In this paper,managed forest(MF)and natural forest(NF)in the Huajiang Demonstration Zone of Guanling,Guizhou were selected as research objects,and cropland(CL)was taken as control.High-throughput sequencing technology...In this paper,managed forest(MF)and natural forest(NF)in the Huajiang Demonstration Zone of Guanling,Guizhou were selected as research objects,and cropland(CL)was taken as control.High-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the characteristics of fungal community composition and species diversity in the surface(0-10 cm)soil of each restoration measure,in order to reveal the dominant soil fungal groups and fungal community composition in karst rocky desertification areas,which was conducive to a more comprehensive understanding of the soil conditions of different vegetation restoration measures.Research has shown that vegetation restoration significantly affected the diversity of soil fungal community,with significant increases in Sob index,Ace index,and Chao index.The vegetation restoration has significantly changed the composition of fungal community.The dominant fungi in the CL topsoil are Sordariomycetes(62.28%),Dothideomycetes(12.34%),and Eurotiomycetes(9.12%);the dominant fungi in the MF soil are Sordariomycetes(45.05%),Dothideomycetes(14.74%),and Mortierellomycetes(10.40%);the dominant fungi in the NF soil are unclassified fungal community(26.38%),Sordariomycetes(19.78%),and Agaricomycetes(13.82%).Vegetation restoration has changed the key fungal groups in the soil.Sordariomycetes,Fusarium,and Setophoma are the key dominant fungal groups in CL soil;Dioszegia is key dominant fungal group in MF soil;c_unclassified_k_Fungi,p_unclassified_k_Fungi,o_unclassified_k_Fungi,f_unclassified_k_Fungi,g_unclassified_k_Fungi,Teichospora,and Diaporthe are key dominant fungal groups in NF soil.展开更多
In recent years,peanut yield and quality are more seriously affected by pod rot disease in China.However,managing this disease has proven challenging due to the wide host range of its pathogens.In this study,four soil...In recent years,peanut yield and quality are more seriously affected by pod rot disease in China.However,managing this disease has proven challenging due to the wide host range of its pathogens.In this study,four soil samples were collected from fields with pod rot disease in Hebei Province,and 454 pyrosequencing was used to analyze the fungal communities structure within them.All 38490 ITS high-quality sequences were grouped into 1203 operational taxonomic units,the fungal community diversity of four soil samples was evaluated and compared using Shannon index and Simpson index.The results showed that members of Ascomycota were dominant,followed by Basidiomycota.According to the BLAST results at the species level,Guehomyces had the highest abundance,accounting for about 7.27%,followed by Alternaria,Fusarium,and Davidiella.The relative abundance of Fusarium oxysporum isolated from rotting peanuts in soil with peanut rot was higher than that in the control,indicating that Fusarium oxysporum might be one of the main pathogenic fungus of peanut rot in this area.This study delved into the broader fungal community associated with peanut pod rot,providing a theoretical foundation for preventing and treating this disease in agriculture.展开更多
Continuous monoculture problems, or replanting diseases, are one of the key factors affecting productivity and quality of Chinese medicinal plants. The underlying mechanism is still being explored. Most of the studies...Continuous monoculture problems, or replanting diseases, are one of the key factors affecting productivity and quality of Chinese medicinal plants. The underlying mechanism is still being explored. Most of the studies on continuous monoculture ofRehmannia glutinosa L. are focused on plant nutritional physiology, root exudate, and its autotoxieity. However, the changes in the diversity of microflora in the rhizosphere mediated by the continuous monoculture pattern have been remained unknown. In this study, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) technique was used for fingerprinting fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil sampled from the fields ofR. glutinosa monocultured for 1 and 2 yr. The results showed that the structure of fungal community in consecutively moncultured rhizosphere soil was different from that in control soil (no cropping soil), and varied with the consecutive monoeulture years (1 and 2 yr). The comprehensive evaluation index (D) of fungal community estimated by principal component analysis of fragment number, peak area, Shannon-Weiner index, and Margalef index was higher in 1 yr monoculture soil than that in 2 yr monoculture soil, suggesting that consecutive monoculture of R. glutinosa could be a causative agent to decrease the diversity of fungal community in the rhizosphere soil.展开更多
Certain agricultural management practices are known to affect the soil microbial community structure;however,knowledge of the response of the fungal community structure to the long-term continuous cropping and rotatio...Certain agricultural management practices are known to affect the soil microbial community structure;however,knowledge of the response of the fungal community structure to the long-term continuous cropping and rotation of soybean,maize and wheat in the same agroecosystem is limited.We assessed the fungal abundance,composition and diversity among soybean rotation,maize rotation and wheat rotation systems and among long-term continuous cropping systems of soybean,maize and wheat as the effect of crop types on fungal community structure.We compared these fungal parameters of same crop between long-term crop rotation and continuous cropping systems as the effect of cropping systems on fungal community structure.The fungal abundance and composition were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing.The results revealed that long-term continuous soybean cropping increased the soil fungal abundance compared with soybean rotation,and the fungal abundance was decreased in long-term continuous maize cropping compared with maize rotation.The long-term continuous soybean cropping also exhibited increased soil fungal diversity.The variation in the fungal community structure among the three crops was greater than that between long-term continuous cropping and rotation cropping.Mortierella,Guehomyces and Alternaria were the most important contributors to the dissimilarity of the fungal communities between the continuous cropping and rotation cropping of soybean,maize and wheat.There were 11 potential pathogen and 11 potential biocontrol fungi identified,and the relative abundance of most of the potential pathogenic fungi increased during the long-term continuous cropping of all three crops.The relative abundance of most biocontrol fungi increased in long-term continuous soybean cropping but decreased in long-term continuous maize and wheat cropping.Our results indicate that the response of the soil fungal community structure to long-term continuous cropping varies based upon crop types.展开更多
