Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area

Dynamic analysis steps and general flow of fast lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions(FLAC3D) were discussed. Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area was carried out with FLAC3D. The whole analytical process was divided into two steps, including the static analysis and the dynamic analysis which were used to simulate the influence of excavation process and blasting vibration respectively. The results show that the shape of right upper boundary is extremely irregular after excavation, and stress concentration occurs at many places and higher tensile stress appears. The maximum tensile stress is higher than the tensile strength of rock mass, and surrounding rock of right roof will be damaged with tension fracture. The maximum displacement of surrounding rock is 4.75 mm after excavation. However, the maximum displacement increases to 5.47 mm after the blasting dynamic load is applied. And the covering area of plastic zones expands obviously, especially at the foot of right upper slope. The analytical results are in basic accordance with the observed results on the whole. Damage and disturbance on surrounding rock to some degree are caused by excavation, while blasting dynamic load increases the possibility of occurrence of dynamic instability and destruction further. So the effective supporting and vibration reducing measures should be taken during mining.

A new method of cut-blasting for vertical shaft excavation and its experimental study

Based on cutting principle and technology development of vertical blasthole cutby stage and deck in vertical shaft excavation, combined with the merits of middle spacecharging and toe space charging, the reinforced cutting effect of central large-diameterblasthole and the method of cutting blast by stage and deck toe space charging for thevertical large-diameter blastholes was put forward and analyzed theoretically.This new cutblasting method is provided with the advantages of high blasthole using ratio, big cavitybulk, low rate of chunk, even lumpiness, and relatively high energy using ratio.The parameterchoices and practical effects of this cutting method were discussed after in situexperiment.It shows that the decked delay time of 75～100 ms is applicable.

Discussion on blasting vibration monitoring for rock damage control in rock slope excavation

Drill and blast is a commonly used method for rock slope excavation in hydropower engineering.During blasting excavation of rock slopes,far-field vibration monitoring on the first upper berm for statutory compliance is usually performed to control the blast-induced rock damage to the final slope face.In this study,for the rock slope excavation in the Jinping-I hydropower station,the field vibration monitoring and acoustic testing are presented to investigate the vibration characteristics on the first upper berm and the damage depth in the current bench.The relationship between the PPV on the first upper berm and the PPV damage threshold on the damage zone boundary is also studied through three-dimensional FEM simulations.The results show that on the first upper berm,the maximum vibration velocity component occurs in the vertical direction.While on the blasting damage zone boundary,the horizontal radial vibration velocity is the maximum component.For the Jinping-I slope with a bench height of 30 m,the radial PPV on the inner side of the first upper berm is 2.06%of the PPV threshold on the damage zone boundary.This ratio is increased as the bench height decreases.Therefore,the bench height of the rock slope is an important factor that cannot be ignored in determining the allowable vibration velocity for rock damage control.

Optimization and application of blasting parameters based on the "pushing-wall" mechanism

The large structure parameter of a sublevel caving method was used in Beiminghe iron mine. The ores were generally lower than the medium hardness and easy to be driUed and blasted. However, the questions of boulder yield, ＂pushing-wall＂ accident rate, and brow damage rate were not effectively controlled in practical blasting. The model test of a similar material shows that the charge concentration of bottom blastholes in the sector is too high; the pushing wall is the fundamental reason for the poor blasting effect. One of the main methods to adjust the explosive distribution is to increase the length of charged blastholes. Therefore, the field tests with respect to increasing the length of uncharged blastholes were made in 12# stope of-95 subsection and 6# stope of Beiminghe iron mine. This paper took the test result of 12# stope as an example to analyze the impact of charge structure on blasting effect and design an appropriate blasting parameter that is to similar to No. 12 stope.

