Characteristics of Gas Emission at Super-Length Fully-Mechanized Top Coal Caving Face

Characteristics of gas emission at the K8206 working face in the Third mine of the Yangquan Coal Group were investigated. The effects of strata movement,advancing velocity of working face,production capacity of working face and gas extraction capability of strike high-level entry on gas emission at K8206 working face were analyzed. A regression equation,reflecting the relationship between relative gas emission rate and the production capacity of work-ing faces,was established. Another regression equation showing the relationship between the gas emission rate from adjacent layers when the working face was advancing for one metre and advancing velocity was derived. It can be con-cluded that,1) the amount of gas emitted at the K8206 working face is far greater than that of ordinary top coal caving faces with a dip length of 180-190 m; 2) the dynamic process of gas emission from adjacent layers during the initial mining stage is controlled by the movement of key strata; 3) the amount of gas emitted that needs to be forced out by air is greatly affected by the capability of gas extraction; 4) when the advancing velocity is between 3.5-5.5 m/d or when the output is up to 8-12 kt/d,the gas emission from adjacent layers is almost constant.

Study on gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized longwall with top-coal caving and its application

Based on the engineering background of gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized longwall with top coal caving(GER-FLTC) on N2105 working face of Yuwu coal mine, by adopting the methods of theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, the control techniques of surrounding rocks in GER-FLTC working face are studied in this paper. The two main difficulties of stability of surrounding rocks at gob-side retained entry in fully-mechanized longwall working face are the stability control of top coal and control of large deformation of GER-FLTC working face. Interaction mechanical model between roofing and roadside backfilling in GER-FLTC is established and the equations for the calculation of roof-cutting resistance of roadside backfilling are derived. Results of numerical calculation show that the damage zones of top coal can be categorized into the delaminating zone of top coal above the backfilling, tensile damage zone of top coal above the retained roadway and shear damage zone of the upper rib of the solid coal. Stability control of top coal is the critical part to success of GER-FLTC. With consideration of large deformation of surrounding rocks of gob-side retained entry in fully-mechanized longwall, the support technique of‘‘roofing control and wall strengthening'' is proposed where high strength and highly prestressed anchor rods and diagonal tensile anchor cables support are used for top coal, high strength and highly prestressed yielding anchor rod support is used for solid coal and roadside prestressed load-carrying backfilling is constructed by high-water material, in order to maintain the integrity of the top coal, transfer load, high resistance yielding load-carrying of solid coal, roof-cutting of roadside backfilling and support,and to achieve GER-FLTC. Results from this study are successfully applied in engineering practice.

SAFETY PROBLEMS IN FULLY-MECHANIZED TOP-COAL CAVING LONGWALL FACES

The thick-san top-ctal catrig technology has been in use in China for over a decade,and has given rise to siguscant economic efficiendes. Eftorts in reeent years to extend its applica tion to more complex mining conditions, mostly high-gas seams , with or without proneness ofspontaneous combustion. have brought about new safety problems This paper will highlight thefcatures and problems retared with thick-seam top-coal caving systems, compared with conventionai, fully-mecbanized longwall systems , particularly issues retated to methane, spontaneous combustion and dust,and disam the methods and measures to ded with them.

Study on safe thickness of overlying thin bedrock in fully-mechanized top-coal caving face with thick coal seam

To prevent support crush, the overlying strata safe thickness and its influential elements were studied by the adoption of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and in-situ measurement. According to the production and geological condition of first face in Sima coal mine, the results indicate that the clay contains large permissible bearing ability and has better arching force. After mining destruction, stable structure is formed in bedrock to ensure face safety. The clay thickness ＆ bedrock thickness are the key influential elements to stable structure. The minimal bedrock thickness is about 40 m to ensure safe mining under loose surface soil condition. When surface soil contains mainly thick clay, it forms steady structure with the composition of thin bedrock, so that it can reduce minimal thickness of bedrock and to ensure safe mining. When clay thickness is 40 m, minimal bedrock thickness is 20 m. When clay thickness is 30 m, minimal bedrock thickness is 30 m. Bearing pressure peak ranges from 5 to 15 m in the front face under thin bedrock condition. The bearing pressure distribution range is 15 m. Main roof break distance is small, and initial weighting of main roof is not distinctive, while first periodic weighting of main roof is quite distinctive.

