Exploration of the Evaluation Method for the Soothing Effect of UV Induced Human Skin Damage Model

To explore the method of evaluating the soothing effect of human skin damage,a human skin damage model was established using UV light induction.Four test areas were set up,namely blank control area,UV damage prevention and soothing area,immediate soothing area after UV damage and soothing area after UV damage.Five skin parameters,including skin melanin,red pigment value,skin pigmentation value,a*value,and skin redness value,were used to characterize skin pigmentation before and after using the sample Changes in properties such as skin erythema and skin pigment.The results showed that the method showed significant changes in the skin condition of volunteers before and after using the sample,and could achieve a soothing effect,which has certain reference significance.

The‘skin effect’of subsurface damage distribution in materials subjected to high-speed machining

This paper proposes the‘skin effect’of the machining-induced damage at high strain rates.The paper first reviews the published research work on machining-induced damage and then identifies the governing factors that dominate damage formation mechanisms.Among many influential factors,such as stress-strain field,temperature field,material responses to loading and loading rate,and crack initiation and propagation,strain rate is recognized as a dominant factor that can directly lead to the‘skin effect’of material damage in a loading process.The paper elucidates that material deformation at high strain rates(>103 s−1)leads to the embrittlement,which in turn contributes to the‘skin effect’of subsurface damage.The paper discusses the‘skin effect’based on the principles of dislocation kinetics and crack initiation and propagation.It provides guidance to predicting the material deformation and damage at a high strain-rate for applications ranging from the armor protection,quarrying,petroleum drilling,and high-speed machining of engineering materials(e.g.ceramics and SiC reinforced aluminum alloys).

Quantification of thermal damage in skin tissue

Skin thermal damage or skin burns are the most commonly encountered type of trauma in civilian and military communities. Besides, advances in laser, microwave and similar technologies have led to recent developments of thermal treatments for disease and damage involving skin tissue, where the objective is to induce thermal damage precisely within targeted tissue structures but without affecting the surrounding, healthy tissue. Further, extended pain sensation induced by thermal damage has also brought great problem for burn patients. Thus, it is of great importance to quantify the thermal damage in skin tissue. In this paper, the available models and experimental methods for quantification of thermal damage in skin tissue are discussed.

Protective Effects of a Novel Preparation Consists of Concentrated Dead Sea Water and Natural Plants Extracts against Skin Photo-Damage

Background: Exposure to solar UV rays has deleterious effects on skin appearance through physiological and structural alterations that eventually lead to skin photo-damage. Aims: To test the photo-protective effect of a novel preparation, Dead Sea Osmoter Concentrate (DSOC), containing high concentration of Dead Sea water. Methods: Human skin organ culture was used as a model to assess the biological effects of UVB irradiation and the protective effect of topical application of DSOC preparation. Skin pieces were analyzed for mitochondrial activity by Alamar blue (resazurin) assay, for apoptosis by caspase 3 assay, for detoxification by proteasome 20S sub-unit activity and for skin hydration by aquaporin 3 (AQP3) membrane channels expression. Human subjects were tested to evaluate the effect of DSOC Serum, a topical formula for facial skin, on skin hydration by a corneometer. Results: UVB irradiation induced cell apoptosis in the epidermis of skin organ cultures and decreased their proteasome activity and AQP3 expression. Topical application of DSOC significantly attenuated all these effects. In human subjects, an elevation in the intense skin moisture, which was higher relatively to subjects’ regular moisturizer, was observed. Moreover, DSOC Serum boosted the hydration effect together with regular moisturizer. Conclusions: The results clearly demonstrate that DSOC preparation can significantly improve the skin capability in coping with UVB rays stress in different cellular functions such as anti-apoptotic properties as well as detoxification and hydration recovery that can attenuate biological effects of skin photo-damage. Topical application of DSOC Serum had contributed to skin appearance by a strong hydration impact, also as a booster.

