三点弯曲重复加载疲劳试验,结合沥青混合料小梁试件MTS弯曲疲劳试验,评价青川岩改沥青及复合改性沥青等对沥青混合料疲劳性能的改善效果。结果表明:青川岩改沥青提高了沥青混合料承受重复弯拉荷载的能力,改善了沥青混合料的抗疲劳性能,其抗疲劳性能优于青川岩沥青与SBS复合改性沥青、SBS改性沥青和基质沥青;基于比例尺为1∶3的路面加速加载试验的动轮载三点弯曲重复加载疲劳试验,能更真实地模拟现场路面轮载作用,减少了小梁试件尺寸效应对疲劳寿命的影响,再现了轮载作用下路面结构的受力状况。

RNA恒温扩增实时检测痰标本结核分枝杆菌对肺结核的诊断价值

目的:探讨RNA恒温扩增实时检测(SAT)技术检测痰标本结核分枝杆菌(MTB)对肺结核的诊断价值.方法:选择2020年8月至2022年8月本院收治的1190例可疑活动性肺结核患者为研究对象.对患者痰标本行罗氏培养、抗酸染色、SAT检测,以痰培养结果为"金标准",分析SAT检测方法的诊断价值.结果:痰培养结果明确肺结核患者990例,非肺结核患者200例;SAT检测明确肺结核患者570例,非肺结核患者620例;罗氏培养法明确肺结核患者445例,非肺结核患者745例;抗酸染色法明确肺结核患者300例,非肺结核患者890例.与罗氏培养法及抗酸染色法比较,SAT检测对于肺结核诊断灵敏度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为56.97%(564/990)、63.95%(761/1190)、98.95%(564/570)、31.29%(194/620),均高于罗氏培养法及抗酸染色法,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);特异度各检查方法比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:SAT检测痰标本MTB对肺结核诊断具有较高的应用价值,能在较短时间内提供诊断结果,且具有较高的诊断准确度,为临床进一步诊疗提供了可靠的参考依据.

PDCA循环在临床输血检验标本质量管理中的应用

为探究在输血检验标本中应用PDCA循环进行质量管理的临床效果,研究纳入了100份输血检验标本,研究时间为2022年2月~2023年2月。通过双盲法将标本随机分为PDCA组和常规组,每组各50例。常规组采用传统的质量管理方式,而PDCA组应用PDCA循环进行质量管理。比较了输血副反应率、合理用血率、护理操作及血标本错误率、填写申请单错误率和标本不合格率等指标,结果显示,与常规组相比,PDCA组的输血副反应率显著较低,合理用血率显著较高(P<0.05)。PDCA组中,送血标本出现非医护人员操作、血标本量少、标本溶血、采集管错误标签或无标签等问题的比例显著低于常规组(P<0.05)。此外,PDCA组在漏填红细胞比容(Hct)和血红蛋白(Hb)及输血前4项、错填或漏填血量及血液品种、错填或漏填预约用血日期、错填或漏填妊娠史或输血史、错填或漏填血型、漏填医生签字等方面的错误比例显著低于常规组(P<0.05)。与常规组相比,PDCA组的标本不合格率更低(P<0.05)。因此,在输血检验标本中应用PDCA循环进行质量管理的效果显著,可以有效减少输血副反应,确保合理用血,减少差错事件和不合格标本的发生,进一步保障标本质量,具有良好的推广和借鉴价值。