In this study,pot experiments were conducted on the seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica to study the influence of Trichoderma(Trichoderma harzianum E15)and Ectomycorrhizal fungi(Suillus luteus N94)on the growt...In this study,pot experiments were conducted on the seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica to study the influence of Trichoderma(Trichoderma harzianum E15)and Ectomycorrhizal fungi(Suillus luteus N94)on the growth of these seedlings.In particular,the effects of these fungi on the fungal community structure in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings were investigated.Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum E15 and Suillus luteus N94 significantly(P<0.05)promoted the growth of the Pinus sylvestris seedlings.The non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)results indicated a significant difference(P<0.05)between the fungal community structures in the rhizosphere soil of the annual and biennial seedlings.In the rhizosphere soil of annual seedlings,the main fungi were Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Zygomycota.Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,and p-unclassified-k-Fungi were the main fungi in the rhizosphere soil of biennial seedlings.The dominant genus in the rhizosphere soil and a key factor promoting the growth of the annual and the biennial seedlings was Trichoderma,Suillus,respectively.Both of them were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of microbial flora in the symbiotic environment.Trichoderma had a significant promoting effect on the conversion of total phosphorus,total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and the organic matter in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings,while Suillus significantly promoted the conversion of organic matter and total phosphorus.展开更多
Apple replant disease(ARD) is a frequently occurring plant disease in replanted orchards around Bohai Gulf, which causes growth inhibition and even death of plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the etiolog...Apple replant disease(ARD) is a frequently occurring plant disease in replanted orchards around Bohai Gulf, which causes growth inhibition and even death of plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the etiology of ARD around Bohai Gulf. In this study, the primary growth inhibition of apple seedlings was evaluated in ten replanted soils, sampled around Bohai Gulf. A fungal clone library was used to identify changes in the structure and composition of the soil fungal community. The results revealed that the Simpson diversity indices of Laizhou and Pulandian orchards were higher than others, presenting severe ARD. Ascomycota dominated around Bohai Gulf at the phyla level. Fusarium and Saccharomyces were abundant in all replanted soils. In addition, correlations between the relative abundance of fungal genera in soils and the severity of ARD were analyzed. The results showed that Fusarium was correlated positively with the severity of ARD, but Mortierella was negatively correlated. Furthermore, the quantitative PCR of Fusarium oxysporum, which was regarded as a factor of ARD, was performed. Overall, this study demonstrated that ARD was strongly associated with an unbalanced microbial ecosystem with more pathogenic fungi, while Fusarium in the apple replanted soil was the key factor for ARD around Bohai Gulf.展开更多
Excessive livestock grazing degrades grasslands ecosystem stability and sustainability by reducing soil organic matter and plant productivity. However, the effects of grazing on soil cellulolytic fungi, an important i...Excessive livestock grazing degrades grasslands ecosystem stability and sustainability by reducing soil organic matter and plant productivity. However, the effects of grazing on soil cellulolytic fungi, an important indicator of the degradation process for soil organic matter,remain less well understood. Using T-RFLP and sequencing methods, we investigated the effects of grazing on the temporal changes of cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure in dry steppe soils during the growing months from May to September, on the Tibetan Plateau using T-RFLP and sequencing methods. The results demonstrated that the abundance of soil cellulolytic fungi under grazing treatment changed significantly from month to month, and was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and soil temperature, but negatively correlated with soil p H. Contrastingly, cellulolytic fungal abundance did not change within the fencing treatment(ungrazed conditions). Cellulolytic fungal community structure changed significantly in the growing months in grazed soils,but did not change in fenced soils. Grazing played a key role in determining the community structure of soil cellulolytic fungi by explaining 8.1% of the variation, while p H and DOC explained 4.1% and 4.0%, respectively. Phylogenetically, the cellulolytic fungi were primarily affiliated with Ascomycota(69.65% in relative abundance) and Basidiomycota(30.35%).Therefore, grazing substantially reduced the stability of soil cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure, as compared with the fencing treatment. Our finding provides a new insight into the responses of organic matter-decomposing microbes for grassland managements.展开更多
We conducted a 2.5-year field experiment to test the effects of straw incorporated evenly into the soil(EIS)on soil fungal community,SOC chemical composition,and particulate organic matter fractions via comparing with...We conducted a 2.5-year field experiment to test the effects of straw incorporated evenly into the soil(EIS)on soil fungal community,SOC chemical composition,and particulate organic matter fractions via comparing with no straw returning(CK),straw mulching(SM),straw plowed into the soil(SP),and identified the linkages between soil fungal community as well as organic C accumulation and POM formation.Our results showed that EIS treatment significantly increased the concentrations of SOC and the proportion of carbohydrate C,di-O-alkyl C,and O-alkyl C in SOC structure,increased the mass proportion and OC contents of MA(c)POM and mM-POM in the upper 40 cm of soil.Meanwhile,EIS treatment increased the relative abundance of Ascomycota,Zygomycota,Chytridiomycota,and Dothideomycetes in 0-20 cm depths,and also had the highest relative abundance of Glomeromycetes and Dothideomycetes in the 20-40 cm soil.Also,our study suggests that straw return enhanced the relative abundances of fungi involved in the carbon cycle and sequestration,including Zygomycota,Chytridiomycota,and Glomeromycota,and Ascomycota.The shifts in fungal community structure can accelerate organic C accumulation and the formation of soil particulate organic matter,especially in EIS treatment.展开更多
Soil fungi are extremely important for maintaining soil health and plant production in agricultural systems.Currently,the effect of continuous cropping of sweet potato on soil fungal communities and physiochemical par...Soil fungi are extremely important for maintaining soil health and plant production in agricultural systems.Currently,the effect of continuous cropping of sweet potato on soil fungal communities and physiochemical parameters has not been well documented.In the present study,four sweet potato fields consecutively monocultured for 1,2,3,and 4 years were selected to investigate the effect of monoculture on soil fungal communities through Illumina MiSeq sequencing.Continuous cropping of sweet potatoes dramatically altered the fungal community composition,whereas fungal diversity was almost unchanged.Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most abundant phyla in all soil samples,accounting for 32.59%and 21.14%of the average relative abundance,respectively.The abundance of some potential pathogens,such as Ascobolus spp,specifically Ascobolus stercorarius,and some unknown fungi increased significantly as the sweet potato monoculture period increased,and their presence were highly positively correlated with disease incidence.In contrast,Basidiomycota,Bullera,Fusarium and Trichocladium most likely play roles as antagonists of sweet potato disease development,as their relative abundance decreased significantly over time and were negatively correlated with disease incidence.Redundancy and correlation analyses revealed that soil pH and organic carbon content were the most important factors driving these changes.Our findings provided a dynamic overview of the fungal community and presented a clear scope for screening beneficial fungi and pathogens of sweet potato.展开更多
Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi are widely distributed in various habitats,and the community composition varies in response to the changing environmental conditions.To explore the response of community composition to ...Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi are widely distributed in various habitats,and the community composition varies in response to the changing environmental conditions.To explore the response of community composition to the succession of saline-alkali land,soil samples were collected from three succession stages of Songnen saline-alkali grassland.Subsequently,the soil characteristics were determined and the AM fungi in soil samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing.Then,the response relationship between community composition and soil characteristics was studied by Canonical correlation and Pearson analyses.The soil properties improved with the succession of saline-alkali grassland.There was no significant difference in alpha diversity between the first and second succession stage(Suaeda glauca and Puccinellia tenuiflora,respectively),and the microbial community had a dense association network at the third stage(Leymus chinensis);in addition,each succession stage had significantly enriched amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)and functional pathways.All the soil properties except cellulase activity had significant effects on community composition.Furthermore,the pH,organic carbon,organic matter,and sucrase activity significantly correlated with alpha diversity indices.These results provide a theoretical basis for realizing the significant changes in AM fungal community and soil properties during the saline-alkali grassland vegetation succession.展开更多
Soil microorganisms play pivotal roles in element biogeochemical cycling and ecological functions in wetland ecosystem,which may affect global climate change.Variations in biotic and abiotic factors are known to affec...Soil microorganisms play pivotal roles in element biogeochemical cycling and ecological functions in wetland ecosystem,which may affect global climate change.Variations in biotic and abiotic factors are known to affect soil microbial diversity,community structure and the corresponding functions.However,the relative importance of these biotic and abiotic factors on wetland soil microbial diversity and community structure on the QinghaiTibet Plateau remains poorly understood.In this study,we explored soil bacterial and fungal diversity and composition of five wetlands under two vegetation types(herbs vs Hippophae thibetana)in Changdu area,Tibet,through Illumina high throughput sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA for bacteria and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)for fungi.Results showed that soil bacterial alpha diversity was higher in H.thibetana dominated wetlands and was significantly and positively correlated with soil pH.No difference was detected in the soil fungal alpha diversity among samples and between vegetation types.The dominant soil bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Acidobacteria,and Firmicutes.While Ascomycota,Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota were the dominant fungal phyla.Soil bacterial and fungal community structures were significantly distinct by vegetation types.In addition,redundancy analysis indicated that soil pH was the key factor shaping soil bacterial community structure.Nevertheless,soil p H showed no effect on fungal community.Instead,soil dissolved organic carbon was the major factor contributing to soil fungal community structure.This study emphasized that wetland soil microbial communities were distinct by vegetation types and the driving factors of microbial beta diversity between bacterial and fungal community were also different in wetlands in Changdu area.展开更多
The implementation of appropriate tillage practices is of great significance for agricultural production. However, the effects of different tillage depths on soil nutrients content and microbial communities in tobacco...The implementation of appropriate tillage practices is of great significance for agricultural production. However, the effects of different tillage depths on soil nutrients content and microbial communities in tobacco-planting soils are still lacking systematic research. In this study, three different tillage depths of 15 cm (T1), 20 cm (T2), and 30 cm (T3) were set up for field experiments in Liupanshui, Guizhou Province, to explore the effects of tillage depth on tobacco-planting soil nutrients and bacterial and fungal communities based on 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing and figure out the key factors affecting soil microbial communities. The results showed that T2 and T3 increased the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and available potassium in tobacco-planting soil, and increased the diversity of bacterial communities compared with T1. There was no significant difference in the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in different tillage depth treatments, but some dominant genera were significantly enriched in T2 and T3. Desulfobacter, Setophoma, Humicola, and Acremonium were significantly enriched in T2. Chthonomonas and Fusarium were significantly enriched in T3. These genera favor the decomposition of organic matter and the cycling of nutrients, and control soil pests and diseases. Redundancy analysis indicated that TP and AK were the key factors influencing the dominant genera of bacteria and fungi. This study provides a scientific basis for the selection of soil tillage depth for tobacco production in this region.展开更多
Trichoderma is an important and widely used plant growth-promoting fungus(PGPF).In this study,stevia residue amended with amino acids hydrolyzed from animal carcasses was used for the production of Trichoderma guizhou...Trichoderma is an important and widely used plant growth-promoting fungus(PGPF).In this study,stevia residue amended with amino acids hydrolyzed from animal carcasses was used for the production of Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU 4742 by solid-state fermentation,and then its potential to promote corn plant growth was evaluated in combination with chemical fertilizer(CF)or organic fertilizer(OF).The highest spore number of 7×10^(9) CFU g^(–1) fresh weight was obtained under the following optimal parameters:material ratio of 50%(stevia residue:rice bran=1:1),pH value of 3.0(amended with 6.67%amino acids),initial moisture content of 60%,inoculum size of 10%,material thickness of 3 cm and an incubation time of 4 days.The aboveground corn plant biomass obtained with T.guizhouense applied alone and with CF treatments were slightly higher than those of no fertilizer control and CF treatments,respectively.However,T.guizhouense applied with OF significantly(P<0.05)increased aboveground biomass compared to OF and yielded the highest aboveground biomass among all the treatments.Moreover,T.guizhouense applications primarily influenced the fungal bulk soil community composition,among which three OTUs(OTU_(2) and OTU_(9) classified as Chaetomium,and OTU_(4)classified as Trichoderma)were stimulated in both bulk and rhizosphere soil.Notably,a specific OTU_(3)(Phymatotrichopsis)was only stimulated by T.guizhouense applied with OF,possibly leading to high soil productivity.These results show that it is feasible to employ stevia residue in the eco-friendly fermentation of T.guizhouense,which is strongly suggested for enhancing OF applications.展开更多
