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An analysis of agarwood trade patterns,historical perspectives,and species identification challenges:repercussions for importing nations
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作者 Zhao-Qi Xie Jun-Yu Xu +1 位作者 Muhammad Rafiq Chun-Song Cheng 《TMR Modern Herbal Medicine》 CAS 2024年第1期1-10,共10页
Background:Agarwood,primarily derived from the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera,holds significant economic importance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive investigations providing guidance to importing nations regard... Background:Agarwood,primarily derived from the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera,holds significant economic importance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive investigations providing guidance to importing nations regarding cultivation quantities and expected yields of Agarwood from distinct species.This study aims to address this gap by exploring the historical context and trade evolution of Agarwood,highlighting its global importance,and the challenges associated with securing accurate species information.Method:On-site visits to Agarwood cultivation sites were conducted to gain a nuanced understanding of Aquilaria species and their cultivation requirements.Additionally,a thorough analysis of global export and import data for Agarwood products over the last decade was undertaken.Results:China Mainland emerged as the leading exporter of Agarwood,averaging an annual export value of USD 1 million.India’s substantial exports challenge the prevailing notion of limited Agarwood production within its borders.Hong Kong and Singapore are pivotal distribution hubs,while Hong Kong and Taipei feature prominently as import destinations.Our analysis uncovers anomalies in the representation of Agarwood producers from 2001 to 2008,suggesting potential misclassification of Aquilaria Agarwood as Gyrinops in global export information.These findings underscore the urgency of investigating classification and reporting practices in the Agarwood trade.Furthermore,A.filaria emerges as a notable source,while A.malaccensis is decline in prominence.Conclusion:This study provides crucial insights for policymakers,stakeholders,and industry players seeking to make informed decisions in the Agarwood trade landscape.The results highlight the need for accurate species identification,classification,and reporting practices to ensure sustainable cultivation and trade of Agarwood. 展开更多
关键词 AGARWOOD import and export trends global trade field visits industry analysis
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The Turkish Economy in the Period between 1990 and 2000 in the Light of the Open Economy Policies of the 1980s Developments
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作者 Sitki Selim Dolanay 《Economics World》 2024年第3期122-135,共14页
The structure of the economy seems to have been reshaped for the post-1980 period with the decisions of January 24,1980 and the structural changes that followed.In the 1980s,which can be called the transition process ... The structure of the economy seems to have been reshaped for the post-1980 period with the decisions of January 24,1980 and the structural changes that followed.In the 1980s,which can be called the transition process to a Free-Market Economy and an open economy,on the one hand,the privatization of state institutions and the determination of the prices of goods and services in free market conditions were tried to be ensured in order to withdraw the state from economic life,on the other hand,it was tried to grant freedom to foreign trade and capital movements.While these two main issues were being realized,the import substitution industrialization strategy was abandoned and the export-led growth model was started to be implemented.The last step of this process of opening up and liberalization was realized with the decision numbered 32 in 1989.While the change in the economic structure was achieved through domestic borrowing in the 1980s,with the liberalization of capital movements in the 1990s,it was seen that economic growth and development were tried to be achieved with hot money inflows rather than foreign direct investments.This orientation made the economy more open to crises,and for the first time there was a crisis in the form of the 1994 economic crisis,which was understood to be caused by hot money.The 1994 economic crisis could only be overcome by giving government guarantees to bank deposits and issuing high-interest Treasury Bills.Even the new banking regulations could not prevent the emergence of similar new economic crises in the following years.Because,we can say that the economic crisis experienced in the 2000s brought about a political transformation along with creating great economic problems. 展开更多
关键词 Turkish economy free market economy import export INVESTMENTS economic growth inflation
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Export and Import Bank of China to Fully Function in the Opening-up Strategy
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《China's Foreign Trade》 2000年第12期19-21,共3页
关键词 OVER BANK export and import Bank of China to Fully function in the Opening-up Strategy
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China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products Holds China-Saudi Investment Conference
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《International Understanding》 2023年第4期64-64,共1页
On December 12th,2023,the China-Saudi Investment Conference,co-sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Investment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,and organised by... On December 12th,2023,the China-Saudi Investment Conference,co-sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Investment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,and organised by the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products. 展开更多
关键词 export import SAUDI