Comparison of seismic effects during deep tunnel excavation with different methods

The rapid release of strain energy is an important phenomenon leading to seismic events or rock failures during the excavation of deep rock.Through theoretical analysis of strain energy adjustment during blasting and mechanical excavation,and the interpretation of measured seismicity in the Jin-Ping Ⅱ Hydropower Station in China,this paper describes the characteristics of energy partition and induced seismicity corresponding to different energy release rates.The theoretical analysis indicates that part of the strain energy will be drastically released accompanied by violent crushing and fragmentation of rock under blast load,and this process will result in seismic events in addition to blasting vibration.The intensity of the seismicity induced by transient strain energy release highly depends on the unloading rate of in-situ stress.For mechanical excavation,the strain energy,which is mainly dissipated in the deformation of surrounding rock,releases smoothly,and almost no seismic events are produced in this gradual process.Field test reveals that the seismic energy transformed from the rock strain energy under high stress condition is roughly equal to that coming from explosive energy,and the two kinds of vibrations superimpose together to form the total blasting excavation-induced seismicity.In addition,the most intense seismicity is induced by the cut blasting delay; this delay contributes 50% of the total seismic energy released in a blast event.For mechanical excavation,the seismic energy of induced vibration（mainly the low intensity acoustic emission events or mechanical loading impacts）,which accounts only for 1.5‰ of that caused by in-situ stress transient releasing,can be ignored in assessing the dynamic response of surrounding rock.

Cutting parameter optimization for one-step shaft excavation technique based on parallel cutting method

The outcome of the cutting blasting in a one-step shaft excavation is heavily related to the cutting parameters used for parallel cutting method. In this study, the relationships between the cutting parameters（such as the hole spacing L and the empty hole diameter D） and damage zones were investigated by numerical simulation. A damage state index γ was introduced and used to characterize the crushing and crack damage zones through a user-defined subroutine. Two indices, i.e., η1 and η2 that can reflect the cutting performance, were also introduced. The simulation results indicate that an optimal value of L can be obtained so that the η1 and η2 can reach their optimal states for the best cutting performance. A larger D results in better cutting performance when the L value maintains its best. In addition, the influences of the loading rate and the in-situ stress on the cutting performance were investigated. It is found that an explosive with a high loading rate is suit for cutting blasting. The propagation direction and the length of the tensile cracks are affected by the direction and the magnitude of the maximum principal stress.

Dam foundation excavation techniques in China:A review

A protective layer(PL) is commonly reserved above foundation surface to protect the underlying rock mass during dam foundation excavation. In China, the PL of dam foundation is conventionally subdivided into two or three thin layers and excavated with the shallow-hole blasting method, even by pneumatic pick method in case of soft rock mass. The aforementioned layered excavation of the PL delays the construction of the whole project. After nearly 30-year practices, several safe and effcient methods for the PL excavation of dam foundation are gradually developed. They include shallow-hole bench blasting with cushion material(SBC) at the bottom of the hole, and horizontal smooth blasting(HSB). The PL is even cancelled on the condition that horizontal pre-split technique is employed during dam foundation excavation. This paper introduces the aforementioned two PL excavation methods(shallow-hole blasting and bench blasting) and horizontal pre-split technique of dam foundation without protective layer(HPP). The basic principles of blasting method, blasting geometry, charge structure, drill-and-blast parameters of typical projects are examined. Meanwhile, the merits and limitations of each method are compared. Engineering practices in China show that HSB is basically the optimal method for dam foundation PL excavation in terms of foundation damage control and rapid construction. Some new problems for dam foundation PL excavation arising, such as strong unloading and relaxation phenomenon that encountered in the gorge region of southwest China, are needed to be addressed; and the corresponding countermeasures are discussed as well.

Vibration Effect and Damage Evolution Characteristics of Tunnel Surrounding Rock Under Cyclic Blasting Loading

Model test studies based on the similarity theory were conducted to investigate vibration effect and damage evolution characteristics of tunnel surrounding rock under push-type cyclic blasting excavation.The model was constructed with a ratio of 1∶15.By simulating the tunnel excavation of push-type cyclic blasting,the influence of the blasting parameter change on vibration effect was explored.The damage degree of tunnel surrounding rock was evaluated by the change of the acoustic wave velocity at the same measuring point after blasting.The relationship between the damage evolution of surrounding rock and blasting times was established.The research results show that：（1）In the same geological environment,the number of delay initiation is larger,the main vibration frequency of blasting seismic wave is higher,and the attenuation of high frequency signal in the rock and soil is faster.The influence of number of delay initiation on blasting vibration effect cannot be ignored;（2）Under push-type cyclic blasting excavation,there were great differences in the decreasing rates of acoustic wave velocity of the measuring points which have the same distance to the blasting region at the same depth,and the blasting damage ranges of surrounding rock were typically anisotropic at both depth and breadth;（3）When blasting parameters were basically kept as the same,the growth trend of the cumulative acoustic wave velocity decreasing rate at the measuring point was nonlinear under different cycle blasting excavations;（4）There were nonlinear evolution characteristics between the blasting cumulative damage（D）of surrounding rock and blasting times（n）under push-type cyclic blasting loading,and different measuring points had corresponding blasting cumulative damage propagation models,respectively.The closer the measuring point was away from the explosion source,the faster the cumulative damage extension.Blasting cumulative damage effect of surrounding rock had typically nonlinear evolution properties and anisotropic characteristics.

