A MAXIMAL FUNCTION CHARACTERIZATION 0F HARDY SPACES ON SPACES OF HOMOGENEOUS TYPE

A new maximal function is introduced in the dual spaces of test function spaces on spaces of homogeneous type. Using this maximal function, we get new characterization of atomic H^p spaces.

Functional characterization of a potassium transporter gene NrHAK1 in Nicotiana rustica

The purpose of this study is to investigate the function of a novel potassium transporter gene (NrHAK1) isolated from Nicotiana rustica roots using yeast complement and real-time PCR technique. The complementary DNA (cDNA) of NrHAK1, 2 488 bp long, contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 2 334 bp encoding a protein of 777 amino acids (87.6 kDa) with 12 predicted transmembrane domains. The NrHAK1 protein shows a high sequence similarity to those of high-affinity potassium transporters in Mesembryanthemum, Phytolacca acinosa, Arabidopsis thaliana, and so on. We found that the NrHAK1 gene could complement the yeast-mutant defect in K+ uptake. Among several tissues surveyed, the expression level of NrHAK1 was most abundant in the root tip and was up-regulated when exposed to potassium starvation. Moreover, the transcript accumulation was significantly reduced by adding 5 mmol/L NH4+ to the solution. These results suggest that NrHAK1 plays an important role in potassium absorption in N. rustica.

CHARACTERIZATIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL SCALING FUNCTIONS AND WAVELETS

The objective of Ibis paper is to establish precise characterizations of scaling functions which are orthonormal or fundamental.A criterion for the corresponding wavelets is also given.

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a New Cold-active Extradiol Dioxygenase from a Metagenomic Library Derived from Polychlorinated Biphenyl-contaminated Soil

To find new extradiol dioxygenases（EDOs,EC 1.13.11.2）,a metagenomics library was constructed from polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soil and was screened for some dioxygenase with aromatic ring cleavage activity.A novel EDO,designated as BphC_A,was identified and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli.The deduced amino acid sequence of BphC_A exhibited a homology of less than 60% with other known EDOs.Phylogenetic analysis of BphC_A suggests that the protein is a novel member of the EDO family.The enzyme exhibits higher substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency toward 3-methylcatechol than toward 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl or catechol,the preferred substrate of other known EDOs.The optimum activity of purified BphC_A occurred at pH=8.5 and 35 °C,and BphC_A showed more than 40% of its initial activity at 5 °C.The activity of purified BphC_A was significantly induced by Mn^2＋ and slightly reduced by Al^3＋,Cu^2＋ and Zn^2＋.

Systematic analysis of MYB transcription factors and the role of LuMYB216 in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in the flowers of flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)

Anthocyanin is an important pigment that affects plant color and nutritional quality.MYBs play an important role in plant anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation.However,the regulatory function of MYB transcription factors in anthocyanin synthesis in flax flowers is still unclear.In this study,402 MYB transcription factors were identified in the flax genome.These MYB members are unevenly distributed on 15 chromosomes.The R2R3-LuMYB members were divided into 32phylogenetic subfamilies.qRT-PCR analysis showed that seven R2R3-LuMYB genes in the adjacent subfamily of the evolutionary tree had similar expression patterns,among which Lu MYB216 was highly expressed in the petals of different colors.Moreover,gene editing of LuMYB216 in flax showed that the petal color,anther color and seed coat color of mutant plants were significantly lighter than those of wild-type plants,and the anthocyanin content of lumyb216 mutant plants was significantly reduced.Correlation analysis indicated that LuMYB216 was significantly positively correlated with the upstream regulator bHLH30.This study systematically analyzed the MYB gene family in flax,laying a foundation for studying the regulation of LuMYB216 in flax flower anthocyanin synthesis.

TaMIR1119, a miRNA family member of wheat(Triticum aestivum),is essential in the regulation of plant drought tolerance

Through regulating target genes via the mechanisms of posttranscriptional cleavage or translational repression, plant miRNAs involve diverse biological processes associating with plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses, in this study, we functionally characterized TaMIR1119, a miRNA family member of wheat （Triticum aestivum）, in regulating the drought adaptive response of plants. TaMIR1119 putatively targets six genes categorized into the functional classes of transcriptional regulation, RNA and biochemical metabolism, trafficking, and oxidative stress defense. Upon simulated drought stress, the TaMIR1119 transcripts abundance in roots was drastically altered, showing to be upregulated gradually within a 48-h drought regime andthat the drought-induced transcripts were gradually restored along with a 48-h recovery treatment. In contrast, most miRNA target genes displayed reverse expression patterns to TaMIR1119, exhibiting a downregulated expression pattern upon drought and whose reduced transcripts were re-elevated along with a normal recovery treatment. These expression analysis results indicated that TaMIR1119 responds to drought and regulates the target genes mainly through a cleavage mechanism. Under drought stress, the tobacco lines with TaMIR1119 overexpression behaved improved phenotypes,, showing increased plant biomass, photosynthetic parameters, osmolyte accumulation, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme （AE） activities relative to wild type. Three AE genes, NtFeSOD, NtCAT1;3, and NtSOD2,1, encoding superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, and peroxidase （POD） proteins, respectively, showed upregulated expression in TaMIR1119 overexpression lines, suggesting that they are involved in the regulation of AE activities and contribution to the improved cellular reactive oxygen species （ROS） homeostasis in drought-challenged transgenic lines. Our results indicate that TaMIR1119 plays critical roles in regulating plant drought tolerance through transcriptionally regulating the target genes that modulate osmolyte accumulation, photosynthetic function, and improve cellular ROS homeostasis of plants.

