BACKGROUND： An increasing number of studies have shown the effects of aging in basic cognitive processing and higher cognitive functions using functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI）. However, little is known ...BACKGROUND： An increasing number of studies have shown the effects of aging in basic cognitive processing and higher cognitive functions using functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI）. However, little is known about the aging effects in diverse cognitive abilities, such as spatial learning and reasoning. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of aging on spatial cognitive performance and regional brain activation based on fMRI. DESIGN, TIME, AND SETTING： A block design for fMRI observation. This study was performed at the fMRI Laboratory, Brain Science Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology from March 2006 to May 2009. PARTICIPANTS： Eight right-handed, male, college students in their 20s （mean age 21.5 years） and six right-handed, male, adults in their 40s （mean age 45.7 years）, who graduated from college, participated in the study. All subjects were healthy and had no prior history of psychiatric or neurological disorders. METHODS： A spatial task was presented while brain images were acquired using a 3T fMRI system （ISOL Technology, Korea）. The spatial tasks involved selecting a shape that corresponded to a given figure using four examples, as well as selecting a development figure of a diagram. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The accuracy rate （number of correct answers/total number of items x 100%） of spatial tasks was calculated. Using the subtraction procedure, the activated areas in the brain during spatial tasks were color-coded by T-score. The double subtraction method was used to analyze the effect of aging between the two age groups （20s versus 40s）. RESULTS： The cerebellum, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe were similarly activated in the two age groups. Increased brain activations, however, were observed in bilateral parietal and superior frontal lobes of the younger group. More activation was observed in bilateral middle frontal and right inferior frontal lobes in the older group. Compared with the older group, the younger men exhibited greater spatial performance （P = 0.012）. CONCLUSION： Reduced cognitive function correlated with decreased activation areas in the parietal lobe and altered activation in the frontal lobe.展开更多
Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) is em-ployed in many behavior analysis studies, with blood oxygen level dependent-(BOLD-) contrast imaging being the main method used to generate images. The use of BOLD-con...Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) is em-ployed in many behavior analysis studies, with blood oxygen level dependent-(BOLD-) contrast imaging being the main method used to generate images. The use of BOLD-contrast imaging in f MRI has been refined over the years, for example, the inclusion of a spin echo pulse and increased magnetic strength were shown to produce better recorded images. Taking careful precautions to control variables during measurement, comparisons between different specimen groups can be illustrated by f MRI imaging using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Differences have been observed in comparisons of active and resting, developing and aging, and defective and damaged brains in various studies. However, cognitive studies using f MRI still face a number of challenges in interpretation that can only be overcome by imaging large numbers of samples. Furthermore, f MRI studies of brain cancer, lesions and other brain pathologies of both humans and animals are still to be explored.展开更多
Background Asymmetry of bilateral cerebral function, i.e. laterality, is an important phenomenon in many brain actions: arithmetic calculation may be one of these phenomena. In this study, first, laterality of brain...Background Asymmetry of bilateral cerebral function, i.e. laterality, is an important phenomenon in many brain actions: arithmetic calculation may be one of these phenomena. In this study, first, laterality of brain areas associated with arithmetic calculations was revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Second, the relationship among laterality, handedness, and types of arithmetic task was assessed. Third, we postulate possible reasons for laterality. Methods Using a block-designed experiment, twenty-five right-handed and seven left-handed healthy volunteers carried out simple calculations, complex calculations and proximity judgments. T 1WI and GRE-EPI fMRI were performed with a GE 1.5T whole body MRI scanner. