Fusarium species commonly occur in maize are fungal pathogen which produce mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, trichothecene and zearalenone. In this study, Fusarium species were isolated from maize kernel from Tretep, mai...Fusarium species commonly occur in maize are fungal pathogen which produce mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, trichothecene and zearalenone. In this study, Fusarium species were isolated from maize kernel from Tretep, maize producer region and were identified based on microscopic- and macroscopic characters as well as molecular characters using PCR assays and the partial sequence of TEF 1-α gene （Translation Elongation Factor 1-α. The fumonisin-producing ability of these Fusarium was determined by growing them in corn medium and analyzed their fumonisin by ELISA （enzyme-linked immuno assay）. Among 9 isolates, three of them were identified as Fusarium verticillioides, two as Fusarium temperatum, two as Fusarium globosum, one as Fusarium proliJeratum and one as Fusarium subglutinans. Fusarium temperatum is similar morphologically to F. subglutinans, however, both of their differences can be found by molecular analysis. Fumonisin-producing abilities of Fusarium were determined in concentrations 20.51 pg/g-1,109.74 pg/g medium with the highest producer was identified as F. globosum.展开更多
Two important mycotoxins, aflatoxin and fumonisin, are among the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens, contaminating maize(Zea mays) and affecting crop yield and quality.Resistance of maize to pre-harvest mycot...Two important mycotoxins, aflatoxin and fumonisin, are among the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens, contaminating maize(Zea mays) and affecting crop yield and quality.Resistance of maize to pre-harvest mycotoxin contamination, specifically aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and fumonisin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, is a goal in breeding programs that screen for these important traits with the aim of developing resistant commercial hybrids. We conducted two years of field evaluations on 87 inbred lines originating primarily in China and Mexico and not previously screened for resistance.The objectives of our study were to identify resistant germplasm for breeding purposes and to examine possible relationships between resistances to the two mycotoxins. Aflatoxin and fumonisin were present in samples harvested from all lines in both years.Concentrations of total aflatoxin ranged from 52.00 ± 20.00 to 1524.00 ± 396.00 μg kg^(-1),while those of fumonisin ranged from 0.60 ± 0.06 to 124.00 ± 19.50 mg kg^(-1). The inbred lines TUN15, TUN61, TUN37, CY2, and TUN49 showed the lowest aflatoxin accumulation and CN1, GT601, TUN09, TUN61, and MP717 the lowest fumonisin accumulation. TUN61 showed the lowest accumulation of both mycotoxins. This study confirmed previous observations that high levels of aflatoxin can coexist with fumonisin, with 55 maize lines showing a positive correlation coefficient between the concentrations of aflatoxin and fumonisin and 32 lines showing a negative correlation coefficient. These selected lines,particularly TUN61, may provide sources of resistance to mycotoxin contamination in breeding programs. However, the mechanism of resistance in this germplasm remains to be identified. Future research should also address factors that influence the fungus–plant interaction, such as herbivory and environmental stress.展开更多
Objective Fumonisin B1(FB1)is an important mycotoxin in nature worldwide.The biomechanical properties of cells are closely related to their structure and function,and the cytoskeleton is the structural and functional ...Objective Fumonisin B1(FB1)is an important mycotoxin in nature worldwide.The biomechanical properties of cells are closely related to their structure and function,and the cytoskeleton is the structural and functional basis of cells motility,and therefore,from a biomechanical point of view,the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of FB1 on the biomechanical properties,migration capacity and cytoskeletal structure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs),which may lay an experimental foundation for further exploration of the toxicity mechanism of fumonisin.Methods HUVECs were cultured and treated with different concentrations of FB1.Then,CCK-8 kit was used to detect the effect of FB1 on the survival rate.The osmotic fragility of the cells was measured after treatment with different osmotic pressures for30 min.The cell membrane fluidity was measured by fluorescence polarization method.The cell electrophoretic mobility was measured by cell electrophoretic apparatus.The migration capacity of the cells was observed by scratch repair assay.The changes of reactive oxygen species and cytoskeletal structure were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy.Finally,the mRNA and protein relative expression levels of cytoskeletal binding proteins were detected by real-time PCR,Western blotting and confocal laser scanning.Results The results of CCK-8 showed that FB1 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of HUVECs in a dose-and time-dependent manner.After treatment of HUVECs with FB1,the hypotonic resistance of the cell,cell surface charge,cell membrane fluidity and migration capacity were all weakened,while reactive oxygen species were significantly increased and the cytoskeletal structure was significantly reorganized.Furthermore,RTPCR results showed that the mRNA relative expression levels of cytoskeletal binding proteins,exception of actin,were down-regulated after treated with FB1.Besides,Western blotting and statistical analysis based on fluorescence intensity of laser confocal microscopy confirmed theses changes in protein level.Conclusions FB1 can significantly affect the biomechanical properties and motility of HUVECs,which may be directly correlated to the remodel of F-actin cytoskeleton,as well as the relative expression changes of cytoskeletal binding proteins.It is significant for further exploring the toxicity mechanism of fumonisin.展开更多
Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of human regeneration and disease processes including atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, cancer, and different neurodegenerative diseases.The aim of this study was to...Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of human regeneration and disease processes including atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, cancer, and different neurodegenerative diseases.The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis DSM 20076 (LL-DSM) and Pediococcus acidilactici NNRL B-5627 (PA-NNRL) against the hepatic-and nephro-toxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in FB1-treated rats for an experimental period of 4-weeks. Eighty mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided to 12 groups: 1 untreated group;3 groups fed by a FB1-contaminated diet (50, 100 and 200 mg FB1/kg diet,respectively);1 group fed orally by LL-DSM(1 ml/d);1 group fed orally by PA-NNRL (1 ml/d);3 groups co-administered by FB1-contaminated diet and LL-DSM (1 ml/d), and 3 groups coadministered by FB1-contaminated diet and PA-NNRL(1 ml/d). Malonaldehyde (MDA) nitric oxide, glutathione content, SOD activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined. DPA assay was used to assess apoptosis in liver and kidney tissues.The animals fed with FB1-contaminated diet showed a significant increase in oxidative stress markers and DNA fragmentation accompanied with significant decrease in GSH content, SOD activity, and TAC in liver and kidney tissues, especially at highdosage of FB1 (T200). Probiotics antioxidant strains (LL-DSM and PA-NNRL) relatively succeeded to restore almost all parameters investigated as well as to reduce DNA fragmentation in liver and kidney tissues. As a conclusion, probiotics may induce its protective role via increasing the antioxidant capacity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, scavenging of free radicals and decreasing DNA lesions in liver and kidney of experimental animals tested.展开更多
Corn (maize, Zea mays L.) hybrids expressing the flexibility trait in ear size (number of kernels per ear) are marketed for ability to give higher yields under adverse conditions. Altered kernel number is associated w...Corn (maize, Zea mays L.) hybrids expressing the flexibility trait in ear size (number of kernels per ear) are marketed for ability to give higher yields under adverse conditions. Altered kernel number is associated with altered number of silk, a major route for infection of kernels by aflatoxin-producing fungi such as Aspergillus flavus. The effect of plant density and irrigation level on yield and accumulation of aflatoxins and fumonisins in harvested grain was compared in a fixed-ear hybrid (Pioneer 33K81), a semi-flexible ear hybrid (Pioneer 3223) and a flexible ear hybrid (Golden Acres 8460) over a range of seeding densities (49,400, 61,750, 74,700, 86,450, and 98,800 seeds·ha–1) in non-irrigated, moderately-irrigated (6.4 cm soil water deficit) and well-irrigated plots (3.8 cm soil water deficit), during three years with variable rainfall. Irrigation increased yields in all hybrids, but in the absence of irrigation, yields were highest with the semi-flexible ear trait hybrid. In general, the hybrid with the flexible ear trait had lower optimal seeding densities than the other hybrids for each soil water regime. In general, kernel number was least affected by seeding density in the hybrid with fixed-ear trait compared to the semi- and flexible ear hybrids. The lowest levels of aflatoxin and of fumonisin contamination in harvested grain were associated with the flexible ear trait at all rainfall and irrigation levels, but there was no evidence that reducing stress by lowering seeding density reduced mycotoxin contamination. Inoculation with A. flavus resulted in much higher levels of aflatoxin and significantly higher levels of fumonisin contamination in grain of all hybrids under most conditions of rainfall and irrigation, suggesting that factors that promote A. flavus infection can affect production of both mycotoxins.展开更多