Oxygen Penetration Through Full-Thickness Skin by Oxygen-Releasing Sutures for Skin Graft Transplantation

The transplantation of full-thickness skin grafts(FTSGs)is important for reconstructing skin barrier and promoting wound healing.Sufficient oxygen supply is closely related to the success of skin grafting.However,full-thickness oxygen delivery is limited by the poor oxygen permeability of skin.Oxygen-releasing sutures(O_(2)sutures)were developed to facilitate oxygen penetration through full-thickness skin.The O_(2)sutures delivered 100 times more oxygen than topical gaseous oxygen therapy at a 15 mm depth in the skin model.Under extreme hypoxia(<0.5%O_(2),v/v),O_(2)sutures could also promote endothelial cell proliferation.After the transplantation of FTSGs in mice,O_(2)sutures accelerated blood re-perfusion and increased the survival area of the skin graft.It is expected that O_(2)sutures will be adopted in clinical applications to increase the success rate of full-thickness skin transplantation.

Protection from Near-Infrared to Prevent Skin Damage

Over half of the solar energy consists of near-infrared, and in addition to natural near-infrared, humans are increasingly exposed to artificial near-infrared from electrical appliances. Thus, we are exposed to tremendous amounts of near-infrared. Despite the wide prevalence of a variety of ultraviolet blocking materials, the necessity to protect against near-infrared has not been well recognized. To clarify the necessity to protect against near-infrared, we assessed cell viability of human fibroblast cells after water-filtered broad-spectrum near-infrared (1100 - 1800 nm together with a water-filter that excludes wavelengths 1400 - 1500 nm) treatment using 2 sets of transparent polycarbonate plates, one to block ultraviolet and the other to block both ultraviolet and near-infrared. The cell viability was significantly decreased after 10 rounds of near-infrared irradiation at 20 J/cm2 in near-infrared treated cells without a protective polycarbonate plate and near-infrared treated cells using the polycarbonate plate to block only ultraviolet. Assuming that the cell viability of the non-irradiated control to be 100, the cell viability of the near-infrared treated cells without any protection was 0.2. The cell viability of the near-infrared treated cells with the polycarbonate plate to block only ultraviolet was 0.3, whereas both ultraviolet and near-infrared protected cells retained a viability of 85.1. The results of this study indicate that protection from not only ultraviolet but also near-infrared should be considered to prevent skin damage.

Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on 32 cases of full-thickness skin grafting for the repair of defects on the hand and foot

Full-thickness skin grafting is one of the most commonly used repair methods for skin defects. It has the advantage of wear-resistant with less scar hyperplasia and less difficult to operate with no symptoms. Hyperbaric oxygen was used in this study after full-thickness skin grafting from September 2012 to August 2016 to achieve the best effect of skin survival after surgery.

Correction of Scar Contracture Deformity of Dorsal Hand by Invisible Full-thickness Mesh Skin Graft

Objective To investigate the effect of invisible full-thickness mesh skin graft in the treatment of scar contracture deformity of the dorsal hand.Methods From January 2016 to February 2019,25 patients with cicatricial contracture deformity of dorsal hand admitted to our hospital underwent full thickness skin graft.During the operation,the scar healed completely and the superficial fascia remained intact.The wound surface was transplanted with invisible mesh full thickness skin graft.The survival of the skin graft and the recovery of hand function and appearance in the later period were observed after the operation.Results The skin grafts of 20 patients survived with high quality,3 cases had partial epidermis exfoliation,and 2 cases had partial epidermis scattered in blisters.After intensive dressing change,all wounds healed and no complications occurred after the operation.The hand function and appearance of the patients were obviously improved.Conclusion The application of full thickness skin graft to correct scar deformity has the advantages of good functional and appearance recovery and difficult postoperative contracture.Invisible full-thickness mesh skin graft is one of the ideal methods to correct scar contracture deformity of the dorsal hand.