Analysis on distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face

The three-dimensional damage constitutive relationship of coal is established and distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face under the effect of given deformation of the main roof is analyzed by the damage mechanics theory. And the relationship between distribution of the abutment pressure and thickness of coal seam is explored. The presented result is of great theoretical significance and practical value to the study on stability control of the surrounding rock of road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face.

Measurement of overburden failure zones in close-multiple coal seams mining

In the Kaiping Coal field,mining of five coal seams,located within 80 m in the Kailuan Group,#5,#7,#8,#9 and#12 coal seam,is difficult due to small interburden thickness,concentrated stress distributions,high coal seam metamorphism,and complex geological conditions.By using the ZTR12 geological penetration radar(GPR)survey combined with borehole observations,the overburden caving due to mining of the five coals seams was measured.The development characteristics of full-cover rock fractures after mining were obtained from the GPR scan,which provides a measurement basis for the control of rock strata in close multiple coal seam mining.For the first time,it was found that the overburden caving pattern shows a periodic triangular caved characteristic.Furthermore,it is proposed that an upright triangular collapsed pile masonry and an inverted triangular with larger fragments piled up alternately appear in the lower gob.The research results show that the roof structure formed in the gob area can support the key overlying strata,which is beneficial to ensure the integrity and stability of the upper coal seams in multiple-seam mining of close coal seams.

Ground pressure and overlying strata structure for a repeated mining face of residual coal after room and pillar mining

To investigate the abnormal ground pressures and roof control problem in fully mechanized repeated mining of residual coal after room and pillar mining, the roof fracture structural model and mechanical model were developed using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. The roof fracture characteristics of a repeated mining face were revealed and the ground pressure law and roof supporting condi- tions of the repeated mining face were obtained. The results indicate that when the repeated mining face passes the residual pillars, the sudden instability causes fracturing in the main roof above the old goal and forms an extra-large rock block above the mining face. A relatively stable ＂Voussoir beam＂ structure is formed after the advance fracturing of the main roof. When the repeated mining face passes the old goaf, as the large rock block revolves and touches gangue, the rock block will break secondarily under overburden rock loads. An example calculation was performed involving an integrated mine in Shanxi province, results showed that minimum working resistance values of support determined to be reason- able were respectively 11,412 kN and 10,743 kN when repeated mining face passed through residual pillar and goaf. On-site ground pressure monitoring results indicated that the mechanical model and support resistance calculation were reasonable.

Experiment Research of Application of FMCCT in Complex-Condition Coal Seams

The fully-mechanized caving coal technique (FMCCT) is a great technique progress of mining method in thick coal seams in China, and it has succeeded in some suitable condition mines. This paper introduces some technical measures and achieved outcomes in gas and fire precaution and support selection for the use of the fully-mechanized caving coal technique in the complex-condition coal seams based on the practice of Weijiadi Coal Mine, in which the technique is used in the gently inclined extremelythick soft coal seam with the dangers of coal and gas outburst and spontaneous combustion.

两次采动影响下小煤柱巷道切顶卸压围岩控制技术

为解决多次采动影响下留小煤柱巷道矿压显现剧烈、围岩变形量大的问题,提出了“切顶卸压+顶、帮锚索补强”联合控制技术。以贾家沟煤矿10115运输巷为工程背景,分析了切顶卸压位置、高度与巷道围岩垂直应力分布的关系,给出切顶卸压关键参数,并研究了留小煤柱巷道在切顶卸压后受两次采动影响下的矿压显现规律。结果表明:切顶卸压后,煤柱上的应力峰值随切顶深度的增加呈指数降低;10115运输巷在邻近工作面一次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出无变形、缓慢变形、快速变形和围岩稳定的变化规律,本工作面二次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出明显变形和剧烈变形的规律;巷道围岩在受二次采动影响时变形更加剧烈,巷道变形量为一次采动时的3.0~7.5倍。