The maximal deoxynivalenol （DON） and fumonisins 131 ＋ B2 （FUM） contents in cereals are dictated by the European regulation 1126/2007. The direct measurement of these mycotoxins is a tedious and expensive process....The maximal deoxynivalenol （DON） and fumonisins 131 ＋ B2 （FUM） contents in cereals are dictated by the European regulation 1126/2007. The direct measurement of these mycotoxins is a tedious and expensive process. Our study is based on an alternative tool： near infrared spectroscopy. Different models were developed on 374 maize samples to predict their DON and FUM contents. Several parameters have been determined and used in a multivariate data analysis. Three models were developed： （1） a classification model based on Discriminant Factor Analysis （DFA）, （2） a linear model based on ANalysis of COVAriance （ANCOVA） and （3） a Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis model （PLS-DA）. Firstly, the performances of the DFA model for assessing DON and FUM risk were similar： 69 and 72% of the validation samples were respectively well classified. In the second part, the performances of the ANCOVA model for DON were higher than for FUM. The r2 was worth respectively 0.85 and 0.69. In the last part, the performances of the PLS-DA models were better for FUM than for DON. These results show that an evaluation of the mycotoxin risk is possible by analyzing selected kernel parameters measurable by secondary analytical such as near-infrared spectroscopy. Further work is needed to improve the models, adding more samples and using non linear approaches.展开更多
Fumonisin B<sub>1</sub> (FB<sub>1</sub>) is produced by fungus of the genus Fusarium (Fusarium verticiloides and F. proliferatum), and occurs predominantly in maize. The consumption of feed con...Fumonisin B<sub>1</sub> (FB<sub>1</sub>) is produced by fungus of the genus Fusarium (Fusarium verticiloides and F. proliferatum), and occurs predominantly in maize. The consumption of feed contaminated with FB<sub>1</sub> has been reported to cause deleterious effects in some fish species. This study was designed to determine the effects of dietary FB<sub>1</sub> on growth and lipids profile of Clarias gariepinus. 450 juvenile catfish were stocked into 5 groups of tanks consisting of 3 tanks per group and fed one of five diets amended with FB<sub>1</sub> (0.0 mg;10.0 mg;20.0 mg;40.0 mg and 80.0 mg FB<sub>1</sub>/kg) for 56 days. At time point’s day 7, 14, 28 and 56, five fish were sampled from each tank weighted, length measured and bled for of lipids profile determinations. Results show that there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05), in the mean body length of the fish fed diets amended with various amounts of FB<sub>1</sub> compared with those fed control diet;also, there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the weight gain of fishes fed diets amended with FB<sub>1</sub> compared with the control. The specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio at 56 days shows fish fed 0.0 mg FB<sub>1</sub>/kg had the highest specific growth rate (0.39 ± 0.14%/day) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (0.59 ± 0.01) whereas, fish fed 80.0 mg FB<sub>1</sub>/kg had the least specific growth rate (0.07% ± 0.01%/day) and the highest feed conversion ratio (1.95 ± 0.11). Dietary FB<sub>1</sub> caused significant increases (P < 0.05) in serum cholesterol, HDL-C;LDL-C;triglycerides and the sphinganine-sphingosine ratio. Dietary FB<sub>1</sub> at an inclusion rate ≥ 20 mg FB<sub>1</sub>/kg of diet produced significant reduction in weight gain and hyperlipidemia marked by hypercholesterolemia, increased blood high-density lipid cholesterol, increased blood low-density lipid cholesterol, elevated blood triglycerides and elevated sphinganine-sphingosine ratio.展开更多
Food safety is to be a vital component of food security, with mycotoxin contamination, a major contributing factor. In linewith this, this study aimed at investigating the effect of maize maturity at harvest, and proc...Food safety is to be a vital component of food security, with mycotoxin contamination, a major contributing factor. In linewith this, this study aimed at investigating the effect of maize maturity at harvest, and processing techniques on the aflatoxin andfumonisin levels in maize and maize products. Three maize maturity stages （80, 85, and 90 days after sowing）, two drying processes（sun and barn drying）, three storage periods （one, two and three months） and subsequent maize derivatives under these conditionswere sampled. These were analysed for total aflatoxins and total fumonisins using quantitative ELISA and samples with totalaflatoxins and total fumonisins exceeding regulated levels were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（LC-MS/MS） to determine the sub-types of toxins present. Results obtained showed that all analyzed samples were contaminatedwith total aflatoxins （range： 0.8 to 20 μg/kg） and total fumonisins （range： 10 to 5990 μg/kg）. Sun or barn drying for one weekfollowed by one month usual storage resulted in significant total fumonisins contamination, emphasizing the need of at least twoweeks of drying maize. It was also observed that processing techniques partly reduced the levels of toxins, mainly in maize productsthat have a sieving step.展开更多
文摘Fusarium species commonly occur in maize are fungal pathogen which produce mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, trichothecene and zearalenone. In this study, Fusarium species were isolated from maize kernel from Tretep, maize producer region and were identified based on microscopic- and macroscopic characters as well as molecular characters using PCR assays and the partial sequence of TEF 1-α gene （Translation Elongation Factor 1-α. The fumonisin-producing ability of these Fusarium was determined by growing them in corn medium and analyzed their fumonisin by ELISA （enzyme-linked immuno assay）. Among 9 isolates, three of them were identified as Fusarium verticillioides, two as Fusarium temperatum, two as Fusarium globosum, one as Fusarium proliJeratum and one as Fusarium subglutinans. Fusarium temperatum is similar morphologically to F. subglutinans, however, both of their differences can be found by molecular analysis. Fumonisin-producing abilities of Fusarium were determined in concentrations 20.51 pg/g-1,109.74 pg/g medium with the highest producer was identified as F. globosum.
