General laws of funding for scientific citations:how citations change in funded and unfunded research between basic and applied sciences

Purpose:The goal of this study is to analyze the relationship between funded and unfunded papers and their citations in both basic and applied sciences.Design/methodology/approach:A power law model analyzes the relationship between research funding and citations of papers using 831,337 documents recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:The original results reveal general characteristics of the diffusion of science in research fields:a)Funded articles receive higher citations compared to unfunded papers in journals;b)Funded articles exhibit a super-linear growth in citations,surpassing the increase seen in unfunded articles.This finding reveals a higher diffusion of scientific knowledge in funded articles.Moreover,c)funded articles in both basic and applied sciences demonstrate a similar expected change in citations,equivalent to about 1.23%,when the number of funded papers increases by 1%in journals.This result suggests,for the first time,that funding effect of scientific research is an invariant driver,irrespective of the nature of the basic or applied sciences.Originality/value:This evidence suggests empirical laws of funding for scientific citations that explain the importance of robust funding mechanisms for achieving impactful research outcomes in science and society.These findings here also highlight that funding for scientific research is a critical driving force in supporting citations and the dissemination of scientific knowledge in recorded documents in both basic and applied sciences.Practical implications:This comprehensive result provides a holistic view of the relationship between funding and citation performance in science to guide policymakers and R&D managers with science policies by directing funding to research in promoting the scientific development and higher diffusion of results for the progress of human society.

Interpretation of the Standards of Basic Dataset of Chronic Diseases Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance in Adults

BACKGROUND China’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System(BRFSS)originated from the World Bankfunded HealthⅦLoan Project in the 1990s,which conducted behavioral risk factor surveillance in seven cities and one province^([1]).Drawing on the World Health Organization’s(WHO)STEPwise approach to surveillance(STEPs)and the U.S.Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System(BRFSS)^([2,3]).

Extreme rain event highlights the lack of governance to face climate change in the Southeastern coast of Brazil

New rainfall records were registered in the southeastern region of Brazil during February 2023.The amount of rain in the north coast region of the State of São Paulo was more than 650 mm in less than two days.Landslides and tragedies with a socioeconomically vulnerable population marked this climatic extreme.The country has a regulatory system that suggests the elaboration and implementation of municipal public policies aimed at territorial organization,environmental conservation,and the prevention of disasters induced by natural hazards.In addition,both federal and state funds earmarked for such hazard's prevention have been underutilized over the last decade.In addition to this current devastating climate episode,other events were registered in this decade,reinforcing that financial governance is a key challenge to face the climate crisis in Brazil.The predicted future extreme events in different regions of Brazil will require a different governance system to minimize social inequality,seek sustainable alternatives for urban environments and manage to adapt cities for the challenges posed by climate change.

Unequal Distribution of Innovation Efforts for Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Role of Funding Evaluation Criteria

Background: International research and innovation efforts for neglected tropical diseases have increased in recent decades due to disparities in overall health research funding in relation to global burden of disease. However, within the field of neglected tropical diseases some seem far more neglected than others. In this research the aim is to investigate the distribution of resources and efforts, as well as the mechanisms that underpin funding allocation for neglected tropical diseases. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted to establish a comprehensive overview of known indicators for innovation efforts related to a wide range of neglected tropical diseases. Articles were selected based on a subjective evaluation of their relevance, the presence of original data, and the breadth of their scope. This was followed by thirteen in-depth open-ended interviews with representatives of private, public and philanthropic funding organizations, concerning evaluation criteria for funding research proposals. Results: The findings reveal a large difference in the extent to which the individual diseases are neglected with notable differences between absolute and relative efforts. Criteria used in the evaluation of research proposals relate to potential impact, the probability of success and strategic fit. Private organizations prioritize strategic fit and economic impact;philanthropic organizations prioritize short-term societal impact;and public generally prioritize the probability of success by accounting for follow-up funding and involvement of industry. Funding decisions of different types of organizations are highly interrelated. Conclusions: This study shows that the evaluation of funding proposals introduces and retains unequal funding distribution, reinforcing the relative neglect of diseases. Societal impact is the primary rationale for funding but application of it as a funding criterion is associated with significant challenges. Furthermore, current application of evaluation criteria leads to a primary focus on short-term impact. Through current practice, the relatively most neglected diseases will remain so, and a long-term strategy is needed to resolve this.