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM99) was used to process data and localize functional areas. Numbers of activated voxels were recorded to calculate laterality index for evaluating the laterality of functional brain areas. Results For both groups, the activation of functional areas in the frontal lobe showed a tendency towards the nonpredominant hand side, but the functional areas in the inferior parietal lobule had left laterality. During simple and complex calculations, the laterality indices of the prefrontal cortex and premotor area were higher in the right-handed group than that in the left-handed group, whereas the laterality of the inferior parietal lobule had no such significant difference. In both groups, when the difficulty of the task increased, the laterality of the prefrontal cortex, premotor area, and inferior parietal lobule decreased, but the laterality of posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus increased. Conclusions The laterality of the functional brain areas associated with arithmetic calculations can be detected with fMRI. The laterality of the functional areas was related to handedness and task difficulty.展开更多
Understanding the neural underpinning of human gait and balance is one of the most pertinent challenges for 21st-century translational neuroscience due to the profound impact that falls and mobility disturbances have ...Understanding the neural underpinning of human gait and balance is one of the most pertinent challenges for 21st-century translational neuroscience due to the profound impact that falls and mobility disturbances have on our aging population.Posture and gait control does not happen automatically,as previously believed,but rather requires continuous involvement of central nervous mechanisms.To effectively exert control over the body,the brain must integrate multiple streams of sensory information,including visual,vestibular,and somatosensory signals.The mechanisms which underpin the integration of these multisensory signals are the principal topic of the present work.Existing multisensory integration theories focus on how failure of cognitive processes thought to be involved in multisensory integration leads to falls in older adults.Insufficient emphasis,however,has been placed on specific contributions of individual sensory modalities to multisensory integration processes and cross-modal interactions that occur between the sensory modalities in relation to gait and balance.In the present work,we review the contributions of somatosensory,visual,and vestibular modalities,along with their multisensory intersections to gait and balance in older adults and patients with Parkinson’s disease.We also review evidence of vestibular contributions to multisensory temporal binding windows,previously shown to be highly pertinent to fall risk in older adults.Lastly,we relate multisensory vestibular mechanisms to potential neural substrates,both at the level of neurobiology(concerning positron emission tomography imaging)and at the level of electrophysiology(concerning electroencephalography).We hope that this integrative review,drawing influence across multiple subdisciplines of neuroscience,paves the way for novel research directions and therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches,to improve the lives of older adults and patients with neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
目的探讨功能MRI(functional MRI,fMRI)评估高频重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)对老年脑卒中患者记忆功能的影响。材料与方法前瞻性纳入2021年1月至2021年12月我院收治的90例老年脑卒中记忆功能障...目的探讨功能MRI(functional MRI,fMRI)评估高频重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)对老年脑卒中患者记忆功能的影响。材料与方法前瞻性纳入2021年1月至2021年12月我院收治的90例老年脑卒中记忆功能障碍患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组(n=45)及观察组(n=45)。对照组给予对症治疗、健康指导以及常规记忆功能训练,观察组在对照组的基础上联合高频rTMS治疗。分别于治疗前、治疗4周后,应用Rivermead行为记忆能力测试-Ⅱ(Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test,RBMT-Ⅱ)测定两组患者记忆功能,并在测试时进行fMRI扫描,采用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(Generic Quality of Life Inventory,GQOL-74)评估患者生活质量。结果治疗4周后,与对照组比较,观察组RBMT-Ⅱ测试中记姓与名(t=2.802,P=0.006)、记所藏物品(t=2.091,P=0.039)、记约定(t=2.172,P=0.033)、图片再认(t=2.174,P=0.032)、脸部再认(t=2.191,P=0.031)、定向及日期(t=3.096,P=0.003)、信件即时回忆(t=2.293,P=0.024)、故事即时回忆(t=2.075,P=0.041)以及路线即时回忆(t=2.300,P=0.024)评分均较高,观察组fMRI低频振幅(amplitude of low frequency fluctuations,ALFF)值高于对照组(t=9.877,P<0.001);治疗4周后,观察组患者激活脑区数目多于对照组,GQOL-74问卷评分高于对照组[躯体健康(t=3.338,P=0.001),社会功能(t=3.400,P=0.001),心理健康(t=2.221,P=0.029),物质生活(t=2.298,P=0.024)]。结论高频rTMS治疗有利于改善老年脑卒中记忆功能障碍患者的记忆功能,进而提升患者生活质量;应用fMRI证明其作用机制可能与增强区域血流及神经活动强度相关。展开更多
目的采用情绪评估量表和任务态功能磁共振成像(Task f MRI)技术,分析库欣病(CD)患者脑功能改变及其与精神症状的关系。方法收集2015年11月-2016年11月在解放军总医院内分泌科住院诊断为库欣病的8例患者,并选取21名年龄、性别和受教育程...目的采用情绪评估量表和任务态功能磁共振成像(Task f MRI)技术,分析库欣病(CD)患者脑功能改变及其与精神症状的关系。方法收集2015年11月-2016年11月在解放军总医院内分泌科住院诊断为库欣病的8例患者,并选取21名年龄、性别和受教育程度相匹配的健康人作为对照组,对其进行Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)、正性负性情绪量表(PANAS)和库欣生活质量量表(Cushing QOL)的评估,并行Task f MRI检查。结果与对照组相比,CD组患者均存在抑郁、焦虑状态,正性情绪评分低,而负性情绪评分较高。Task f MRI结果显示,观看正性图片时CD组左侧小脑和右侧中央后回激活程度较对照组减弱,左侧小脑激活程度与16:00点促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)水平呈正相关,右侧中央后回激活程度与尿游离皮质醇(UFC)水平呈正相关;观看负性图片时左侧小脑、双侧海马旁回和左侧额下回激活程度较对照组明显减弱,左侧小脑激活程度与0:00点皮质醇水平和焦虑量表评分呈负相关,与UFC水平呈正相关;观看中性图片时左侧小脑和左侧海马旁回激活程度较对照组减弱。结论 CD患者脑功能受损,会出现抑郁、焦虑等精神障碍,通过Task f MRI技术可发现左侧额下回、右侧中央后回、双侧海马旁回和左侧小脑激活程度减弱与之相关。