基金partially supported by the U.S.Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service(USDA-ARS)the Georgia Agricultural Commodity Commission for Corn+1 种基金the National Corn Growers AssociationAMCOE(Aflatoxin Mitigation Center of Excellence)
文摘Two important mycotoxins, aflatoxin and fumonisin, are among the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens, contaminating maize(Zea mays) and affecting crop yield and quality.Resistance of maize to pre-harvest mycotoxin contamination, specifically aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and fumonisin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, is a goal in breeding programs that screen for these important traits with the aim of developing resistant commercial hybrids. We conducted two years of field evaluations on 87 inbred lines originating primarily in China and Mexico and not previously screened for resistance.The objectives of our study were to identify resistant germplasm for breeding purposes and to examine possible relationships between resistances to the two mycotoxins. Aflatoxin and fumonisin were present in samples harvested from all lines in both years.Concentrations of total aflatoxin ranged from 52.00 ± 20.00 to 1524.00 ± 396.00 μg kg^(-1),while those of fumonisin ranged from 0.60 ± 0.06 to 124.00 ± 19.50 mg kg^(-1). The inbred lines TUN15, TUN61, TUN37, CY2, and TUN49 showed the lowest aflatoxin accumulation and CN1, GT601, TUN09, TUN61, and MP717 the lowest fumonisin accumulation. TUN61 showed the lowest accumulation of both mycotoxins. This study confirmed previous observations that high levels of aflatoxin can coexist with fumonisin, with 55 maize lines showing a positive correlation coefficient between the concentrations of aflatoxin and fumonisin and 32 lines showing a negative correlation coefficient. These selected lines,particularly TUN61, may provide sources of resistance to mycotoxin contamination in breeding programs. However, the mechanism of resistance in this germplasm remains to be identified. Future research should also address factors that influence the fungus–plant interaction, such as herbivory and environmental stress.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 31660258, 31771014,31860262,11762006)the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province ( 2019-2787,2018-1412, 2016-5676,2017-5718)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Innovative Talent Team of Guizhou Province ( 2015-4021)the 2011 Collaborative Innovation Program of Guizhou Province ( 2015-04 )the Cell and Gene Engineering Innovative Research Groups of Guizhou Province ( KY-2016-031)
文摘Objective Fumonisin B1(FB1)is an important mycotoxin in nature worldwide.The biomechanical properties of cells are closely related to their structure and function,and the cytoskeleton is the structural and functional basis of cells motility,and therefore,from a biomechanical point of view,the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of FB1 on the biomechanical properties,migration capacity and cytoskeletal structure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs),which may lay an experimental foundation for further exploration of the toxicity mechanism of fumonisin.Methods HUVECs were cultured and treated with different concentrations of FB1.Then,CCK-8 kit was used to detect the effect of FB1 on the survival rate.The osmotic fragility of the cells was measured after treatment with different osmotic pressures for30 min.The cell membrane fluidity was measured by fluorescence polarization method.The cell electrophoretic mobility was measured by cell electrophoretic apparatus.The migration capacity of the cells was observed by scratch repair assay.The changes of reactive oxygen species and cytoskeletal structure were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy.Finally,the mRNA and protein relative expression levels of cytoskeletal binding proteins were detected by real-time PCR,Western blotting and confocal laser scanning.Results The results of CCK-8 showed that FB1 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of HUVECs in a dose-and time-dependent manner.After treatment of HUVECs with FB1,the hypotonic resistance of the cell,cell surface charge,cell membrane fluidity and migration capacity were all weakened,while reactive oxygen species were significantly increased and the cytoskeletal structure was significantly reorganized.Furthermore,RTPCR results showed that the mRNA relative expression levels of cytoskeletal binding proteins,exception of actin,were down-regulated after treated with FB1.Besides,Western blotting and statistical analysis based on fluorescence intensity of laser confocal microscopy confirmed theses changes in protein level.Conclusions FB1 can significantly affect the biomechanical properties and motility of HUVECs,which may be directly correlated to the remodel of F-actin cytoskeleton,as well as the relative expression changes of cytoskeletal binding proteins.It is significant for further exploring the toxicity mechanism of fumonisin.