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Rare earth listed in the Catalogue of Energy and Resources Products Subject to Export Reporting
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《China Rare Earth Information》 2023年第4期27-27,共1页
China’s Ministry of Commerce(MOFCOM)on 7 November announced revisions to a list of bulk commodities whose imports and exports should be reported for keeping statistical record.Fourteen commodities including Soybeans,... China’s Ministry of Commerce(MOFCOM)on 7 November announced revisions to a list of bulk commodities whose imports and exports should be reported for keeping statistical record.Fourteen commodities including Soybeans,rapeseed,soybean oil,palm oil and so on will continue to be regulated by current import reporting system.Five new items are included.Crude oil,iron ore. 展开更多
关键词 export LISTED importS
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An Inexpensive and Simple Experimental Approach for the Estimation of Solute Import into Groundwater and Subsequent Export Using Inflow/Outflow Data
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作者 Velu Rasiah 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 2017年第8期908-930,共23页
In agricultural catchments where groundwater (GW) base flow discharge contributes substantially towards stream flow, the information linking GW inflow/outflow with contaminant import/export is scarce. However, this in... In agricultural catchments where groundwater (GW) base flow discharge contributes substantially towards stream flow, the information linking GW inflow/outflow with contaminant import/export is scarce. However, this information is essential to address aquatic ecosystem health hazard/risk associated with nitrate export and subsequent loading in sensitive surface water bodies (SWB). The objectives of this study were to assess the temporal dynamics of (i) rain water inflow/outflow behaviour in three agricultural catchments in the humid tropics of far-northeast Queensland of Australia, (ii) solute import via inflow and subsequent export in outflow, and (iii) the association between GW inflow/outflow and solute import/export. Approximately 71% of the average seasonal rainfall percolated (inflow) into the porous basaltic regolith of the Johnstone River Catchment (JRC) compared with 44% into the alluvial regolith in the Mulgrave River Catchment (MRC) and 29% into the metamorphic regolith in the Tully River Catchment (TRC), respectively. The outflows from the basaltic, alluvial, and metamorphic regoliths were 56%, 36%, and 55% of the inflows, respectively. The cumulative nitrate import per season was 25 k/ha in the JRC compared with 11 kg/ha in MRC and 34 kg/ha in TRC. The corresponding exports were 24 kg/ha, 8 kg/ha 26 kg/ha in JRC, MRC, and TRC, respectively. The total dissolved solute (TDS) exports were 82%, 77%, 75%, of the corresponding imports in JRC, MRC, and TRC, respectively. Simple correlations indicated that nitrate export was positively correlated with the outflow in each one of the regolith and similar trends were observed between inflow and import. The import/export mass balance for nitrate shows that 73% to 96% of the imports were exported during the same rainy season, suggesting the potential for nitrate associated ecosystem health hazard/risk in sensitive SWB receiving the outflows. 展开更多
关键词 GROUNDWATER Inflow/Outflow SOLUTE import/export Nitrate Total Dissolved SOLUTES (TDS/EC)
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The Concrete Analysis of the Change of Import and Export Trade of Chinese Enterprises Is Based on the Perspective of RMB Exchange Rate
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作者 Chao Gao 《Journal of Finance Research》 2021年第1期24-28,共5页
The change of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises actually reflects the appreciation and depreciation of RMB,which are closely related to the total volume of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises a... The change of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises actually reflects the appreciation and depreciation of RMB,which are closely related to the total volume of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises and the formulation of corresponding foreign exchange measures.Generally speaking,the rise of the RMB exchange rate means the appreciation of the RMB is conducive to imports,while the decline of the RMB exchange rate means the depreciation of the RMB and the decline of the price of export commodities,so it has a greater price advantage and is conducive to exports.Chinese enterprises should correctly grasp the rise and fall of RMB exchange rate and carry out import and export trade reasonably when developing abroad. 展开更多
关键词 import and export trade the yuan Exchange rate APPRECIATION DEVALUATION
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Theoretical Research on the Import and Export of Iron Ore and Harmful Element Detection Method based on Microwave Digestion Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Approach
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作者 Nan Wu 《International Journal of Technology Management》 2015年第9期62-64,共3页
In this paper, we conduct research on the import and export of iron ore and harmful element detection method based on microwave digestion inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry approach. Our country gradually in... In this paper, we conduct research on the import and export of iron ore and harmful element detection method based on microwave digestion inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry approach. Our country gradually increased demand for iron ore, iron ore trade, in order to ensure that the quality of the iron ore and taste which must be tested for total iron content. At the same time it also increased the demand for iron ore, although China' s iron ore production has been greatly improved. Our proposed approach optimizes the traditional detection method which will be meaningful. 展开更多
关键词 Harmful Element Detection Microwave Digestion ICP-MS import and export.