展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND： An increasing number of studies have shown the effects of aging in basic cognitive processing and higher cognitive functions using functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI）. However, little is known about the aging effects in diverse cognitive abilities, such as spatial learning and reasoning. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of aging on spatial cognitive performance and regional brain activation based on fMRI. DESIGN, TIME, AND SETTING： A block design for fMRI observation. This study was performed at the fMRI Laboratory, Brain Science Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology from March 2006 to May 2009. PARTICIPANTS： Eight right-handed, male, college students in their 20s （mean age 21.5 years） and six right-handed, male, adults in their 40s （mean age 45.7 years）, who graduated from college, participated in the study. All subjects were healthy and had no prior history of psychiatric or neurological disorders. METHODS： A spatial task was presented while brain images were acquired using a 3T fMRI system （ISOL Technology, Korea）. The spatial tasks involved selecting a shape that corresponded to a given figure using four examples, as well as selecting a development figure of a diagram. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The accuracy rate （number of correct answers/total number of items x 100%） of spatial tasks was calculated. Using the subtraction procedure, the activated areas in the brain during spatial tasks were color-coded by T-score. The double subtraction method was used to analyze the effect of aging between the two age groups （20s versus 40s）. RESULTS： The cerebellum, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe were similarly activated in the two age groups. Increased brain activations, however, were observed in bilateral parietal and superior frontal lobes of the younger group. More activation was observed in bilateral middle frontal and right inferior frontal lobes in the older group. Compared with the older group, the younger men exhibited greater spatial performance （P = 0.012）. CONCLUSION： Reduced cognitive function correlated with decreased activation areas in the parietal lobe and altered activation in the frontal lobe.
文摘Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) is em-ployed in many behavior analysis studies, with blood oxygen level dependent-(BOLD-) contrast imaging being the main method used to generate images. The use of BOLD-contrast imaging in f MRI has been refined over the years, for example, the inclusion of a spin echo pulse and increased magnetic strength were shown to produce better recorded images. Taking careful precautions to control variables during measurement, comparisons between different specimen groups can be illustrated by f MRI imaging using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Differences have been observed in comparisons of active and resting, developing and aging, and defective and damaged brains in various studies. However, cognitive studies using f MRI still face a number of challenges in interpretation that can only be overcome by imaging large numbers of samples. Furthermore, f MRI studies of brain cancer, lesions and other brain pathologies of both humans and animals are still to be explored.
文摘Background Asymmetry of bilateral cerebral function, i.e. laterality, is an important phenomenon in many brain actions: arithmetic calculation may be one of these phenomena. In this study, first, laterality of brain areas associated with arithmetic calculations was revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Second, the relationship among laterality, handedness, and types of arithmetic task was assessed. Third, we postulate possible reasons for laterality. Methods Using a block-designed experiment, twenty-five right-handed and seven left-handed healthy volunteers carried out simple calculations, complex calculations and proximity judgments. T 1WI and GRE-EPI fMRI were performed with a GE 1.5T whole body MRI scanner. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM99) was used to process data and localize functional areas. Numbers of activated voxels were recorded to calculate laterality index for evaluating the laterality of functional brain areas. Results For both groups, the activation of functional areas in the frontal lobe showed a tendency towards the nonpredominant hand side, but the functional areas in the inferior parietal lobule had left laterality. During simple and complex calculations, the laterality indices of the prefrontal cortex and premotor area were higher in the right-handed group than that in the left-handed group, whereas the laterality of the inferior parietal lobule had no such significant difference. In both groups, when the difficulty of the task increased, the laterality of the prefrontal cortex, premotor area, and inferior parietal lobule decreased, but the laterality of posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus increased. Conclusions The laterality of the functional brain areas associated with arithmetic calculations can be detected with fMRI. The laterality of the functional areas was related to handedness and task difficulty.