Background:There are many studies on disentangling the responses of autotrophic(AR)and heterotrophic(HR)respiration components of soil respiration(SR)to long-term drought,but few studies have focused on the mechanisms...Background:There are many studies on disentangling the responses of autotrophic(AR)and heterotrophic(HR)respiration components of soil respiration(SR)to long-term drought,but few studies have focused on the mechanisms underlying its responses.Methods:To explore the impact of prolonged drought on AR and HR,we conducted the 2-year measurements on soil CO_(2) effluxes in the 7th and 8th year of manipulated throughfall reduction(TFR)in a warm-temperate oak forest.Results:Our results showed long-term TFR decreased HR,which was positively related to bacterial richness.More importantly,some bacterial taxa such as Novosphingobium and norank Acidimicrobiia,and fungal Leptobacillium were identified as major drivers of HR.In contrast,long-term TFR increased AR due to the increased fine root biomass and production.The increased AR accompanied by decreased HR appeared to counteract each other,and subsequently resulted in the unchanged SR under the TFR.Conclusions:Our study shows that HR and AR respond in the opposite directions to long-term TFR.Soil microorganisms and fine roots account for the respective mechanisms underlying the divergent responses of HR and AR to long-term TFR.This highlights the contrasting responses of AR and HR to prolonged drought should be taken into account when predicting soil CO_(2) effluxes under future droughts.展开更多
Land filling is the main method to dispose municipal solid waste in China.During the decomposition of organic waste in landfills,fungi play an important role in organic carbon degradation and nitrogen cycling.However,...Land filling is the main method to dispose municipal solid waste in China.During the decomposition of organic waste in landfills,fungi play an important role in organic carbon degradation and nitrogen cycling.However,fungal composition and potential functions in landfill have not yet been characterized.In this study,refuse and leachate samples with different areas and depths were taken from a large sanitary landfill in Beijing to identify fungal communities in landfills.In high-throughput sequencing of ITS region,474 operational taxonomic units(OTUs)were obtained from landfill samples with a cutoff level of 3%and a sequencing depth of 19962.The results indicates that Ascomycota,with the average relative abundance of 84.9%,was the predominant phylum in landfill fungal communities.At the genus level,Family Hypocreaceae unclassified(15.7%),Fusarium(9.9%)and Aspergillus(8.3%)were the most abundant fungi found in the landfill and most of them are of saprotrophic lifestyle,which plays a big role in nutrient cycling in ecosystem.Fungi existed both in landfilled refuse and leachate while both the richness and evenness of fungal communities were higher in the former.In addition,fungal communities in landfilled refuse presented geographic variances,which could be partly attributed to physical habitat properties(pH,dissolved organic carbon,volatile solid,NH_(4)^(+),NO_(2)^(−)and NO_(3)^(−)),while NO_(3)^(−)was considered the most significant factor(p<0.05)in shaping fungal community.展开更多
Application of nanotechnology in agriculture has been expanded to improve crop production.The impact of nanomaterials(NMs)on factors that influence the survival and function of beneficial microorganisms is a less stud...Application of nanotechnology in agriculture has been expanded to improve crop production.The impact of nanomaterials(NMs)on factors that influence the survival and function of beneficial microorganisms is a less studied aspect that needs to be better understood.Only a few studies have assessed the effects of NMs on beneficial soil microorganisms.This study was conducted to assess the effects of nanofertilizer FertiGroe?N(FG-N)and nano-plant hormone HormoGroe?auxin(HG-A)on the chemical properties and microbial communities of two contrasting soils,Lipa clay loam(CL)and Sariaya sandy loam(SL),over a 35-d incubation period in the laboratory.Bacterial and fungal communities were evaluated using amplicon sequencing analysis within the 16S and internal transcribed spacer regions,respectively.The application of FG-N significantly decreased soil pH,but did not affect total N and available P for both soil types.A significant increase in exchangeable K was observed only in Lipa CL.The application of HG-A had no significant effect on soil chemical properties.Regarding the bacterial community after incubation,the relative abundances of Acidobacteriia,Chthonomonadetes,and Saccharimonadia decreased,whereas Acidimicrobiia,Chloroflexia,and Gemmatimonadetes increased with FG-N application in Lipa CL.The application of HG-A increased the relative abundance of Rubrobacteria,Chthonomonadetes,and Chloroflexia in Lipa CL.For the fungal community,FG-N application increased the relative abundance of Sordariomycetes,Agaricomycetes,and Eurotiomycetes,whereas Dothideomycetes and Mortierellomycetes decreased in Lipa CL after incubation.In Sariaya SL,FG-N application increased the relative abundance of Dothideomycetes,Eurotiomycetes,and Mortierellomycetes,but decreased that of Sordariomycetes and Agaricomycetes.Fungal classes observed in the control samples were not detected in the HG-A treatment,but were recovered after incubation in Lipa CL.The microbial diversity in both soil types showed slight changes with FG-N and HG-A application.Principal coordinate analysis illustrated the clustering of bacterial and fungal taxa between Lipa CL and Sariaya SL.Pearson correlation analysis showed that several bacterial and fungal communities were positively or negatively correlated with soil pH.The results suggest that FG-N can be safely used in crop production and HG-A may be used mainly for vegetative propagation.展开更多
Rhizosphere hypoxia constrains plant growth,and numerous studies have shown that root zone aeration accelerates plant photosynthesis and growth and increases crop yields.Nevertheless,the mechanism by which soil microo...Rhizosphere hypoxia constrains plant growth,and numerous studies have shown that root zone aeration accelerates plant photosynthesis and growth and increases crop yields.Nevertheless,the mechanism by which soil microorganisms are involved in this process is not clear.The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of aeration and irrigation depth on the composition and structure of rhizosphere soil fungal communities and tomato plant performance.The amount of aeration assayed was equal to 0(CK),0.5(V1),1(V2),and 1.5(V3)times the porosity of the soil.The two depths of subsurface drip irrigation used were 15(D15)and 40 cm(D40).The results demonstrated that soil aeration not only increased tomato plant performance but also influenced fungal diversity and composition.Compared to the no-aeration treatment,the V3 soil aeration treatment increased the total dry weight and fruit yield by 39.9%and 65.6%,respectively.The results also showed that the abundance of the phylum Ascomycota and the family Lasiosphaeriaceae increased with increasing soil aeration,whereas those of members of the phylum Zygomycota and the order Capnodiales decreased with increasing soil aeration.Moreover,the variation in subsurface irrigation depth altered the rhizosphere soil fungal community.In general,the results of this study demonstrate that root zone aeration can ameliorate hypoxic conditions in Lou soils and is beneficial to soil fungal communities and tomato plant performance.展开更多