Functional characterization of humar equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1

Equilibrative nucleoside transporters （ENTs）, which facilitate cross-membrane transport of nucleosides and nucleoside-derived drugs, play an important role in the salvage pathways of nucleotide synthesis, cancer chemotherapy, and treatment for virus infections. Functional characterization of ENTs at the molecular level remains technically challenging and hence scant. In this study, we report successful purification and bio- chemical characterization of human equilibrative nucle- oside transporter 1 （hENT1） in vitro. The HEK293F- derived, recombinant hENT1 is homogenous and func- tionally active in proteoliposome-based counter flow assays, hENT1 transports the substrate adenosine with a Km of 215 ＋ 34 pmol/L and a Vmax of 578 ＋ 23.4 nmol mg-1 min-1. Adenosine uptake by hENT1 is competi- tively inhibited by nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonu- cleoside （NBMPR）, nucleosides, deoxynucleosides, and nucleoside-derived anti-cancer and anti-viral drugs. Binding of hENT1 to adenosine, deoxyadenosine, and adenine by isothermal titration calorimetry is in general agreement with results of the competitive inhibition assays. These results validate hENT1 as a bona fide target for potential drug target and serve as a useful basis for future biophysical and structural studies.

Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression in Two Muskmelon Cultivars(Cucumis melo L.) Under Salt Stress

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that adversely affects crop growth and productivity. A subtractive suppression hybridization （SSH） library were constructed from the roots of salt-sensitive Yulu cultivar melon seedlings under salt stress; 557 high-quality expressed sequence tags （ESTs） were randomly sequenced, with an average size of 428 bp, which assembled into 68 contigs and 315 singletons. Compared with our previous SSH library generated from the salt-tolerant Bingxuecui cultivar, the proportion of transcripts involved in metabolism, protein fate, cellular communication/signal transduction mechanisms, and cell rescue/defense were 4, 1.46, 0.94, and 0.4% higher, respectively, in the salt-tolerant cultivar than the in salt-sensitive cultivar. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of eleven transcripts revealed temporal variations in their expression in the two cultivars under salt stress. One NAC gene （JZ477011） was heterologously expressed in yeast for functional characterization, and enhanced the sensitivity of yeast cells to high-salinity to salt stress and inhibited their growth. Information regards to their functions would aid in the understanding of response mechanisms to saline stress and in the development of molecular markers for selecting salt-tolerant melon cultivars.

Papaya Ring Spot Virus:An Understanding of a Severe Positive-Sense Single Stranded RNA Viral Disease and Its Management

Viral diseases have been studied in-depth for reducing quality,yield,health and longevity of the fruit,to highlight the economic losses.Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are more devastating among all viruses that infect fruit trees.One of the best examples is papaya ringspot virus(PRSV).It belongs to the genus Potyvirus and it is limited to cause diseases on the family Chenopodiaceae,Cucurbitaceae and Caricaceae.This virus has a serious threat to the production of papaya,which is famous for its high nutritional and pharmaceutical values.The plant parts such as leaves,latex,seeds,fruits,bark,peel and roots may contain the biological compound that can be isolated and used in pharmaceutical industries as a disease control.Viral disease symptoms consist of vein clearing and yellowing of young leaves.Distinctive ring spot patterns with concentric rings and spots on fruit reduce its quality and taste.The virus has two major strains P and W.The former cause disease in papaya and cucurbits while the later one in papaya.Virion comprises 94.4%protein,including a 36 kDa coat protein which is a component responsible for a non-persistent transmission through aphids,and 5.5%nucleic acid.Cross protection,development of transgenic crops,exploring the resistant sources and induction of pathogen derived resistance have been recorded as effective management of PRSV.Along with these practices reduced aphid population through insecticides and plant extracts have been found ecofriendly approaches to minimize the disease incidence.Adoption of transgenic crops is a big challenge for the success of disease resistant papaya crops.The aim of this review is to understand the genomic nature of PRSV,detection methods and the different advanced control methods.This review article will be helpful in developing the best management strategies for controlling PRSV.