文摘Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of human regeneration and disease processes including atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, cancer, and different neurodegenerative diseases.The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis DSM 20076 (LL-DSM) and Pediococcus acidilactici NNRL B-5627 (PA-NNRL) against the hepatic-and nephro-toxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in FB1-treated rats for an experimental period of 4-weeks. Eighty mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided to 12 groups: 1 untreated group;3 groups fed by a FB1-contaminated diet (50, 100 and 200 mg FB1/kg diet,respectively);1 group fed orally by LL-DSM(1 ml/d);1 group fed orally by PA-NNRL (1 ml/d);3 groups co-administered by FB1-contaminated diet and LL-DSM (1 ml/d), and 3 groups coadministered by FB1-contaminated diet and PA-NNRL(1 ml/d). Malonaldehyde (MDA) nitric oxide, glutathione content, SOD activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined. DPA assay was used to assess apoptosis in liver and kidney tissues.The animals fed with FB1-contaminated diet showed a significant increase in oxidative stress markers and DNA fragmentation accompanied with significant decrease in GSH content, SOD activity, and TAC in liver and kidney tissues, especially at highdosage of FB1 (T200). Probiotics antioxidant strains (LL-DSM and PA-NNRL) relatively succeeded to restore almost all parameters investigated as well as to reduce DNA fragmentation in liver and kidney tissues. As a conclusion, probiotics may induce its protective role via increasing the antioxidant capacity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, scavenging of free radicals and decreasing DNA lesions in liver and kidney of experimental animals tested.
文摘Corn (maize, Zea mays L.) hybrids expressing the flexibility trait in ear size (number of kernels per ear) are marketed for ability to give higher yields under adverse conditions. Altered kernel number is associated with altered number of silk, a major route for infection of kernels by aflatoxin-producing fungi such as Aspergillus flavus. The effect of plant density and irrigation level on yield and accumulation of aflatoxins and fumonisins in harvested grain was compared in a fixed-ear hybrid (Pioneer 33K81), a semi-flexible ear hybrid (Pioneer 3223) and a flexible ear hybrid (Golden Acres 8460) over a range of seeding densities (49,400, 61,750, 74,700, 86,450, and 98,800 seeds·ha–1) in non-irrigated, moderately-irrigated (6.4 cm soil water deficit) and well-irrigated plots (3.8 cm soil water deficit), during three years with variable rainfall. Irrigation increased yields in all hybrids, but in the absence of irrigation, yields were highest with the semi-flexible ear trait hybrid. In general, the hybrid with the flexible ear trait had lower optimal seeding densities than the other hybrids for each soil water regime. In general, kernel number was least affected by seeding density in the hybrid with fixed-ear trait compared to the semi- and flexible ear hybrids. The lowest levels of aflatoxin and of fumonisin contamination in harvested grain were associated with the flexible ear trait at all rainfall and irrigation levels, but there was no evidence that reducing stress by lowering seeding density reduced mycotoxin contamination. Inoculation with A. flavus resulted in much higher levels of aflatoxin and significantly higher levels of fumonisin contamination in grain of all hybrids under most conditions of rainfall and irrigation, suggesting that factors that promote A. flavus infection can affect production of both mycotoxins.
