Research on biological effects of C60 and its derivatives is one of the hotspots in the area of biological effects of nanomaterials. Compared with surface-modified C60 derivatives, reports on the biological effects of...Research on biological effects of C60 and its derivatives is one of the hotspots in the area of biological effects of nanomaterials. Compared with surface-modified C60 derivatives, reports on the biological effects of unmodified pristine C60 are relatively less. This work aimed to investigate the interaction between baby hamster kidney cells and pristine C60 in solution. The C60 suspension was prepared using solvent exchange method and characterized by UV spectrophotometry, electronic transmission microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. The baby hamster kidney cells were incubated with different concentrations of C60 suspensions, and light microscopy, cell counting kit 8 assay, and acridine orange staining were used to observe the cell growth and morphology. The results showed that C60 could ihibit the cell growth and induce cell apoptosis with a dose-effect relationship. C60 might enter cells and the possible way it enters cells were also proposed.展开更多
The focus of environmental regulations has changed significantly since the introduction of the bioassay as a standard means of assessing environmental impact.Prominent in this change is an increasing emphasis on prote...The focus of environmental regulations has changed significantly since the introduction of the bioassay as a standard means of assessing environmental impact.Prominent in this change is an increasing emphasis on protecting the integrity of natural ecosystems,which incorporate community-and system-level properties as well as organismal and population processes.Consequently,support for the use of multispecies testing has widened to include not only ecologists in academia but environmental scientists in the regulatory and industrial sector as well.The reason for this trend is clear:the additional environmental realism gained from tests utilizing communities of organisms allows for greater insight into the potential hazard of chemicals and other forms of human activity to natural ecosystems that cannot be obtained from single species tests alone.Many of the problems cited for multispecies testing early in their evolution as a hazard assessment tool have been refuted or overcome.In particular,the use of natural microbial communities minimizes several shortcomings typically associated with multispecies toxicity testing.This discussion includes the utility of microcosm and mesocosm tests using aquatic microbial communities as hazard assessment tools in conjunction with accumulating information on their performance in toxicity testing protocols.An increasing body of experimental evidence supports an expansion in the use of these tests for a variety of regulatory and research purposes.A shift in research focus is needed,however,to answer remaining questions and further refine standard protocols for these valuable ecotoxicological tools.展开更多
The efforts of heavy metals on activated sludge microorganisms are reviewed. Although some heavy metals play an important role in the life of microorganism, heavy metals concentrations above toxic levels inhibit biolo...The efforts of heavy metals on activated sludge microorganisms are reviewed. Although some heavy metals play an important role in the life of microorganism, heavy metals concentrations above toxic levels inhibit biological processes. Copper, zinc, nickel,cadmium and chromium were mostly studied because of their toxicity and widely used, regardless of single or combination. The microorganism response to these heavy metals varied with species and concentrations of metals,factors such as pH, sludge age, MLSS etc. also affect toxicity on the microorganism. The acclimation could extend the microorganism tolerance of heavy metals. The effects of heavy metals on sludge microorganisms could be described with different models, such as Sigmoidal and Monod equation. The kinetic constants are the useful indexes to estimate the heavy metals inhibition on activated sludge system. Methods to measure the toxicity and effects on microorganism community were also reviewed.展开更多
Fungi and bacteria afflict humans with innumerous pathogen-related infections and ailments.Most of the commonly employed microbicidal agents target commensal and pathogenic microorganisms without discrimination.To dis...Fungi and bacteria afflict humans with innumerous pathogen-related infections and ailments.Most of the commonly employed microbicidal agents target commensal and pathogenic microorganisms without discrimination.To distinguish and fight the pathogenic species out of the microflora,novel antimicrobials have been developed that selectively target specific bacteria and fungi.The cell wall features and antimicrobial mechanisms that these microorganisms involved in are highlighted in the present review.This is followed by reviewing the design of antimicrobials that selectively combat a specific community of microbes including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as well as fungi.Finally,recent advances in the antimicrobial immunomodulation strategy that enables treating microorganism infections with high specificity are reviewed.These basic tenets will enable the avid reader to design novel approaches and compounds for antibacterial and antifungal applications.展开更多
The development of CRISPR-Cas9 based genetic manipulation tools represents a huge breakthrough in life sciences and has been stimulating research on metabolic engineering,synthetic biology,and systems biology.The CRIS...The development of CRISPR-Cas9 based genetic manipulation tools represents a huge breakthrough in life sciences and has been stimulating research on metabolic engineering,synthetic biology,and systems biology.The CRISPR-Cas9 and its derivative tools are one of the best choices for precise genome editing,multiplexed genome editing,and reversible gene expression control in microorganisms.However,challenges remain for applying CRISPR-Cas9 in novel microorganisms,especially those industrial microorganism hosts that are intractable using traditional genetic manipulation tools.How to further extend CRISPR-Cas9 to these microorganisms is being an urgent matter.In this review,we first introduce the mechanism and application of CRISPR-Cas9,then discuss how to optimize CRISPR-Cas9 as genome editing tools,including but not limited to how to reduce off-target effects and Cas9 related toxicity,and how to increase on-target efficiency by optimizing crRNA and sgRNA design.展开更多
文摘Research on biological effects of C60 and its derivatives is one of the hotspots in the area of biological effects of nanomaterials. Compared with surface-modified C60 derivatives, reports on the biological effects of unmodified pristine C60 are relatively less. This work aimed to investigate the interaction between baby hamster kidney cells and pristine C60 in solution. The C60 suspension was prepared using solvent exchange method and characterized by UV spectrophotometry, electronic transmission microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. The baby hamster kidney cells were incubated with different concentrations of C60 suspensions, and light microscopy, cell counting kit 8 assay, and acridine orange staining were used to observe the cell growth and morphology. The results showed that C60 could ihibit the cell growth and induce cell apoptosis with a dose-effect relationship. C60 might enter cells and the possible way it enters cells were also proposed.