Analysis of standardization of community security fund management-Taking practice of community security fund management in Wuhou district of Chengdu as an example

The Chengdu community security funds refer to the special security funds for urban and rural community development and governance in Chengdu.At present,there are some problems in the use of community security funds,such as low participation of residents,and low efficiency of fund use.Taking the exploration of standardization of community security fund management in Wuhou district,Chengdu city,as an example,this paper suggests further strengthening the use and management of community security funds by means of standardization,ensuring the democratic,open,and transparent use of funds,and effectively enhancing the supporting role of community security funds in community governance.

BELT AND ROAD BUILDERS:FROM INFRASTRUCTURE TO CULTURAL TIES

The 2×660MW coal-fired pithead power plant of PT Huadian Bukit Asam Power(HBAP)commenced commercial operation on October 7,2023.It is located in Muara Enim county of Indonesia’s South Sumatra Province.Jointly funded and constructed by China and Indonesia,the project is a major energy cooperation effort under the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI).

China-ASEAN Energy Cooperation China and ASEAN countries are poised for long-term energy cooperation as complementary needs continue to rise

Cambodia,funded and developed by China National Heavy Machinery Corporation(CHMC).This project has an installed capacity of 150 MW.Having completed its water storage in 2023,the plant,once operational,will provide Cambodia with a stable power supply.Moreover,CHMC has signed a Memorandum of Understanding to develop the 1,000 MW Upper Stung Tatay Pumped Storage Power Station-a key project,and the signing was witnessed by leaders of both countries.It will serve as a critical reserve and regulating power source in Cambodia,laying a foundation for subsequent renewable energy development in the country.

Strategies for Cultivating Public Funded Targeted Normal Students Based on Goal Management Theory : A Case Study of East, West and North Guangdong

Public funded targeted normal students are an important component of China's teacher team construction.Since its implementation in 2007,a large number of outstanding rural teachers who have been striving on the front line of education have been trained.Based on the theory of goal management,this paper explores the problems and countermeasures in the training of public funded targeted normal students.It strives to solve the problems of low willingness to teach and high default rates among public funded normal students,and hopes that the suggestions proposed in this paper can further promote the effective implementation of policies for public funded normal students.

Research on the Problems and Countermeasures of Monetary Capital Internal Control in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)constitute the primary drivers of production within the nation’s existing enterprise landscape.They represent the most dynamic segment of the national economy and play a pivotal role in supporting economic growth,fostering employment,and enhancing people’s livelihoods.However,despite their significant and extensive organizational structures,only a fraction of these companies have established internal control systems,and even fewer possess robust ones.Building upon this premise and considering the prevailing circumstances of SMEs,this paper undertakes an empirical analysis of monetary fund management within this sector.It delves into the operational intricacies,exploring how monetary funds should be effectively implemented to ensure their safety and integrity.Furthermore,it proposes viable strategies to enhance the circulation efficiency of monetary funds,thereby maximizing benefits for enterprises.Addressing these challenges is crucial for SME managers striving to achieve sustainable profit growth and navigate the complexities of financial management.

The relation between funding by the National Institutes of Health and the burden of disease

Background:The Institute of Medicine has proposed that the amount of disease-specific research funding provided by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)be systematically and consistently compared with the burden of disease for society.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional study comparing estimates of disease-specific funding in 1996 with data on six measures of the burden of disease.

Ensuring progress on sustainable access to effective antibiotics at the 2024 UN General Assembly: a target-based approach

Rising antimicrobial resistance(AMR)is a global health crisis for countries of all economic levels,alongside the broader challenge of access to antibiotics.As a result,development goals for child survival,healthy ageing,poverty reduction,and food security are at risk.Preserving antimicrobial effectiveness,a global public good,requires political will,targets,accountability frameworks,and funding.The upcoming second high-level meeting on AMR at the UN General Assembly(UNGA)in September,2024,is evidence of political interest in addressing the problem of AMR,but action on targets,accountability,and funding,absent from the 2016 UNGA resolution,is needed.

The relation between funding by the National Institutes of Health and the burden of disease

Background:The Institute of Medicine has proposed that the amount of disease-specific research funding provided by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)be systematically and consistently compared with the burden of disease for society.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional study comparing estimates of disease-specific funding in 1996 with data on six measures of the burden of disease.The measures were total mortality,years of life lost,and number of hospital days in 1994 and incidence,prevalence,and disability-adjusted life-years(one disability-adjusted life-year is defined as the loss of one year of healthy life to disease)in 1990.With the use of these measures as explanatory variables in a regression analysis,predicted funding was calculated and compared with actual funding.