Background:Soil aggregates are the basic units of soil structure,and their stability is a key indicator of soil quality and capacity to support ecosystem functions.The impacts of various environmental factors on soil ...Background:Soil aggregates are the basic units of soil structure,and their stability is a key indicator of soil quality and capacity to support ecosystem functions.The impacts of various environmental factors on soil aggregates have been widely studied.However,there remains elusive knowledge on the synergistic effects of changing forest stand structure on soil aggregate stability(SAS),particularly in subtropical China where soil erosion remains a critical issue.Methods:We investigated variations in the components of soil humus(HS),including humic acids(HAs),fulvic acids(FAs),and humins(HMs),under pure Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)plantation(PP)and multilayered mixed plantation(MP)comprising C.lanceolata,Castanopsis hystrix,and Michelia hedyosperma.The state of soil aggregate stability,was determined by three separate methods,i.e.,dry-sieving,wet-sieving,and the Le Bissonnais.High-throughput sequencing was used to determine the diversity and composition of microbial communities under PP and MP.We then built partial least squares path models(PLS-PM)for assessing the responses of SAS to the variations in soil microorganisms and HS components.Results:The MP stands had significantly greater SAS(P<0.05),higher content of HAs and more rapid organic matter humification within aggregates,than the PP stands.High-throughput sequencing confirmed that the Pielou andα-diversity index values(Chao1 and Shannon)for fungi were all significantly higher under MP than under PP,while no marked difference was found in bacterialα-diversity between the two plantation types.Moreover,there were markedly greater abundance of three bacterial phyla(Verrucomicrobia,Chloroflexi,and Gemmatimonadetes)and three fungal phyla(Ascomycota,Kickxellomycota,and Glomeromycota),and significantly less abundance of two bacterial phyla(Planctomycetes and Firmicutes)and four fungal phyla(Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,and Rozellomycota)under MP than under PP.The Chloroflexi and Ascomycota phyla appeared to be the primary drivers of soil aggregate distribution.Our findings revealed that the promotion of SAS under MP was mainly driven by increased soil organic matter(SOM)content,which altered bacterial communities and enhanced fungal diversity,thereby increasing HAs content and the rate of organic matter humification.Conclusions:Considering the combined effects of enhanced soil quality,productivity,and relevant economic costs,introducing broadleaved tree species into Chinese fir plantations can be an effective strategy for stabilizing soil structure against erosion in subtropical China.Our study elucidated the controls on variations of SAS in Chinese fir-dominated plantations and demonstrated the benefit of converting pure Chinese fir plantation to multi-layered mixed plantations in increasing soil structural stability and improving site quality.展开更多
Flue gas desulfurization gypsum and clover planting alleviated the soil salinization stress.Soil pH and total phosphorus affected the bacterial communi-ties.Total phosphorus affected the fungal communities.Flue gas de...Flue gas desulfurization gypsum and clover planting alleviated the soil salinization stress.Soil pH and total phosphorus affected the bacterial communi-ties.Total phosphorus affected the fungal communities.Flue gas desulfurization gypsum and clover planting improved jujube quality.The coastal area of Shandong Province,characterized by coastal saline tidal soil,is one of the main production areas of winter jujube in China.However,the low soil fertility and poor soil structure in jujube orchard restricted the development of the jujube industry.The objectives of this study were to 1)evaluate the effect of application of flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum and clover planting on soil quality improvement and soil microbial community structure of jujube orchard;2)investigate the effects of two measures on the nutrition and quality of winter jujube.The results showed that FGD gypsum reduced the soil total salt content by 65.6%,and clover planting increased the soil organic matter content by 30.7%,which effectively alleviated the soil salinization stress and improved the soil structure.Soil pH and total phosphorus(TP)were the main determinants influencing bacterial community composition,and TP was the dominant factor of the fungal community composition in the saline-alkali soils.Meanwhile,FGD gypsum addition and clover planting significantly increased the sugar degree and Vc content of winter jujube,thus improved jujube quality,and further contributed to the ecological sustainable development of winter jujube industry.展开更多
Approaches for the cultivation-independent analysis of microbial communities are summarized as meta’omics,which predominantly includes metagenomic,-transcriptomic,-proteomic and-metabolomic studies.These have shown t...Approaches for the cultivation-independent analysis of microbial communities are summarized as meta’omics,which predominantly includes metagenomic,-transcriptomic,-proteomic and-metabolomic studies.These have shown that endophytic,root-associated and soil fungal communities are strongly shaped by associated plant species.The impact of plant identity on the composition of its litterssociated fungal community remains to be disentangled from the impact of litter chemistry.The composition of the plant community also shapes the fungal community.Most strikingly,adjacent plant species may share mycorrhizal symbionts even if the plants usually have different types of mycorrhizal fungi associated with them(ectomycorrhizal,ericoid and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi).Environmental parameters weakly explain fungal community composition globally,and their effect is inconsistent at local and regional scales.Decrease in similarity among communities with increasing distance(i.e.distance decay)has been reported from local to global scales.This pattern is only exceptionally caused by spatial dispersal limitation of fungal propagules,but mostly due to the inability of the fungi to establish at the particular locality(i.e.environmental filtering or competitive exclusion).Fungal communities usually undergo pronounced seasonal changes and also differ between consecutive years.This indicates that development of the communities is usually not solely cyclic.Meta’omic studies challenge the classical view of plant litter decomposition.They show that mycorrhizal and(previously)endophytic fungi may be involved in plant litter decomposition and only partly support the idea of a succession from an Ascomycota to a Basidiomycota-dominated community.Furthermore,vertical separation of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal species in soil and sequential degradation from easily accessible to‘recalcitrant’plant compounds,such as lignin,can probably not be generalized.The current models of litter decomposition may therefore have to be eventually refined for certain ecosystems and environmental conditions.To gain deeper insights into fungal ecology,a meta’omic study design is outlined which focuses on environmental processes,because fungal communities are usually taxonomically diverse,but functionally redundant.This approach would initially identify dynamics of chemical shifts in the host and/or substrate by metametabolomics.Detected shifts would be subsequently linked to microbial activity by correlation with metatranscriptomic and/or metaproteomic data.A holistic trait-based approach might finally identify factors shaping taxonomic composition in communities against the dynamics of the environmental process(es)they are involved in.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (42177446,41601584)Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Fund (Qiankehe[2017]1417)Guizhou Normal University (Qianshixinmiao[2022]28).