厚硬顶板刀把形采空区下综放工作面冲击地压机制研究

不规则的开采空间结构可增大煤矿冲击地压危险,研究多煤层复杂开采空间结构下工作面冲击机制对煤炭资源安全采出具有重要意义。综合采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场监测等方法,研究了某矿井W1123综放工作面的动静载分布特征,分析了冲击显现机制,提出了针对性的防冲措施并进行现场应用。结果表明,上覆刀把形采空区和厚硬顶板综合作用下W1123工作面动静载分布具有区域性特征,当工作面仅受到刀把形采空区的“刀柄”作用或同时受“刀柄”和“刀身”作用时,工作面中下部和区段煤柱静载集中、动载扰动剧烈,工作面回风巷围岩也存在动静载集中,且距离刀把形采空边界越近则围岩动静载越高;仅受“刀身”作用时,工作面回风巷围岩静载集中受动载扰动。工作面静载集中区和动载扰动区重合,动静载叠加造成冲击显现。依据刀把形采空区结构特征,W1123工作面回采期间冲击类型依次为强动载型、高静载强动载型、高静载型。数值模拟和现场监测揭示的冲击危险区与理论分析结果一致。针对W1123工作面静动载分布特征,优化设计了冲击地压防治措施,增大了厚硬顶板处理高度和破碎程度、增加了工作面运输巷煤体爆破和煤柱切顶以降低顶板和煤体应力和能量集中;优化措施实施后,工作面微震事件日均能量总体下降54%,大能量事件大幅减少,冲击地压危险显著降低。该研究结果可为相似条件矿井的冲击地压防治提供借鉴。

矿井综放工作面安全高效回采技术研究

针对山西某矿13102综放工作面在进行放顶煤作业时,在初采阶段存在悬顶面积大,在回采阶段存在顶煤放煤效果差及在推采作业中易发生推采上窜下移等不足,为有效解决上述问题,基于13102综放工作面工程概况,提出了可通过进行水力压裂切眼顶板,对推采放煤工艺进行改进优化等措施来提升放煤效果,经综合应用这些措施后,13102综放工作面很少再出现大面积悬顶现象,顶煤垮落也更及时、更均匀,放煤头尾安全出口也更畅通,实现了安全高效放煤,取得了较好的放煤效果,可为类似工况下的综放工作面安全高效开采提供参考。

南阳煤业综放工作面坚硬顶板控制技术研究

针对南阳煤业3#煤层顶板岩层厚度大、硬度大不易垮落的问题,提出在开切眼和回采巷道同时布置爆破孔,对顶板岩层进行爆破弱化处理。采用理论分析、数值模拟的方法确定了爆破方案及爆破孔参数,并且在南阳煤业3203综放工作面进行了现场试验。结果发现,对顶板进行爆破弱化处理后,顶板岩层垮落效果良好,顶煤冒放性明显提升,顶煤回收率可达86%。

龙岩市非煤矿山顶板事故分析与管理措施

顶板事故在非煤地下矿山事故中占比最多,顶板管理是非煤地下矿山安全管理的重点和难点。统计分析龙岩市2008—2023年共15a的顶板事故情况,总结非煤矿山顶板事故的特点。研究得出,矿井爆破工艺技术水平低及在大暴露空间下进行作业是顶板事故原因。提出改善措施,将中深孔爆破分段崩落采矿法代替空场法,但受到矿石价格影响,该方法成本高,当前可行性低;通过推广应用凿岩台车、撬毛台车等机械工具,严格控制井下采掘作业空间宽度和高度等措施,加强顶板管理,努力实现顶板零事故。

工作面停采煤柱宽度的确定与实践

燕子山矿采用宽煤柱方式护巷,煤柱宽度约60 m,造成资源的严重浪费。通过对回风巷的受力变化规律进行监测分析,得出工作面回采对巷道压力影响的临界距离为35 m。以此为依据,在综合考虑8210工作面特殊性的基础上,分析得出该工作面最佳停采煤柱宽度为38~45 m。为检验8210工作面煤柱宽度,该矿在回风大巷开展了顶板钻孔窥视工作,检测顶板煤层回采期间和停采后的变化情况,窥视检测结果表明,工作面留设38~45 m煤柱宽度能够保证巷道围岩的稳定性,是安全可靠的。