Subsection and superposition method for reservoir formation damage evaluation of complex-structure wells

Kinds of complex-structure wells can effectively improve production,which are widely used.However,in the process of drilling and completion,complex-structure wells with long drilling cycle and large exposed area of reservoir can lead to the fact that reservoir near wellbore is more vulnerable to the working fluid invasion,resulting in more serious formation damage.In order to quantitatively describe the reservoir formation damage in the construction of complex-structure well,taking the inclined well section as the research object,the coordinate transformation method and conformal transformation method are given according to the flow characteristics of reservoir near wellbore in anisotropic reservoir.Then the local skin factor in orthogonal plane of wellbore is deduced.Considering the un-even distribution of local skin factor along the wellbore,the oscillation decreasing model and empirical equation model of damage zone radius distribution along the wellbore direction are established and then the total skin factor model of the whole well is superimposed to realize the reservoir damage evaluation of complex-structure wells.Combining the skin factor model with the production model,the production of complex-structure wells can be predicted more accurately.The two field application cases show that the accuracy of the model can be more than 90%,which can also fully reflect the invasion characteristics of drilling and completion fluid in any well section of complex-structure wells in anisotropic reservoir,so as to further provide guidance for the scientific establish-ment of reservoir production system.

The main causes and corresponding solutions of skin pigmentation in the body

The skin's normal color is primarily determined by the quantity and distribution of pigment,the level of hemoglobin in the skin's blood vessels,and various optical factors.Additionally,mechanical damage from clothing renders certain areas of the body more susceptible to hyperpigmentation,such as the elbows and knees.According to research,various factors such as gender and weight have been found to influence skin color.The mechanism of body skin pigmentation has been extensively studied with a particular focus on melanogenesis and related signaling pathways.Therefore,this article primarily focuses on elucidating the mechanisms governing body pigmentation while discussing strategies for managing skin whitening,encompassing influential factors and whitening methods.

大黄鱼鱼鳔低聚肽的制备及其延缓皮肤衰老的研究

以超氧阴离子自由基清除率为指标,采用单因素试验和响应面试验筛选制备大黄鱼鱼鳔低聚肽(HSBP),并利用人皮肤永生化角质形成细胞(HaCaT细胞)建立氧化损伤模型,检测HSBP对胶原蛋白、透明质酸分泌及抗氧化酶、β-半乳糖苷酶活力的影响,评价其氧化损伤修复活性;建立3D重组人表皮屏障损伤模型,分析HSBP对其组织形态学和皮肤屏障相关蛋白表达的影响,综合评价其延缓皮肤衰老的作用。结果表明:HSBP的最佳制备工艺为酶解时间4 h、酶解温度50℃、pH值7.5、菠萝蛋白酶添加量3400 U/g,在此工艺下,超氧阴离子自由基清除率为65.6%;HSBP的重均分子量为480 Da,无刺激性、无致敏性且无细胞毒性;HSBP能显著促进体外培养的氧化损伤细胞分泌透明质酸、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原蛋白,同时提高超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性;此外,HSBP还能降低丙二醛和β-半乳糖苷酶的含量,显著提高屏障损伤模型丝聚蛋白、兜甲蛋白、谷氨酰胺转移酶Ⅰ和水通道蛋白3的表达量,有效修复屏障损伤的皮肤组织状态,并明显增加活细胞层数。因此,HSBP能有效保护氧化损伤皮肤细胞并修复皮肤屏障损伤,起到延缓皮肤衰老的作用。

光伏电站供电线路绝缘皮破损漏电故障无人机巡检研究

由于光伏电站供电线路存在的电磁辐射问题,对无人机巡检的飞行过程造成了一定的干扰,影响了巡检结果的有效性。为了缓解电磁干扰问题,提出了光伏电站供电线路绝缘皮破损漏电故障无人机巡检方法的研究。解析光伏电站环境下的供电线路电磁干扰强度及其衰减特性,结合巡检需求,确定无人机的视野范围,以此规划无人机巡检的路径。获取该路径下的巡检图像数据并修正其畸变问题,通过二值化处理提取识别并提取绝缘皮破损漏电范围的边缘点。在此基础上,根据线路参数计算得出漏电故障的状态参数。经过测试可知,该方法在实践应用中得出的巡检结果,所表现出的准确度更高,有效性更好,满足了光伏电站供电线路的安全运维需求。