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Import and Export Quality Guaranteed for the Steady Development of Foreign Trade
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《China's Foreign Trade》 1997年第1期7-7,共1页
Under the good situation of the reform and opening to the outside world, the rapid development of foreign economic and trade has resulted in enhancing the inspection work of import and export commodities in China. The... Under the good situation of the reform and opening to the outside world, the rapid development of foreign economic and trade has resulted in enhancing the inspection work of import and export commodities in China. The commodity inspection organs at all level adhere to the work policy of guaranteeing quality and offering better service, making import and export commodity quality as their central task. They strictly implement national laws and regulations to serve commodity inspection and management, thus achieving great success. 展开更多
关键词 In import and export Quality Guaranteed for the Steady Development of Foreign Trade
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Category List of Import and Export Commodities Subject to Inspection Implemented by the Institutions of Commodity Inspection(1)
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《China's Foreign Trade》 1995年第8期41-43,共3页
关键词 Category List of import and export Commodities Subject to Inspection Implemented by the Institutions of Commodity Inspection head BONE
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Imports and Exports in the First Half of 2002
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作者 Tian Chunrong 《China Oil & Gas》 CAS 2002年第3期49-52,共4页
In the first half of 2002, oil processing volume in China reached 107.1 million tons, 1% more than that in the same period of last year. The imported crude took up 30.8% of the total volume processed, which is about t... In the first half of 2002, oil processing volume in China reached 107.1 million tons, 1% more than that in the same period of last year. The imported crude took up 30.8% of the total volume processed, which is about the same as 30.2% for last year. 展开更多
关键词 imports and exports in the First Half of 2002 DOWN LPG
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Tong Ren Tang: Extending the Brand Name Worldwide-An Interview with Ding Yongling, Manager of the Beijing Tong Ren Tang Technologies Co., Ltd., Import and Export Company
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《China Today》 2002年第3期64-65,共2页
关键词 Extending the Brand Name Worldwide-An Interview with Ding Yongling import and export Company Ltd Tong Ren Tang WTO
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Chinese rare earth import and export in the first quarter of 2015
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作者 Antaike Consulting Research Center 《China Rare Earth Information》 2015年第5期5-6,共2页
Import of rare earth metal and alloy in China up 38%in the first quarter year-on-year According to customs statistics,China imported 27.67 tons of rare earth metals and alloys in March,valued USD 427,200.Imports from ... Import of rare earth metal and alloy in China up 38%in the first quarter year-on-year According to customs statistics,China imported 27.67 tons of rare earth metals and alloys in March,valued USD 427,200.Imports from January to March accumulated to 100.4 tons,up 38.1%year-on-year.The import value totaled USD 1.28 million during the first three months.During January to march,China imported 65. 展开更多
关键词 QUARTER import CUSTOMS exportED accumulated export MARCH permanent valued totally
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Category List of Import and Export Commodities Subject to Inspection Implemented by the Institutions of Commodity Inspection (Ⅱ)
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《China's Foreign Trade》 1995年第11期36-37,共2页
Issued on April 26, 1995 by the State Administration of Import and Export Commodity Inspection of
关键词 Category List of import and export Commodities Subject to Inspection Implemented by the Institutions of Commodity Inspection
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REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ADMINISTRATION OF IMPORT AND EXPORT ENTERPRISE IDENTIFICATION DIGITS
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作者 MaZhou 《大经贸》 北大核心 1997年第10期94-95,共2页
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economy Co-operation (hereinafter called the MOFFEC)willintroduce throughout the country "the Importand Export Enterprise Identification Digits of thePeople’s Republic of China&... The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economy Co-operation (hereinafter called the MOFFEC)willintroduce throughout the country "the Importand Export Enterprise Identification Digits of thePeople’s Republic of China" (hereinafter called"IEEID") for the purpose of pushing forward the de-velopment of foreign economy and trade, strength-ening macro-administration by the governments andimproving working efficiency and service. ThisRegulation has been enacted to ensure 展开更多