文摘Understanding the neural underpinning of human gait and balance is one of the most pertinent challenges for 21st-century translational neuroscience due to the profound impact that falls and mobility disturbances have on our aging population.Posture and gait control does not happen automatically,as previously believed,but rather requires continuous involvement of central nervous mechanisms.To effectively exert control over the body,the brain must integrate multiple streams of sensory information,including visual,vestibular,and somatosensory signals.The mechanisms which underpin the integration of these multisensory signals are the principal topic of the present work.Existing multisensory integration theories focus on how failure of cognitive processes thought to be involved in multisensory integration leads to falls in older adults.Insufficient emphasis,however,has been placed on specific contributions of individual sensory modalities to multisensory integration processes and cross-modal interactions that occur between the sensory modalities in relation to gait and balance.In the present work,we review the contributions of somatosensory,visual,and vestibular modalities,along with their multisensory intersections to gait and balance in older adults and patients with Parkinson’s disease.We also review evidence of vestibular contributions to multisensory temporal binding windows,previously shown to be highly pertinent to fall risk in older adults.Lastly,we relate multisensory vestibular mechanisms to potential neural substrates,both at the level of neurobiology(concerning positron emission tomography imaging)and at the level of electrophysiology(concerning electroencephalography).We hope that this integrative review,drawing influence across multiple subdisciplines of neuroscience,paves the way for novel research directions and therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches,to improve the lives of older adults and patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
文摘目的探讨功能MRI(functional MRI,fMRI)评估高频重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)对老年脑卒中患者记忆功能的影响。材料与方法前瞻性纳入2021年1月至2021年12月我院收治的90例老年脑卒中记忆功能障碍患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组(n=45)及观察组(n=45)。对照组给予对症治疗、健康指导以及常规记忆功能训练,观察组在对照组的基础上联合高频rTMS治疗。分别于治疗前、治疗4周后,应用Rivermead行为记忆能力测试-Ⅱ(Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test,RBMT-Ⅱ)测定两组患者记忆功能,并在测试时进行fMRI扫描,采用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(Generic Quality of Life Inventory,GQOL-74)评估患者生活质量。结果治疗4周后,与对照组比较,观察组RBMT-Ⅱ测试中记姓与名(t=2.802,P=0.006)、记所藏物品(t=2.091,P=0.039)、记约定(t=2.172,P=0.033)、图片再认(t=2.174,P=0.032)、脸部再认(t=2.191,P=0.031)、定向及日期(t=3.096,P=0.003)、信件即时回忆(t=2.293,P=0.024)、故事即时回忆(t=2.075,P=0.041)以及路线即时回忆(t=2.300,P=0.024)评分均较高,观察组fMRI低频振幅(amplitude of low frequency fluctuations,ALFF)值高于对照组(t=9.877,P<0.001);治疗4周后,观察组患者激活脑区数目多于对照组,GQOL-74问卷评分高于对照组[躯体健康(t=3.338,P=0.001),社会功能(t=3.400,P=0.001),心理健康(t=2.221,P=0.029),物质生活(t=2.298,P=0.024)]。结论高频rTMS治疗有利于改善老年脑卒中记忆功能障碍患者的记忆功能,进而提升患者生活质量;应用fMRI证明其作用机制可能与增强区域血流及神经活动强度相关。
文摘目的采用情绪评估量表和任务态功能磁共振成像(Task f MRI)技术,分析库欣病(CD)患者脑功能改变及其与精神症状的关系。方法收集2015年11月-2016年11月在解放军总医院内分泌科住院诊断为库欣病的8例患者,并选取21名年龄、性别和受教育程度相匹配的健康人作为对照组,对其进行Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)、正性负性情绪量表(PANAS)和库欣生活质量量表(Cushing QOL)的评估,并行Task f MRI检查。结果与对照组相比,CD组患者均存在抑郁、焦虑状态,正性情绪评分低,而负性情绪评分较高。Task f MRI结果显示,观看正性图片时CD组左侧小脑和右侧中央后回激活程度较对照组减弱,左侧小脑激活程度与16:00点促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)水平呈正相关,右侧中央后回激活程度与尿游离皮质醇(UFC)水平呈正相关;观看负性图片时左侧小脑、双侧海马旁回和左侧额下回激活程度较对照组明显减弱,左侧小脑激活程度与0:00点皮质醇水平和焦虑量表评分呈负相关,与UFC水平呈正相关;观看中性图片时左侧小脑和左侧海马旁回激活程度较对照组减弱。结论 CD患者脑功能受损,会出现抑郁、焦虑等精神障碍,通过Task f MRI技术可发现左侧额下回、右侧中央后回、双侧海马旁回和左侧小脑激活程度减弱与之相关。