金枪鱼胶原低聚肽抑制皮肤细胞黑色素生成及抗氧化损伤作用研究

目的研究金枪鱼胶原低聚肽(tuna skin collagen oligo-peptide,TSCP)对黑色素生成的抑制作用及其对Hacat细胞氧化损伤的保护效果。方法通过研究TSCP对B16-f10细胞黑色素和酪氨酸酶生成的影响,对B16-f10细胞抗氧化活性分析,及对双氧水(hydrogen peroxide,H_(2)O_(2))诱导Hacat细胞氧化损伤的保护作用,揭示TSCP对黑色素生成的抑制作用及对Hacat细胞氧化损伤的保护机制。结果TSCP在0.01~1.00 mg/mL质量浓度范围内对B16-f10细胞无明显毒性,并能显著抑制酪氨酸酶活性和黑色素生成。在1.00 mg/mL质量浓度下,TSCP将黑色素含量降低至83.79%±4.31%(P<0.01),酪氨酸酶活力降低至78.14%±6.95%(P<0.001)。同时,TSCP显著降低了B16-f10细胞内的活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,1.00 mg/mL质量浓度下ROS含量下降至53.5%±4.4%(P<0.001),呈现出良好的抗氧化效果。此外,TSCP能够提升细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活力[(16.62±0.62)U/mg prot,P<0.001],降低氧化应激标志物丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的水平[(0.352±0.051)U/mg prot,P<0.001],并增强谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)的含量[(284.55±4.99)ng/mL,P<0.01]。在Hacat细胞模型中,TSCP同样无显著毒性,且在H_(2)O_(2)诱导的氧化损伤模型中,TSCP可显著提高细胞存活率,并抑制细胞凋亡,1.00 mg/mL TSCP处理后细胞存活率提高至73.66%±5.48%(P<0.01)。结论TSCP具有显著的抑制黑色素生成和抗氧化活性,展现出在皮肤美白和抗氧化治疗中的潜在应用价值。

克立硼罗软膏对小鼠银屑病的治疗作用及其机制实验研究

目的:探讨克立硼罗软膏对小鼠银屑病的治疗作用及其可能的机制。方法:选取40只雄性BALB/c裸鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性药组和克立硼罗软膏组,每组各10只。空白组备皮处涂抹凡士林软膏62.5 mg,其余组建立银屑病小鼠模型。建模成功后,于造模成功当天同时给药,模型组不做处理,阳性药组涂抹丁酸氢化可的松乳膏,克立硼罗软膏组涂抹克立硼罗软膏,均连续给药7 d。于给药第0、3、5、7天采用银屑病面积与严重性指数(PASI)评分评估小鼠皮损程度。采用ELISA法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平。采用流式细胞仪检测外周血辅助性T细胞17(Th17)和调节性T细胞(Treg)比例。采用HE染色观察皮肤组织病理学变化。Western blot检测小鼠皮肤组织中磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、p-AKT蛋白表达。结果:与模型组比较,阳性药组和克立硼罗软膏组小鼠给药第0、3、5、7天PASI评分降低,且克立硼罗软膏组低于阳性药组(均P<0.05)。与空白组比较,模型组血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IFN-γ水平升高(均P<0.05)。模型组血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IFN-γ水平高于阳性药组和克立硼罗软膏组,且阳性药组高于克立硼罗软膏组(均P<0.05)。与空白组比较,模型组外周血Th17细胞比例、Th17/Treg比值升高,Treg细胞比例下降(均P<0.05)。阳性药组Th17细胞比例、Th17/Treg比值高于克立硼罗软膏组,Treg细胞比例低于克立硼罗软膏组(均P<0.05)。HE染色结果显示,空白组小鼠皮肤结构完整,表皮颗粒层清晰,真皮区域未见炎症细胞,且无角化过度或不全情况。模型组小鼠表皮层过度角化,可见棘层变厚,真皮层出现新生血管,呈扩张和充血状态,且有炎症细胞浸润严重。阳性药组和克立硼罗软膏组小鼠皮肤角化状态趋于正常,角质层受损程度缓解,棘层变薄,真皮内少量新生血管,炎症反应轻微,且克立硼罗软膏组更明显。与空白组比较,模型组PI3K、p-AKT蛋白表达水平增加(均P<0.05)。阳性药组和克立硼罗软膏组PI3K、p-AKT蛋白表达水平较模型组降低,且克立硼罗软膏组低于阳性药组(均P<0.05)。结论:克立硼罗软膏可改善银屑病小鼠皮肤损害,减轻炎症反应,调节免疫功能,其机制可能与抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路有关。