文摘In this paper,managed forest(MF)and natural forest(NF)in the Huajiang Demonstration Zone of Guanling,Guizhou were selected as research objects,and cropland(CL)was taken as control.High-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the characteristics of fungal community composition and species diversity in the surface(0-10 cm)soil of each restoration measure,in order to reveal the dominant soil fungal groups and fungal community composition in karst rocky desertification areas,which was conducive to a more comprehensive understanding of the soil conditions of different vegetation restoration measures.Research has shown that vegetation restoration significantly affected the diversity of soil fungal community,with significant increases in Sob index,Ace index,and Chao index.The vegetation restoration has significantly changed the composition of fungal community.The dominant fungi in the CL topsoil are Sordariomycetes(62.28%),Dothideomycetes(12.34%),and Eurotiomycetes(9.12%);the dominant fungi in the MF soil are Sordariomycetes(45.05%),Dothideomycetes(14.74%),and Mortierellomycetes(10.40%);the dominant fungi in the NF soil are unclassified fungal community(26.38%),Sordariomycetes(19.78%),and Agaricomycetes(13.82%).Vegetation restoration has changed the key fungal groups in the soil.Sordariomycetes,Fusarium,and Setophoma are the key dominant fungal groups in CL soil;Dioszegia is key dominant fungal group in MF soil;c_unclassified_k_Fungi,p_unclassified_k_Fungi,o_unclassified_k_Fungi,f_unclassified_k_Fungi,g_unclassified_k_Fungi,Teichospora,and Diaporthe are key dominant fungal groups in NF soil.
基金supported by General project of Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2020MC103,ZR2021MC040)Agricultural Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2022B06,CXGC2022F33).
文摘In recent years,peanut yield and quality are more seriously affected by pod rot disease in China.However,managing this disease has proven challenging due to the wide host range of its pathogens.In this study,four soil samples were collected from fields with pod rot disease in Hebei Province,and 454 pyrosequencing was used to analyze the fungal communities structure within them.All 38490 ITS high-quality sequences were grouped into 1203 operational taxonomic units,the fungal community diversity of four soil samples was evaluated and compared using Shannon index and Simpson index.The results showed that members of Ascomycota were dominant,followed by Basidiomycota.According to the BLAST results at the species level,Guehomyces had the highest abundance,accounting for about 7.27%,followed by Alternaria,Fusarium,and Davidiella.The relative abundance of Fusarium oxysporum isolated from rotting peanuts in soil with peanut rot was higher than that in the control,indicating that Fusarium oxysporum might be one of the main pathogenic fungus of peanut rot in this area.This study delved into the broader fungal community associated with peanut pod rot,providing a theoretical foundation for preventing and treating this disease in agriculture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30772729, 30671201, and81072983)the Key Technologies R&D Programof China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period(2006BAI09B03 and 2006BAI06A12-06)
文摘Continuous monoculture problems, or replanting diseases, are one of the key factors affecting productivity and quality of Chinese medicinal plants. The underlying mechanism is still being explored. Most of the studies on continuous monoculture ofRehmannia glutinosa L. are focused on plant nutritional physiology, root exudate, and its autotoxieity. However, the changes in the diversity of microflora in the rhizosphere mediated by the continuous monoculture pattern have been remained unknown. In this study, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) technique was used for fingerprinting fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil sampled from the fields ofR. glutinosa monocultured for 1 and 2 yr. The results showed that the structure of fungal community in consecutively moncultured rhizosphere soil was different from that in control soil (no cropping soil), and varied with the consecutive monoeulture years (1 and 2 yr). The comprehensive evaluation index (D) of fungal community estimated by principal component analysis of fragment number, peak area, Shannon-Weiner index, and Margalef index was higher in 1 yr monoculture soil than that in 2 yr monoculture soil, suggesting that consecutive monoculture of R. glutinosa could be a causative agent to decrease the diversity of fungal community in the rhizosphere soil.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD02003009-6 and 2016YFD0300806)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771327 and 41571219)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS04)
文摘Certain agricultural management practices are known to affect the soil microbial community structure;however,knowledge of the response of the fungal community structure to the long-term continuous cropping and rotation of soybean,maize and wheat in the same agroecosystem is limited.We assessed the fungal abundance,composition and diversity among soybean rotation,maize rotation and wheat rotation systems and among long-term continuous cropping systems of soybean,maize and wheat as the effect of crop types on fungal community structure.We compared these fungal parameters of same crop between long-term crop rotation and continuous cropping systems as the effect of cropping systems on fungal community structure.The fungal abundance and composition were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing.The results revealed that long-term continuous soybean cropping increased the soil fungal abundance compared with soybean rotation,and the fungal abundance was decreased in long-term continuous maize cropping compared with maize rotation.The long-term continuous soybean cropping also exhibited increased soil fungal diversity.The variation in the fungal community structure among the three crops was greater than that between long-term continuous cropping and rotation cropping.Mortierella,Guehomyces and Alternaria were the most important contributors to the dissimilarity of the fungal communities between the continuous cropping and rotation cropping of soybean,maize and wheat.There were 11 potential pathogen and 11 potential biocontrol fungi identified,and the relative abundance of most of the potential pathogenic fungi increased during the long-term continuous cropping of all three crops.The relative abundance of most biocontrol fungi increased in long-term continuous soybean cropping but decreased in long-term continuous maize and wheat cropping.Our results indicate that the response of the soil fungal community structure to long-term continuous cropping varies based upon crop types.
文摘In this study,pot experiments were conducted on the seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica to study the influence of Trichoderma(Trichoderma harzianum E15)and Ectomycorrhizal fungi(Suillus luteus N94)on the growth of these seedlings.In particular,the effects of these fungi on the fungal community structure in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings were investigated.Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum E15 and Suillus luteus N94 significantly(P<0.05)promoted the growth of the Pinus sylvestris seedlings.The non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)results indicated a significant difference(P<0.05)between the fungal community structures in the rhizosphere soil of the annual and biennial seedlings.In the rhizosphere soil of annual seedlings,the main fungi were Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Zygomycota.Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,and p-unclassified-k-Fungi were the main fungi in the rhizosphere soil of biennial seedlings.The dominant genus in the rhizosphere soil and a key factor promoting the growth of the annual and the biennial seedlings was Trichoderma,Suillus,respectively.Both of them were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of microbial flora in the symbiotic environment.Trichoderma had a significant promoting effect on the conversion of total phosphorus,total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and the organic matter in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings,while Suillus significantly promoted the conversion of organic matter and total phosphorus.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for the National Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS–27)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31501720 and 31672104)+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0201114)the Fruit innovation team in Shandong Province,China(SDAIT-06-07)Agricultural Major Application Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Provincethe joint project of the Shandong Natural Science Foundation,China(ZR2014CL024)
文摘Apple replant disease(ARD) is a frequently occurring plant disease in replanted orchards around Bohai Gulf, which causes growth inhibition and even death of plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the etiology of ARD around Bohai Gulf. In this study, the primary growth inhibition of apple seedlings was evaluated in ten replanted soils, sampled around Bohai Gulf. A fungal clone library was used to identify changes in the structure and composition of the soil fungal community. The results revealed that the Simpson diversity indices of Laizhou and Pulandian orchards were higher than others, presenting severe ARD. Ascomycota dominated around Bohai Gulf at the phyla level. Fusarium and Saccharomyces were abundant in all replanted soils. In addition, correlations between the relative abundance of fungal genera in soils and the severity of ARD were analyzed. The results showed that Fusarium was correlated positively with the severity of ARD, but Mortierella was negatively correlated. Furthermore, the quantitative PCR of Fusarium oxysporum, which was regarded as a factor of ARD, was performed. Overall, this study demonstrated that ARD was strongly associated with an unbalanced microbial ecosystem with more pathogenic fungi, while Fusarium in the apple replanted soil was the key factor for ARD around Bohai Gulf.