关键词 REGULATIONS of the PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC of CHINA ON ADMINISTRATION of import and export ENTERPRISE IDENTIFICATION DIGITS
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The Impact of Trade Deficits and the Burden of Crisis Oriented Economy on the Livelihoods of Nepali People
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作者 Uttam Khanal 《Macro Management & Public Policies》 2023年第3期50-63,共14页
29,164,578 people are living in Nepal.Out of them,48.96%are men and 51.04%are women.The growth rate of the population is 0.93%annually.However,216,957 individuals had been abroad for employment,education or other reas... 29,164,578 people are living in Nepal.Out of them,48.96%are men and 51.04%are women.The growth rate of the population is 0.93%annually.However,216,957 individuals had been abroad for employment,education or other reasons.It has developed an addiction to imported products using remittances.The government delays spending the money allotted for capital improvements.The debt incurred by loans received from donors exceeds between 20 trillion and 80 billion of Nepal’s entire yearly budget.Based on statistics from Nepal Rastra Bank fiscal years 2021/2022,export and import contributions to overall Nepal’s foreign commerce were 8.40%and 91.60%,respectively.Due to the burden of debt and increasing trade deficit in the Nepalese economy,it has greatly affected the livelihood of the people.The increase in the prices of goods has made the lives of ordinary and low-income citizens very difficult.To reduce it,it is necessary to increase the production of indigenous products and promote their trade.Nepal needs to improve its ability to balance imports and exports.Economic dependency will reduce and the nation’s focus on self-sufficiency will increase if the market is extended by raising the output of locally produced items.There will be an increase in hazards as the state’s ability to function weakens.No nation can be entirely self-sufficient in the open global market of today by producing all the commodities and services it requires.Economic dependency will reduce and the nation’s focus on self-sufficiency will increase if the market is extended by raising the output of locally produced items.There will be an increase in hazards as the state’s ability to function weakens. 展开更多
关键词 import export Domestic product Raw materials Trade deficit Production and consumption
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China’s alfalfa market and imports: Development, trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations 被引量:4
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作者 Qingbin WANG ZOU Yang 《Journal of Integrative Agriculture》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2020年第4期1149-1158,共10页
This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade... This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China’s rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons(mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China’s alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports. 展开更多
关键词 China’s ALFALFA importS U.S.alfalfa exportS dairy industrialization U.S.-China trade DISPUTE and retaliations GM-free standards
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Impact of Sino-US Trade Friction on Import and Export Trade Pattern of Soybean in Heilongjiang 被引量:2
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作者 Junde HAN Junjie SONG Tianzhen QI 《Asian Agricultural Research》 2019年第3期1-3,10,共4页
Under the background of Sino-US trade friction,soybean,as an important variety in the important and export trade of agricultural products,has become a key bargaining chip. After the Ministry of Commerce of China annou... Under the background of Sino-US trade friction,soybean,as an important variety in the important and export trade of agricultural products,has become a key bargaining chip. After the Ministry of Commerce of China announced the counter list of agricultural products including soybean,the price fluctuations of domestic soybean and related agricultural products are rapidly expanding. Under the background of SinoUS trade friction,taking the soybean-producing areas in Heilongjiang as an example,the impact of Sino-US trade friction on the important and export pattern of soybean in Heilongjiang was explored to provide a certain theoretical basis for the development of soybean industry in Heilongjiang. 展开更多
关键词 Sino-US TRADE friction SOYBEAN import and export TRADE pattern