Local Proinflammatory Effects of Repeated Skin Exposure to Warfarin, An Anticoagulant Rodenticide in Rats

Objective： To evaluate the effects of epicutaneous application of anticoagulant warfarin, by examining the presence of tissue injury and immune/inflammatory activity in exposed skin. Methods： Rats were exposed to warfarin by applying 10 μg of warfarin‐sodium to 10‐12 cm 2 skin （range 0.8‐1 μg per 1 cm 2 ） for 3 consecutive days. Tissue injury was evaluated by lipid peroxidation, histomorphological changes and signs of reparative activity in skin. T cell infiltration and selected aspects of epidermal cell activity were examined as indicators of immune/inflammatory skin response to warfarin application. Results： Repeated warfarin application exerted no effect on skin metabolic viability, but resulted in tissue injury （increased malondialdehyde, MDA, production, evident histo‐morphological changes in epidermis and dermis depicting cell injury and death）. Increased numbers of proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA ＋ ） cells indicated reparative processes in injured skin. Infiltration of CD3 ＋ cells （T lymphocytes） along with the increased production of tumor necrosis factor‐α （TNF‐α） by epidermal cells from warfarin‐treated skin and their co‐stimulatory effect in an in vitro T‐cell activation assay demonstrated immunomodulatory effects of epicutaneous warfarin. Conclusion： Presented data have documented tissue damage associated with immune/ inflammatory activity in skin exposed to warfarin. Observed effects are relevant to immunotoxic potential of this anticoagulant in settings of external exposure.

The CUL4A ubiquitin ligase is a potential therapeutic target in skin cancer and other malignancies

Cullin 4A(CUL4A)is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that directly affects DNA repair and cell cycle progression by targeting substrates including damage-specific DNA-binding protein 2(DDB2),xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C(XPC),chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1(Cdt1),and p21.Recent work from our laboratory has shown that Cul4a-deficient mice have greatly reduced rates of ultraviolet-induced skin carcinomas.On a cellular level,Cul4a-deficient cells have great capacity for DNA repair and demonstrate a slow rate of proliferation due primarily to increased expression of DDB2 and p21,respectively.This suggests that CUL4A promotes tumorigenesis(as well as accumulation of skin damage and subsequent premature aging)by limiting DNA repair activity and expediting S phase entry.In addition,CUL4A has been found to be up-regulated via gene amplification or overexpression in breast cancers,hepatocellular carcinomas,squamous cell carcinomas,adrenocortical carcinomas,childhood medulloblastomas,and malignant pleural mesotheliomas.Because of its oncogenic activity in skin cancer and up-regulation in other malignancies,CUL4A has arisen as a potential candidate for targeted therapeutic approaches.In this review,we outline the established functions of CUL4A and discuss the E3ligase’s emergence as a potential driver of tumorigenesis.

Polyneuropathy organomegaly endocrinopathy M-protein and skin changes syndrome with ascites as an early-stage manifestation:A case report

BACKGROUND Polyneuropathy organomegaly endocrinopathy M-protein and skin changes(POEMS)syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by a potential plasma cell tumor.The clinical manifestations of POEMS syndrome are diverse.Due to the insidious onset and lack of specific early-stage manifestations,POEMS syndrome is easily misdiagnosed or never diagnosed,leading to delayed treatment.Neurological symptoms are usually the first clinical manifestation,while ascites is a rare symptom in patients with POEMS syndrome.CASE SUMMARY A female patient presented with unexplained ascites as an initial symptom,which is a rare early-stage manifestation of the condition.After 1 year,the patient gradually developed progressive renal impairment,anemia,polyserosal effusion,edema,swollen lymph nodes on the neck,armpits,and groin,and decreased muscle strength of the lower extremities.The patient was eventually diagnosed with POEMS syndrome after multidisciplinary team discussion.Treatment comprised bortezomib+dexamethasone,continuous renal replacement therapy,chest and abdominal closed drainage,transfusions of erythrocytes and platelets,and other symptomatic and supportive treatments.The patient’s condition initially improved after treatment.However,then her symptoms worsened,and she succumbed to the illness and died.CONCLUSION Ascites is a potential early manifestation of POEMS syndrome,and this diagnosis should be considered for patients with unexplained ascites.Furthermore,multidisciplinary team discussion is helpful in diagnosing POEMS syndrome.