基金supported by the Natural National Science Foundation of China (No. 41771303)Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nos. QYZDB-SSW-DQC033, XDB15010203 and XDA19070304)。
文摘Excessive livestock grazing degrades grasslands ecosystem stability and sustainability by reducing soil organic matter and plant productivity. However, the effects of grazing on soil cellulolytic fungi, an important indicator of the degradation process for soil organic matter,remain less well understood. Using T-RFLP and sequencing methods, we investigated the effects of grazing on the temporal changes of cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure in dry steppe soils during the growing months from May to September, on the Tibetan Plateau using T-RFLP and sequencing methods. The results demonstrated that the abundance of soil cellulolytic fungi under grazing treatment changed significantly from month to month, and was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and soil temperature, but negatively correlated with soil p H. Contrastingly, cellulolytic fungal abundance did not change within the fencing treatment(ungrazed conditions). Cellulolytic fungal community structure changed significantly in the growing months in grazed soils,but did not change in fenced soils. Grazing played a key role in determining the community structure of soil cellulolytic fungi by explaining 8.1% of the variation, while p H and DOC explained 4.1% and 4.0%, respectively. Phylogenetically, the cellulolytic fungi were primarily affiliated with Ascomycota(69.65% in relative abundance) and Basidiomycota(30.35%).Therefore, grazing substantially reduced the stability of soil cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure, as compared with the fencing treatment. Our finding provides a new insight into the responses of organic matter-decomposing microbes for grassland managements.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant number 2018YFD03002032017YFD0201801)the Key Research Program of the Science and Technology Agency of Jilin Province,China(20190301018NY).
文摘We conducted a 2.5-year field experiment to test the effects of straw incorporated evenly into the soil(EIS)on soil fungal community,SOC chemical composition,and particulate organic matter fractions via comparing with no straw returning(CK),straw mulching(SM),straw plowed into the soil(SP),and identified the linkages between soil fungal community as well as organic C accumulation and POM formation.Our results showed that EIS treatment significantly increased the concentrations of SOC and the proportion of carbohydrate C,di-O-alkyl C,and O-alkyl C in SOC structure,increased the mass proportion and OC contents of MA(c)POM and mM-POM in the upper 40 cm of soil.Meanwhile,EIS treatment increased the relative abundance of Ascomycota,Zygomycota,Chytridiomycota,and Dothideomycetes in 0-20 cm depths,and also had the highest relative abundance of Glomeromycetes and Dothideomycetes in the 20-40 cm soil.Also,our study suggests that straw return enhanced the relative abundances of fungi involved in the carbon cycle and sequestration,including Zygomycota,Chytridiomycota,and Glomeromycota,and Ascomycota.The shifts in fungal community structure can accelerate organic C accumulation and the formation of soil particulate organic matter,especially in EIS treatment.
基金supported by Key laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering,the Ministry of Land and Resources(SXDJ2018-06)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41501271 and 41601339)+1 种基金China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-10-B10)Support Plan on Youth Innovation Science and Technology for Higher Education of Shandong Province(2019KJD014).
文摘Soil fungi are extremely important for maintaining soil health and plant production in agricultural systems.Currently,the effect of continuous cropping of sweet potato on soil fungal communities and physiochemical parameters has not been well documented.In the present study,four sweet potato fields consecutively monocultured for 1,2,3,and 4 years were selected to investigate the effect of monoculture on soil fungal communities through Illumina MiSeq sequencing.Continuous cropping of sweet potatoes dramatically altered the fungal community composition,whereas fungal diversity was almost unchanged.Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most abundant phyla in all soil samples,accounting for 32.59%and 21.14%of the average relative abundance,respectively.The abundance of some potential pathogens,such as Ascobolus spp,specifically Ascobolus stercorarius,and some unknown fungi increased significantly as the sweet potato monoculture period increased,and their presence were highly positively correlated with disease incidence.In contrast,Basidiomycota,Bullera,Fusarium and Trichocladium most likely play roles as antagonists of sweet potato disease development,as their relative abundance decreased significantly over time and were negatively correlated with disease incidence.Redundancy and correlation analyses revealed that soil pH and organic carbon content were the most important factors driving these changes.Our findings provided a dynamic overview of the fungal community and presented a clear scope for screening beneficial fungi and pathogens of sweet potato.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601986)Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Scientific Research Developmental Fund(LBH-Q16005).
文摘Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi are widely distributed in various habitats,and the community composition varies in response to the changing environmental conditions.To explore the response of community composition to the succession of saline-alkali land,soil samples were collected from three succession stages of Songnen saline-alkali grassland.Subsequently,the soil characteristics were determined and the AM fungi in soil samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing.Then,the response relationship between community composition and soil characteristics was studied by Canonical correlation and Pearson analyses.The soil properties improved with the succession of saline-alkali grassland.There was no significant difference in alpha diversity between the first and second succession stage(Suaeda glauca and Puccinellia tenuiflora,respectively),and the microbial community had a dense association network at the third stage(Leymus chinensis);in addition,each succession stage had significantly enriched amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)and functional pathways.All the soil properties except cellulase activity had significant effects on community composition.Furthermore,the pH,organic carbon,organic matter,and sucrase activity significantly correlated with alpha diversity indices.These results provide a theoretical basis for realizing the significant changes in AM fungal community and soil properties during the saline-alkali grassland vegetation succession.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077038)Doctoral Fund of Southwest University of Science and Technology(20zx7134)Sichuan Science and Technology Support Program(2020YFS0020)。
文摘Soil microorganisms play pivotal roles in element biogeochemical cycling and ecological functions in wetland ecosystem,which may affect global climate change.Variations in biotic and abiotic factors are known to affect soil microbial diversity,community structure and the corresponding functions.However,the relative importance of these biotic and abiotic factors on wetland soil microbial diversity and community structure on the QinghaiTibet Plateau remains poorly understood.In this study,we explored soil bacterial and fungal diversity and composition of five wetlands under two vegetation types(herbs vs Hippophae thibetana)in Changdu area,Tibet,through Illumina high throughput sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA for bacteria and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)for fungi.Results showed that soil bacterial alpha diversity was higher in H.thibetana dominated wetlands and was significantly and positively correlated with soil pH.No difference was detected in the soil fungal alpha diversity among samples and between vegetation types.The dominant soil bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Acidobacteria,and Firmicutes.While Ascomycota,Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota were the dominant fungal phyla.Soil bacterial and fungal community structures were significantly distinct by vegetation types.In addition,redundancy analysis indicated that soil pH was the key factor shaping soil bacterial community structure.Nevertheless,soil p H showed no effect on fungal community.Instead,soil dissolved organic carbon was the major factor contributing to soil fungal community structure.This study emphasized that wetland soil microbial communities were distinct by vegetation types and the driving factors of microbial beta diversity between bacterial and fungal community were also different in wetlands in Changdu area.