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Establishing minimum clinically important difference values for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function, hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction, and knee injury and osteoarthritis out 被引量:3
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作者 Man Hung Jerry Bounsanga +1 位作者 Maren W Voss Charles L Saltzman 《World Journal of Orthopedics》 2018年第3期41-49,共9页
AIM To establish minimum clinically important difference(MCID) for measurements in an orthopaedic patient population with joint disorders.METHODS Adult patients aged 18 years and older seeking care for joint condition... AIM To establish minimum clinically important difference(MCID) for measurements in an orthopaedic patient population with joint disorders.METHODS Adult patients aged 18 years and older seeking care for joint conditions at an orthopaedic clinic took the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function(PROMIS~? PF) computerized adaptive test(CAT), hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction(HOOS JR), and the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction(KOOS JR) from February 2014 to April 2017. MCIDs were calculated using anchorbased and distribution-based methods. Patient reports of meaningful change in function since their first clinic encounter were used as an anchor.RESULTS There were 2226 patients who participated with a mean age of 61.16(SD = 12.84) years, 41.6% male, and 89.7% Caucasian. Mean change ranged from 7.29 to 8.41 for the PROMIS~? PF CAT, from 14.81 to 19.68 for the HOOS JR, and from 14.51 to 18.85 for the KOOS JR. ROC cut-offs ranged from 1.97-8.18 for the PF CAT, 6.33-43.36 for the HOOS JR, and 2.21-8.16 for the KOOS JR. Distribution-based methods estimated MCID values ranging from 2.45 to 21.55 for the PROMIS~? PF CAT; from 3.90 to 43.61 for the HOOS JR, and from 3.98 to 40.67 for the KOOS JR. The median MCID value in the range was similar to the mean change score for each measure and was 7.9 for the PF CAT, 18.0 for the HOOS JR, and 15.1 for the KOOS JR.CONCLUSION This is the first comprehensive study providing a wide range of MCIDs for the PROMIS? PF, HOOS JR, and KOOS JR in orthopaedic patients with joint ailments. 展开更多
关键词 Hhip DISABILITY and OSTEOARTHRITIS OUTCOME SCORE for JOINT reconstruction Patient-Reported OUTCOMES Measurement Information System Physical function Knee injury and OSTEOARTHRITIS OUTCOME SCORE for JOINT reconstruction Minimum clinically important difference JOINT Physical function Minimum detectable change Arthroplasty Orthopaedics Clinical OUTCOMES
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Sources and Flows of Embodied CO_2 Emissions in Import and Export Trade of China 被引量:1
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作者 LI Yanmei FU Jiafeng +1 位作者 MA Zhanyun YANG Bo 《Chinese Geographical Science》 SCIE CSCD 2014年第2期220-230,共11页
This paper uses the Global Trade Analysis Project(version 7)database to calculate embodied CO2emissions in bilateral trade between China and other countries(regions)based on input-output methods.The sources and flows ... This paper uses the Global Trade Analysis Project(version 7)database to calculate embodied CO2emissions in bilateral trade between China and other countries(regions)based on input-output methods.The sources and flows of embodied CO2emissions in import and export trade of China are analyzed.Results show that the flows of embodied CO2emissions in export trade are highly concentrated.The main flows to the United States(US)and Japan account for 1/4 and 1/7 of the total CO2emissions in export trade,respectively.Concentrated flows of total exports and small differences in export structure are the main reasons for the highly concentrated export trade.The sources of embodied CO2emissions in import trade have relatively low concentration.Taiwan Province of China,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,US,Russia,Republic of Korea,and Japan account for around 7.72%–12.67%of the total embodied CO2emissions in import trade.The relative dispersion of import sources,the impact of the import structure,and the level of production technology in importing countries caused low concentration of CO2emissions in import trade.Overall,the embodied CO2emissions in the export trade of China are higher than those in import trade.As a result,production-based CO2emissions are higher than consumption-based CO2emissions.The difference of 8.96×108t of CO2,which comes mainly from the US,Japan,Germany,and the United Kingdom,accounts for 58.70%of the total difference.Some suggestions,such as improving energy efficiency,alerting high carbon-intensive industries transfer,expanding the market for sharing risks,and prompting the accounting system of consumption-based CO2emissions,are proposed based on the results. 展开更多
关键词 export trade import trade embodied CO2 emissions INPUT-OUTPUT
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