Energy release process of surrounding rocks of deep tunnels with two excavation methods

Numerical analysis of the total energy release of surrounding rocks excavated by drill-and-blast （D＆B） method and tunnel boring machine （TBM） method is presented in the paper. The stability of deep tunnels during excavation in terms of energy release is also discussed. The simulation results reveal that energy release during blasting excavation is a dynamic process. An intense dynamic effect is captured at large excavation footage. The magnitude of energy release during full-face excavation with D＆B method is higher than that with TBM method under the same conditions. The energy release rate （ERR） and speed （ERS） also have similar trends. Therefore, the rockbursts in tunnels excavated by D＆B method are frequently encountered and more intensive than those by TBM method. Since the space after tunnel face is occupied by the backup system of TBM, prevention and control of rockbursts are more difficult. Thus, rockbursts in tunnels excavated by TBM method with the same intensity are more harmful than those in tunnels by D＆B method. Reducing tunneling rate of TBM seems to be a good means to decrease ERR and risk of rockburst. The rockbursts observed during excavation of headrace tunnels at Jinping II hydropower station in West China confirm the analytical results obtained in this paper.

周边眼偏位空孔爆破设计优化研究与应用

依据已有研究对空孔效应和设置空孔时裂纹扩展规律进行探讨,发现空孔有利于裂纹贯通,对提升爆破效果有一定帮助,但也发现传统的直线型空孔布置会导致裂纹偏向,即在空孔附近转向、偏离原发展路径,影响原设计开挖轮廓。若设置偏位空孔,则可充分利用空孔效应及导向作用以提高开挖质量。对于偏位空孔在爆破中的效应,采用数值模拟研究了不同炮孔间距、空孔偏位角下的裂纹扩展规律和炮孔间贯通情况,探讨了最优偏位角度设计,并根据模拟结果对现场爆破方案进行优化,研究实际应用效果。研究结果表明:偏位空孔对爆生裂纹具有较直线空孔更明显的导向作用,主要表现在爆生裂纹尖端向空孔本身发展或被空孔裂纹引导偏向、最终主裂纹与空孔连通或在空孔范围之外主裂纹相贯通,更利于炮孔主裂纹扩展与贯通;通过提取模拟结果并测量裂纹范围,对于孔间距在60 cm及以下时,适用于周边眼爆破设计的最优偏位角为15°,在此情况下炮孔连线方向形成了与孔心连线相平行的裂纹,能显著提升贯通效果;对于优化后的福厦铁路某隧道爆破施工方案,通过振速监测及超欠挖断面扫描分析,发现周边眼起爆引起的爆破振速降低了超过50%,超欠挖值也由平均25 cm降低至15 cm以内,整体应用效果良好。该项研究可为隧道爆破减振及超欠挖控制研究提供一定参考。

周边孔聚能装置间隔装药在光面爆破中的应用研究

隧道光面爆破工程的周边孔需要采用间隔装药方式,而大部分间隔装药方式采用“导爆索+雷管”联合起爆技术,此技术具有一定的局限性且经常发生拒爆现象。如何在保证隧道掘进效率的前提下提高光面爆破效果成为目前亟待解决的难题,从现场试验方面开展相关研究,提出“聚能装置+数码电子雷管”新型联合起爆技术,将其应用于高原某隧道,通过与原始的“导爆索+数码电子雷管”联合起爆技术的爆破后效果进行对比分析。实验结果表明:对比原始技术,新技术炸药单耗降低了0.2 kg/m^(3),半孔留痕率提高了5%,平均装药时间由原来的1.3 h降为1.0 h,稳定循环进尺的同时极大降低了耗材费用,提高了隧道光面爆破效果。