放顶煤开采顶板控制参数优化研究

针对某矿的放顶煤工艺存在顶板管理及回采率较低的问题,通过分析巷道和破碎顶的顶板管理及回采率低的原因,提出了对采煤工艺的优化设计,具体优化了放煤步距及采放比,并进行实际应用。结果表明,将放煤步距设为1.13 m、采放比设为1.08,使用一采一放的放煤工艺后,工作面的回采率达到92.1%,保证了煤炭资源的高效开采。

煤矿综放工作面矿压显现规律与切顶压架预警指标分析

煤矿特厚煤层综放开采时受技术装备等条件限制,放顶煤时由于顶板松散程度较高难以形成稳定结构,导致工作面顶板更容易大面积切落,瞬间冲击支架,损坏液压支架结构,严重影响矿井安全高效生产。以不连沟煤矿F6218综放工作面为工程背景,通过实测数据分析了工作面支架初撑力、安全阀开启情况及工作阻力频率等支架基本工况,揭示了工作面矿压显现规律,建立了适合该矿的切顶压架灾害预警指标体系。结果表明:不连沟煤矿预警指标界限分别为循环增阻率40 kN/min、安全阀开启率50%、动载系数1.4、活柱下缩量500 mm、支架前柱不低于25 MPa,前柱合格率不低于90%;后柱不低于20 MPa,后柱合格率不低于90%。

综放沿空巷道顶煤受力变形分析

根据砌体梁理论 ,老顶以给定变形方式作用于综放沿空巷道围岩 ,应用能量原理分析了巷道围岩的变形机理 ,建立了巷道顶煤的力学模型 ,运用变分法对老顶给定变形下顶煤的变形进行了初步求解 ,并对顶煤下沉量与支护阻力、煤体弹性模量、巷道宽度的关系进行了探讨。

超长孤岛综放工作面支承压力分布规律研究

为对超长孤岛综放工作面围岩稳定性和顶煤冒放性进行控制,采用FLAC3D有限元软件对比分析了超长孤岛工作面的支承压力分布特征。研究老顶上覆岩层应力场的变化规律,分析初采期间和正常推进期间工作面超前支承压力分布规律。老顶岩层内工作面超前支承压力存在两个峰值区域,工作面后方支承压力沿面长方向的中间存在一个峰值区域,两者之间为低支承压力区域。顶煤层位支承压力峰值大于煤层的机采层位,但支承压力的影响范围小于机采层位,且顶煤的极限平衡区宽度较机采层大。工作面正常推进期间较初采期间的支承压力极限平衡区宽度增大,孤岛工作面加长后支承压力峰值系数在初采期间增加,而在正常推进期间降低。超长孤岛工作面减小孤岛工作面侧向支承压力的叠加影响。

浅埋深厚煤层综放开采顶板断裂力学模型

根据浅埋深特厚煤层综放开采采高大,采空区垮落矸石不充分,不能有效支撑老顶岩梁,造成老顶架后切落的特点,建立了老顶断裂力学模型,利用断裂力学理论推导了老顶的断裂步距和支架的合理工作阻力.结果表明,老顶的断裂步距不仅与老顶的岩性特征和上覆岩层的荷载有关,而且与支架的工作阻力和水平挤压力有关.对平朔安家岭地下矿综放开采支架合理工作阻力进行分析,理论结果和实测结果比较一致.

特厚煤层综放开采支架工作阻力的确定

采用理论分析的方法对特厚煤层综放开采顶板岩层所成结构及支架工作阻力进行了研究。根据特厚煤层综放开采顶板岩层形成的"悬臂梁-铰接岩梁"结构,给出了直接顶、基本顶的新概念及判据;得出了特厚煤层综放开采支架工作阻力的解析计算式,并进行了实例验证。最后对所选架型现场的动态承载特征及其适应性进行了分析。结果表明:依据支架工作阻力解析式计算结果所选架型可靠性高、支架运行合理,利用率高,对工作面顶板条件适应性较好。