An improved theoretical procedure for the pore-size analysis of activated carbon by gas adsorption

Amorphous carbon materials play a vital role in adsorbed natural gas(ANG) storage. One of the key issues in the more prevalent use of ANG is the limited adsorption capacity, which is primarily determined by the porosity and surface characteristics of porous materials. To identify suitable adsorbents, we need a reliable computational tool for pore characterization and, subsequently, quantitative prediction of the adsorption behavior. Within the framework of adsorption integral equation(AIE), the pore-size distribution(PSD) is sensitive to the adopted theoretical models and numerical algorithms through isotherm fitting. In recent years, the classical density functional theory(DFT) has emerged as a common choice to describe adsorption isotherms for AIE kernel construction. However,rarely considered is the accuracy of the mean-field approximation(MFA) commonly used in commercial software. In this work, we calibrate four versions of DFT methods with grand canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC) molecular simulation for the adsorption of CH_4 and CO_2 gas in slit pores at 298 K with the pore width varying from 0.65 to 5.00 nm and pressure from 0.2 to 2.0 MPa. It is found that a weighted-density approximation proposed by Yu(WDA-Yu) is more accurate than MFA and other non-local DFT methods. In combination with the trapezoid discretization of AIE, the WDA-Yu method provides a faithful representation of experimental data, with the accuracy and stability improved by 90.0% and 91.2%, respectively, in comparison with the corresponding results from MFA for fitting CO_2 isotherms. In particular, those distributions in the feature pore width range(FPWR)are proved more representative for the pore-size analysis. The new theoretical procedure for pore characterization has also been tested with the methane adsorption capacity in seven activated carbon samples.

Functional characterization of disease/comorbidity-associated IncRNA

Background:Functional characterization of the long noncoding RNAs(IncRNAs)in disease attracts great attention,which results in a limited number of experimentally characterized IncRNAs.The major problems underlying the lack of experimental verifications are considered to come from the significant false-positive assignments and extensive genetic-heterogeneity of disease.These problems are even worse when it comes to the functional characterization in comorbidity(simultaneous/sequential presence of multiple diseases in a patient,and showing much wider prevalence,poorer treatment-response and longer illness-course than a single disease).Methods:Herein,FCCLnc was developed to characterize IncRNA function by(1)integrating diverse SNPs that were associated with 193 diseases standardized by International Classification of Diseases(ICD-11),(2)condition-specific expression of IncRNAs,(3)weighted correlation network of IncRNAs and protein-coding neighboring genes.Results:FCCLnc can characterize IncRNA function in both disease and comorbidity by not only controlling false discovery but also tolerating their disease heterogeneity.Moreover,FCCLnc can provide interactive visualization and full download of IncRNA-centered co-expression network.Conclusion:In summary,FCCLnc is unique in characterizing IncRNA function in diverse diseases and comorbidities and is highly expected to emerge to be an indispensable complement to other available tools.FCCLnc is accessible at https://idrblab.org/fcclnc/.

Odorant receptor orthologues from moths display conserved responses to cis-jasmone

In insects,the odorant receptor(OR)multigene family evolves by the birth-and-death evolutionary model,according to which the OR repertoire of each species has undergone specific gene gains and losses depending on their chemical environment,resulting in taxon-specific OR lineage radiations with different sizes in the phylogenetic trees.Despite the general divergence in the gene family across different insect orders,the ORs in moths seem to be genetically conserved across species,clustered into 23 major clades containing multiple orthologous groups with single-copy gene from each species.We hypothesized that ORs in these orthologous groups are tuned to ecologically important compounds and functionally conserved.cis-Jasmone is one of the compounds that not only primes the plant defense of neighboring receiver plants,but also functions as a behavior regulator to various insects.To test our hypothesis,using Xenopus oocyte recordings,we functionally assayed the orthologues of BmorOR56,which has been characterized as a specific receptor for cis-jasmone.Our results showed highly conserved response specificity of the BmorOR56 orthologues,with all receptors within this group exclusively responding to cis-jasmone.This is supported by the dN/dS analysis,showing that strong purifying selection is acting on this group.Moreover,molecular docking showed that the ligand binding pockets of BmorOR56 orthologues to cis-jasmone are similar.Taken together,our results suggest the high conservation of OR for ecologically important compounds across Heterocera.

Overview of SARS-CoV-2 genome-encoded proteins

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has spread rapidly throughout the world.SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped,plus-stranded RNA virus with a single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 30,000 nucleotides.The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes 29 proteins,including 16 nonstructural,4 structural and 9 accessory proteins.To date,over 1,228 experimental structures of SARS-CoV-2 proteins have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank(PDB),including 16 protein structures,two functional domain structures of nucleocapsid(N)protein,and scores of complexes.Overall,they exhibit high similarity to SARS-CoV proteins.Here,we summarize the progress of structural and functional research on SARS-CoV-2 proteins.These studies provide structural and functional insights into proteins of SARS-CoV-2,and further elucidate the daedal relationship between different components at the atomic level in the viral life cycle,including attachment to the host cell,viral genome replication and transcription,genome packaging and assembly,and virus release.It is important to understand the structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 proteins as it will facilitate the development of anti-CoV drugs and vaccines to prevent and control the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Classification of Wavelet Bases by Translation Subgroups and Nonharmonic Wavelet Bases

The structure of the set S of shiftable points of wavelet subspaces is researched in this paper.We prove that S=R or S=(1/q)Z where q ∈ N.The spectral and functional characterizations for the shiftability are given.Furthermore,the nonharmonic wavelet bases are discussed.