黑河连接洞开挖爆破对黑河引水洞稳定性的影响

鉴于施工支洞与主隧洞交叉段复杂的受力状态及稳定性问题日益引起关注,提出了兼顾考虑现场位差爆破时炸药段位的群孔爆破简化方法,拟定相应的隧洞开挖爆破动力荷载,采用三维动力有限元分析方法,研究了黑河连接洞与黑河引水隧洞交叉施工过程中,连接洞开挖爆破振动对已建引水洞围岩稳定及衬砌结构安全性的影响。结果表明,黑河引水洞衬砌各关键点振动速度随着与爆破荷载距离减小而逐渐增大,最大振速主要发生在交叉口往交叉角为锐角方向17m范围内,衬砌振速在0.733~9.76cm/s之间;爆破的衰减速度较快,在进行爆破时,应考虑爆破点位置以减少多余的处理措施。根据规范要求,仅有1个监测点最大振速略高于最低标准,且超出时间很短,可认为实施八期爆破施工满足要求。

基于3D激光感知的隧道爆破参数优化设计方法

为解决隧道爆破质量控制困难的问题,探究新型爆破参数优化方法,提出一种3D激光扫描技术与BP神经网络相结合的实时优化方法,对隧道爆破超欠挖感知及其后续钻爆参数进行实时修正,构建现场扫描方法、数据处理、点云提取与超欠挖图像等工作程序,建立BP神经网络模型、算法并确定模型参数。通过试验验证表明:1)将3D激光扫描技术应用于隧道爆破超欠挖质量感知中切实可行,与人工测量结果吻合较好,具有快速、实时和准确的优点;2)采用3D激光扫描方法能够对隧道爆破后的断面轮廓线进行精确评测,在获取爆破超欠挖的精细数据后,通过样本学习完成模型训练能推理出较为合理的爆破参数,改进后的优化方案使平均超挖降低54.8%。

巷道掘进爆破参数优化设计及施工

大红山铜矿巷道掘进爆破施工中存在超欠挖严重、炮孔利用率低和光面爆破效果差导致围岩破碎等问题。通过爆破理论优化设计和结合爆破现场试验,采用筒形掏槽爆破、间隔装药结构、精确延期时间和合理的炮孔间距的全断面爆破方案。结果表明:综合炮孔利用率能够达到93.5%。半孔痕率较矿山原方案提升了40%左右,平均循环进尺较矿山原方案提升了0.34 m,炮孔利用率较矿山原方案提升了13%左右。

鸭寨水库料场爆破方案设计及评价

结合工程实例,对鸭寨水库工程的坝体石方料开采以及爆破方案进行简要阐述。鸭寨水库沥青心墙土石坝工程区位于贵州省三都县,坝体石料开采条件较差。为满足施工工期,提高工程施工进度和施工效率,根据钻孔揭露地层岩性,采用浅孔与中深孔爆破法相结合的爆破方案,自上而下、分层台阶式施工。通过爆破效果原因分析以及对爆破参数和措施进行改进,有效解决了爆破石料级配不连续的问题。总结和积累的相关施工经验,对推动原岩节理和软弱夹层岩体爆破技术管控措施的改进、土石坝料场等类似工程的爆破方案设计具有一定借鉴意义。

叶巴滩水电站左岸坝肩槽开挖爆破技术

拱坝坝肩槽的开挖质量对工程运行的安全有重要影响,基于叶巴滩水电站左岸坝肩槽开挖,采用预裂孔+垂直梯段孔爆破技术搭配合理的钻爆参数,严格控制装药量及最大单响药量,并采用分段微差延时爆破技术,取得了良好的开挖效果并积累丰富的工程经验。现场开挖施工结果表明,坝肩槽开挖成型优良,且有效减少对保留岩体的损伤,使坝肩槽爆破开挖质量满足设计要求。

高速铁路隧道下穿尾矿库开挖安全稳定研究

尾矿库是防止环境污染的重要环保设施,一旦发生渗滤液渗漏、溃坝等,后果极为严重。当隧道从下方穿越尾矿库时,对尾矿库安全稳定存在一定影响。依托粗铅、电锌及渣综合利用工程的配套尾矿库旁大羊山隧道穿越项目,开展隧道开挖方式及尾矿库堆载对于尾矿库安全稳定的研究。经地质预报和监控量测分析,在离尾矿库较远处隧道采用控制爆破开挖,近接范围内采用机械开挖。利用数值模拟软件FLAC 3D,分别建立隧道机械开挖数值模型与尾矿库三维数值模型以分析隧道机械开挖及尾矿库堆渣对地表沉降影响。结果表明,隧道开挖造成的地表沉降对尾矿库最大影响约2.08 mm,尾矿库堆渣本身造成的地表沉降约10 mm,隧道开挖造成的地表沉降值小于尾矿库堆渣造成的地表沉降值。因此,隧道开挖不会对尾矿库安全造成影响。