基金This manuscript and specific ex periments discussed within were sponsored,in part,by grants from The Procter&Gamble Company and the du Pont Educational Foundation,altbough the authors take full responsibility for the views ex-pressed herein.
文摘The focus of environmental regulations has changed significantly since the introduction of the bioassay as a standard means of assessing environmental impact.Prominent in this change is an increasing emphasis on protecting the integrity of natural ecosystems,which incorporate community-and system-level properties as well as organismal and population processes.Consequently,support for the use of multispecies testing has widened to include not only ecologists in academia but environmental scientists in the regulatory and industrial sector as well.The reason for this trend is clear:the additional environmental realism gained from tests utilizing communities of organisms allows for greater insight into the potential hazard of chemicals and other forms of human activity to natural ecosystems that cannot be obtained from single species tests alone.Many of the problems cited for multispecies testing early in their evolution as a hazard assessment tool have been refuted or overcome.In particular,the use of natural microbial communities minimizes several shortcomings typically associated with multispecies toxicity testing.This discussion includes the utility of microcosm and mesocosm tests using aquatic microbial communities as hazard assessment tools in conjunction with accumulating information on their performance in toxicity testing protocols.An increasing body of experimental evidence supports an expansion in the use of these tests for a variety of regulatory and research purposes.A shift in research focus is needed,however,to answer remaining questions and further refine standard protocols for these valuable ecotoxicological tools.
文摘The efforts of heavy metals on activated sludge microorganisms are reviewed. Although some heavy metals play an important role in the life of microorganism, heavy metals concentrations above toxic levels inhibit biological processes. Copper, zinc, nickel,cadmium and chromium were mostly studied because of their toxicity and widely used, regardless of single or combination. The microorganism response to these heavy metals varied with species and concentrations of metals,factors such as pH, sludge age, MLSS etc. also affect toxicity on the microorganism. The acclimation could extend the microorganism tolerance of heavy metals. The effects of heavy metals on sludge microorganisms could be described with different models, such as Sigmoidal and Monod equation. The kinetic constants are the useful indexes to estimate the heavy metals inhibition on activated sludge system. Methods to measure the toxicity and effects on microorganism community were also reviewed.
文摘Fungi and bacteria afflict humans with innumerous pathogen-related infections and ailments.Most of the commonly employed microbicidal agents target commensal and pathogenic microorganisms without discrimination.To distinguish and fight the pathogenic species out of the microflora,novel antimicrobials have been developed that selectively target specific bacteria and fungi.The cell wall features and antimicrobial mechanisms that these microorganisms involved in are highlighted in the present review.This is followed by reviewing the design of antimicrobials that selectively combat a specific community of microbes including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as well as fungi.Finally,recent advances in the antimicrobial immunomodulation strategy that enables treating microorganism infections with high specificity are reviewed.These basic tenets will enable the avid reader to design novel approaches and compounds for antibacterial and antifungal applications.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0901600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31900052)Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2020182).
文摘The development of CRISPR-Cas9 based genetic manipulation tools represents a huge breakthrough in life sciences and has been stimulating research on metabolic engineering,synthetic biology,and systems biology.The CRISPR-Cas9 and its derivative tools are one of the best choices for precise genome editing,multiplexed genome editing,and reversible gene expression control in microorganisms.However,challenges remain for applying CRISPR-Cas9 in novel microorganisms,especially those industrial microorganism hosts that are intractable using traditional genetic manipulation tools.How to further extend CRISPR-Cas9 to these microorganisms is being an urgent matter.In this review,we first introduce the mechanism and application of CRISPR-Cas9,then discuss how to optimize CRISPR-Cas9 as genome editing tools,including but not limited to how to reduce off-target effects and Cas9 related toxicity,and how to increase on-target efficiency by optimizing crRNA and sgRNA design.