Financial Calculation Problems and Countermeasure Analysis of Large-Scale Engineering Construction Projects

The financial aspects of large-scale engineering construction projects profoundly influence their success.Strengthening cost control and establishing a scientific financial evaluation system can enhance the project’s economic benefits,minimize unnecessary costs,and provide decision-makers with a robust financial foundation.Additionally,implementing an effective cash flow control mechanism and conducting a comprehensive assessment of potential project risks can ensure financial stability and mitigate the risk of fund shortages.Developing a practical and feasible fundraising plan,along with stringent fund management practices,can prevent fund wastage and optimize fund utilization efficiency.These measures not only facilitate smooth project progression and improve project management efficiency but also enhance the project’s economic and social outcomes.

The Relation between Performance and Flows of Mutual Funds: Case of the Croatian Fund Market

With pre 2008 euphoria and present depression, inflows to open investment funds and outflows from it shaped general market conditions on the Croatian fund market. This article studies the relationship between performance of open ended investment funds and inflows (outflows) to them on Croatian funds data in an environment without long fund data history, with small number of funds and relatively illiquid underlying equity market. The results suggest that the driving forces behind funds’ flows encompass the combined influence of present month fund’s performance and persistency of past performances. At the end of our analysis we test the significance of the introduced explanatory variables on the data sets that include data for each particular fund. The significance of the introduced explanatory variables varies among different funds, although a general level of the explanatory power is maintained on average.

Risk Measurement and Performance Evaluation of Equity Funds Based on ARMA-GARCH Family Model

There are few comprehensive studies on risk measurement and performance evaluation of stock funds in China. This paper uses the ARMA-GARCH family model to analyze the volatility characteristics of equity funds under the t-distribution and Generalized error distribution (GED), and combines CVaR, PM (Second revised sharp ratio) and CVaR-RAROC (Revised RAROC) to comprehensively evaluate equity funds risk and performance. The empirical analysis of five equity funds in China from October 28, 2010 to May 17, 2019 shows that: Comprehensive evaluation of the risk and performance of equity funds can comprehensively and effectively examine the risks and returns of equity funds, helping investors, financial institutions and regulatory agencies to more fully understand the risks and performance of equity funds.

Optimal asset allocation strategies of university endowment funds

Optimal asset allocation for university endowment funds is very important in USA. The management of endowment funds is challenging due to the need of finding out the balance between providing adequate and stable spending for beneficiaries and growth of the portfolio. In this paper, the author address these allocation constraints in a dynamic framework, in which minimum subsistence levels are introduced in the objective function and derive explicit formulas for the optimal portfolio strategy.

Case Study of the Ways Private Equity Funds Apply to Dodge Capital-flow Control

In this article,several cases are cited to demonstrate how foreign private equity firms circumvent Chinese government restrictions on capital flows and investing in strategic and sensitive sectors. Speci cally,private equities investing in Chinese companies to be listed abroad can use the Red-chip,Sheng Da or overseas option models. Private equities investing in domestically-listed Chinese companies can resort to foreign-funded banks,underground banking,stock-holder borrowing,stocks held by the third party,equity bonds or local investment company purchases.

The Research on Maintaining and Increasing the Value of Social Security funds Based on the theory of Sustainable Development

The Social security system is a necessary part of market economic system, the social security fund is the basis of running a country social security system. However, the fund of social security of our country has many problems, such as investment channel phase contrast is still relatively narrow, the portfolio is not reasonable enough, external capital market is not perfect and so on.so the social security fund in our country is difficult to achieve effective and value. This article will start from the concept of sustainable development, and hope to find out the existing problems in the process of maintaining and increasing the value of social security funds through combing the basic elements of social security funds.

The obstacles and countermeasures of developing function of China＇s Unemployment insurance funds

The function of the unemployment insurance funds arc： ensuring the basic life and stabling employment, preventing unemployment and promoting employment, on the one hand, it guarantee basic livings of the unemploycd, in order to reduce the impact on the individual and society. On the other hand, it also has a function of stabling employment, preventing unemployment and promoting unemployed again obtain employment. In recent years, however, the unemployment insurance fund revenue has been greater than its expenditure, balance funds become more and more, it not only faces a risk of depreciation, also will cause the waste of funds. Therefore, improve the utilization rate of the uncmployment insurance fund itself and expand the function of the unemployment insurance fund, realize the sustainable development of unemployment insurance funds is great significance.