小净距隧道先行洞爆破开挖对后行洞围岩稳定性影响研究

为研究小净距隧道先行洞爆破开挖对后行洞围岩稳定性的影响,以浙江义东高速防军隧道项目为工程背景,根据能量衰减规律推导出爆破施工中围岩振速计算公式,采用有限元软件MIDAS GTS NX模拟不同净距条件下围岩振速及应力的变化规律,将围岩振速数值结果与理论值进行对比分析,验证了振速计算公式的准确性。根据振速与应力之间关系,提出保证隧道安全施工的振速阈值。结果表明:后行洞围岩振速大小理论值与模拟值最大相对误差为5.9%,与现场监测数据最大相对误差为7%,验证了理论公式的准确性;后行洞隧道振速峰值与先行洞隧道爆破中心距呈负相关,围岩迎爆侧面监测点振速峰值大于背爆侧,2 D为防军隧道爆破施工时最小安全净距(D为隧道净距),此时上台阶开挖最大振速峰值约为下台阶的1.2倍;爆破开挖后围岩应力峰值与振速峰值主要集中在拱腰及拱脚附近,随着净距增大,先行洞对后行洞的影响逐渐减弱,最终忽略不计;爆破作用下,围岩应力峰值和振速峰值具有一定线性关系,保证隧道爆破安全施工的振速控制阈值为1.9 cm/s,研究成果可为今后类似小净距隧道工程爆破施工提供借鉴。

深埋高温硐室围岩开挖损伤规律研究

深部工程的高地应力与高地温问题将对地下资源开采和空间利用构成严峻挑战。通过建立深埋高温硐室爆破–卸荷–降温全过程的数值模型,并嵌入率相关岩石本构关系反映钻爆开挖和通风降温过程中的岩体动静态力学响应,分析了不同地应力条件下围岩开挖损伤的时空演化规律。计算结果表明:围岩在动态开挖过程中会由于爆破、卸荷或两者的共同作用产生初始动力损伤,而硐室通风冷却过程所诱发的热应力将在保留岩体中造成额外的热力损伤。在静水应力条件下,围岩动力损伤随地应力量级的提高表现出先减弱后增强的演化趋势,降温损伤则随地应力的上升而单调增大。在非静水应力条件下,硐室拱顶和拱腰附近岩体的动力损伤将随侧压力系数的增大而分别表现出先减小后增大和单调增大的演化趋势;在通风冷却阶段,应力水平较低的拱腰附近未产生显著的热力损伤,而拱顶围岩的热力损伤则随侧压力系数的提升而逐渐增强。

C型开口聚能管爆破机理与隧道光爆优化效果研究

超欠挖是钻爆法隧道施工的常见问题,与光面爆破效果密切相关。为有效解决隧道掘进超欠挖及常规聚能管不利于光爆层岩体破碎的问题,以优化调节爆轰能量为思路,采用理论分析和数值模拟方法研究C型开口聚能管的裂岩机理。研究结果表明采用C型开口聚能管与采用常规聚能管和常规药包的光面爆破相比具有以下显著优势:1)聚能管开口能显著提高光爆层岩体应力,使光爆层岩体率先损伤,引导岩体充分破碎;2)开口的存在间接增大了聚能方向上的拉应力,裂纹沿聚能方向定向扩展,超欠挖控制效果良好;3)与常规聚能管相比,非聚能方向的岩体应力降低更多,裂纹拓展更少,这更易于保护开挖轮廓线外侧围岩;4)C型开口聚能管可提高周边孔孔距和光爆层厚度,有利于提高光面爆破的效果;C型开口聚能管与常规爆破相比,超挖量降低83%,欠挖量降低68%,半孔率更高且开挖轮廓更平整,并可在一定程度上降低钻孔量和炸药单耗。总体上,C型开口聚能管的应用有利于提高隧道钻爆法施工的效率和质量。