基于YOLOv7通道冗余改进的飞机蒙皮损伤检测

为提高蒙皮损伤检测的自动化程度,提出一种基于改进YOLOv7通道冗余的机器视觉检测方法。首先针对飞机蒙皮损伤数据集背景单一的特点,提出增强型颈部特征融合改进算法,提高了飞机蒙皮损伤的识别精度和检测速度;其次针对主干特征提取网络的卷积通道冗余的问题,引入部分卷积PConv(Partial convolution),提出主干特征提取网络轻量化,减少模型的参数量,同时提高损伤的识别效率。试验部分首先在飞机蒙皮损伤数据集上探索了不同增强型颈部特征融合改进算法,确定了最优的改进方案;接着在飞机蒙皮损伤数据集上做消融和对比试验,改进算法与原YOLOv7算法比较,mAP(Mean average precision)提升了2.3%,FPS(Frames per second)提升了22.1 f/s,模型参数量降低了34.13%;最后将改进的YOLOv7模型与主流目标检测模型对比,证明了改进算法的先进性。

根治性膀胱切除术后患者发生尿路造口周围潮湿相关性皮肤损伤的影响因素

目的探讨根治性膀胱切除术后患者发生尿路造口周围潮湿相关性皮肤损伤(PMASD)的影响因素。方法选取100例行根治性膀胱切除术治疗的膀胱癌患者作为研究对象,根据术后3个月是否发生PMASD分为发生组与未发生组。收集两组患者的一般资料和临床资料,分析根治性膀胱切除术后患者发生PMASD的影响因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估影响因素的预测价值。结果根治性膀胱切除术后患者PMASD的发生率为32.00%(32/100)。相比于未发生组,发生组的体质指数、造口渗漏次数更高,自我护理能力测定(ESCA)量表评分更低(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,体质指数、造口渗漏次数、ESCA量表评分是根治性膀胱切除术后患者发生PMASD的影响因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线结果显示,体质指数、造口渗漏次数、ESCA量表评分预测根治性膀胱切除术后患者发生PMASD的曲线下面积分别为0.921、0.622、0.855,体质指数和ESCA量表评分的曲线下面积大于造口渗漏次数的曲线下面积(P<0.05)。结论根治性膀胱切除术后患者PMASD的发生率较高,体质指数、造口渗漏次数、ESCA量表评分为根治性膀胱切除术后患者发生PMASD的影响因素,应针对肥胖及自护能力较弱的根治性膀胱切除术后患者采取针对性措施,以降低PMASD的发生率。

医疗失效模式及效应分析在腹部引流管管周潮湿相关性皮肤损伤管理中的应用

目的探讨医疗失效模式与效应分析(health care failure mode and effect analysis,HFMEA)在腹部引流管管周潮湿相关性皮肤损伤(moisture associated skin damage,MASD)中的应用效果。方法采用方便抽样法,选取我院2023年1-7月外科病房术后放置腹部引流管的患者360例。其中1-3月应用前的180例患者为对照组,4-7月应用后的180例患者为观察组。根据HFMEA质量改进方法,成立外科腹部引流管管周潮湿相关性皮肤损伤管理流程改进小组,并对其流程进行失效模式及潜在的原因分析,比较改进前后引流管管周MASD的发生率,引流管管周MASDⅢ+Ⅳ度的发生占比以及主要失效模式风险指数(risk priority number,RPN)值。结果实施医疗失效模式与效应分析管理后,引流管管周MASD的发生率下降(P<0.05),Ⅲ-Ⅳ度引流管管周MASD的发生减少(P<0.05),14项RPN比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论HFMEA管理模式有利于规范引流管管周MADS管理流程,规避护理风险。