文摘The maximal deoxynivalenol （DON） and fumonisins 131 ＋ B2 （FUM） contents in cereals are dictated by the European regulation 1126/2007. The direct measurement of these mycotoxins is a tedious and expensive process. Our study is based on an alternative tool： near infrared spectroscopy. Different models were developed on 374 maize samples to predict their DON and FUM contents. Several parameters have been determined and used in a multivariate data analysis. Three models were developed： （1） a classification model based on Discriminant Factor Analysis （DFA）, （2） a linear model based on ANalysis of COVAriance （ANCOVA） and （3） a Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis model （PLS-DA）. Firstly, the performances of the DFA model for assessing DON and FUM risk were similar： 69 and 72% of the validation samples were respectively well classified. In the second part, the performances of the ANCOVA model for DON were higher than for FUM. The r2 was worth respectively 0.85 and 0.69. In the last part, the performances of the PLS-DA models were better for FUM than for DON. These results show that an evaluation of the mycotoxin risk is possible by analyzing selected kernel parameters measurable by secondary analytical such as near-infrared spectroscopy. Further work is needed to improve the models, adding more samples and using non linear approaches.
文摘Fumonisin B<sub>1</sub> (FB<sub>1</sub>) is produced by fungus of the genus Fusarium (Fusarium verticiloides and F. proliferatum), and occurs predominantly in maize. The consumption of feed contaminated with FB<sub>1</sub> has been reported to cause deleterious effects in some fish species. This study was designed to determine the effects of dietary FB<sub>1</sub> on growth and lipids profile of Clarias gariepinus. 450 juvenile catfish were stocked into 5 groups of tanks consisting of 3 tanks per group and fed one of five diets amended with FB<sub>1</sub> (0.0 mg;10.0 mg;20.0 mg;40.0 mg and 80.0 mg FB<sub>1</sub>/kg) for 56 days. At time point’s day 7, 14, 28 and 56, five fish were sampled from each tank weighted, length measured and bled for of lipids profile determinations. Results show that there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05), in the mean body length of the fish fed diets amended with various amounts of FB<sub>1</sub> compared with those fed control diet;also, there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the weight gain of fishes fed diets amended with FB<sub>1</sub> compared with the control. The specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio at 56 days shows fish fed 0.0 mg FB<sub>1</sub>/kg had the highest specific growth rate (0.39 ± 0.14%/day) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (0.59 ± 0.01) whereas, fish fed 80.0 mg FB<sub>1</sub>/kg had the least specific growth rate (0.07% ± 0.01%/day) and the highest feed conversion ratio (1.95 ± 0.11). Dietary FB<sub>1</sub> caused significant increases (P < 0.05) in serum cholesterol, HDL-C;LDL-C;triglycerides and the sphinganine-sphingosine ratio. Dietary FB<sub>1</sub> at an inclusion rate ≥ 20 mg FB<sub>1</sub>/kg of diet produced significant reduction in weight gain and hyperlipidemia marked by hypercholesterolemia, increased blood high-density lipid cholesterol, increased blood low-density lipid cholesterol, elevated blood triglycerides and elevated sphinganine-sphingosine ratio.
文摘Food safety is to be a vital component of food security, with mycotoxin contamination, a major contributing factor. In linewith this, this study aimed at investigating the effect of maize maturity at harvest, and processing techniques on the aflatoxin andfumonisin levels in maize and maize products. Three maize maturity stages （80, 85, and 90 days after sowing）, two drying processes（sun and barn drying）, three storage periods （one, two and three months） and subsequent maize derivatives under these conditionswere sampled. These were analysed for total aflatoxins and total fumonisins using quantitative ELISA and samples with totalaflatoxins and total fumonisins exceeding regulated levels were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（LC-MS/MS） to determine the sub-types of toxins present. Results obtained showed that all analyzed samples were contaminatedwith total aflatoxins （range： 0.8 to 20 μg/kg） and total fumonisins （range： 10 to 5990 μg/kg）. Sun or barn drying for one weekfollowed by one month usual storage resulted in significant total fumonisins contamination, emphasizing the need of at least twoweeks of drying maize. It was also observed that processing techniques partly reduced the levels of toxins, mainly in maize productsthat have a sieving step.