文摘The implementation of appropriate tillage practices is of great significance for agricultural production. However, the effects of different tillage depths on soil nutrients content and microbial communities in tobacco-planting soils are still lacking systematic research. In this study, three different tillage depths of 15 cm (T1), 20 cm (T2), and 30 cm (T3) were set up for field experiments in Liupanshui, Guizhou Province, to explore the effects of tillage depth on tobacco-planting soil nutrients and bacterial and fungal communities based on 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing and figure out the key factors affecting soil microbial communities. The results showed that T2 and T3 increased the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and available potassium in tobacco-planting soil, and increased the diversity of bacterial communities compared with T1. There was no significant difference in the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in different tillage depth treatments, but some dominant genera were significantly enriched in T2 and T3. Desulfobacter, Setophoma, Humicola, and Acremonium were significantly enriched in T2. Chthonomonas and Fusarium were significantly enriched in T3. These genera favor the decomposition of organic matter and the cycling of nutrients, and control soil pests and diseases. Redundancy analysis indicated that TP and AK were the key factors influencing the dominant genera of bacteria and fungi. This study provides a scientific basis for the selection of soil tillage depth for tobacco production in this region.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0500201 and 2018YFD0201300)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20180539)+3 种基金the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(31801949)the National Science Foundation for Postdoctoral Scientists of China(2018M632318)the Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund Project of Jiangsu Province(CX(19)2026)the Priority Academic Program Development of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)。
文摘Trichoderma is an important and widely used plant growth-promoting fungus(PGPF).In this study,stevia residue amended with amino acids hydrolyzed from animal carcasses was used for the production of Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU 4742 by solid-state fermentation,and then its potential to promote corn plant growth was evaluated in combination with chemical fertilizer(CF)or organic fertilizer(OF).The highest spore number of 7×10^(9) CFU g^(–1) fresh weight was obtained under the following optimal parameters:material ratio of 50%(stevia residue:rice bran=1:1),pH value of 3.0(amended with 6.67%amino acids),initial moisture content of 60%,inoculum size of 10%,material thickness of 3 cm and an incubation time of 4 days.The aboveground corn plant biomass obtained with T.guizhouense applied alone and with CF treatments were slightly higher than those of no fertilizer control and CF treatments,respectively.However,T.guizhouense applied with OF significantly(P<0.05)increased aboveground biomass compared to OF and yielded the highest aboveground biomass among all the treatments.Moreover,T.guizhouense applications primarily influenced the fungal bulk soil community composition,among which three OTUs(OTU_(2) and OTU_(9) classified as Chaetomium,and OTU_(4)classified as Trichoderma)were stimulated in both bulk and rhizosphere soil.Notably,a specific OTU_(3)(Phymatotrichopsis)was only stimulated by T.guizhouense applied with OF,possibly leading to high soil productivity.These results show that it is feasible to employ stevia residue in the eco-friendly fermentation of T.guizhouense,which is strongly suggested for enhancing OF applications.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC0507301)by Research and Development Project of RIFEEP,Chinese Academy of Forestry(99802–2020).
文摘Background:There are many studies on disentangling the responses of autotrophic(AR)and heterotrophic(HR)respiration components of soil respiration(SR)to long-term drought,but few studies have focused on the mechanisms underlying its responses.Methods:To explore the impact of prolonged drought on AR and HR,we conducted the 2-year measurements on soil CO_(2) effluxes in the 7th and 8th year of manipulated throughfall reduction(TFR)in a warm-temperate oak forest.Results:Our results showed long-term TFR decreased HR,which was positively related to bacterial richness.More importantly,some bacterial taxa such as Novosphingobium and norank Acidimicrobiia,and fungal Leptobacillium were identified as major drivers of HR.In contrast,long-term TFR increased AR due to the increased fine root biomass and production.The increased AR accompanied by decreased HR appeared to counteract each other,and subsequently resulted in the unchanged SR under the TFR.Conclusions:Our study shows that HR and AR respond in the opposite directions to long-term TFR.Soil microorganisms and fine roots account for the respective mechanisms underlying the divergent responses of HR and AR to long-term TFR.This highlights the contrasting responses of AR and HR to prolonged drought should be taken into account when predicting soil CO_(2) effluxes under future droughts.
基金This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD1100600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21976101).
文摘Land filling is the main method to dispose municipal solid waste in China.During the decomposition of organic waste in landfills,fungi play an important role in organic carbon degradation and nitrogen cycling.However,fungal composition and potential functions in landfill have not yet been characterized.In this study,refuse and leachate samples with different areas and depths were taken from a large sanitary landfill in Beijing to identify fungal communities in landfills.In high-throughput sequencing of ITS region,474 operational taxonomic units(OTUs)were obtained from landfill samples with a cutoff level of 3%and a sequencing depth of 19962.The results indicates that Ascomycota,with the average relative abundance of 84.9%,was the predominant phylum in landfill fungal communities.At the genus level,Family Hypocreaceae unclassified(15.7%),Fusarium(9.9%)and Aspergillus(8.3%)were the most abundant fungi found in the landfill and most of them are of saprotrophic lifestyle,which plays a big role in nutrient cycling in ecosystem.Fungi existed both in landfilled refuse and leachate while both the richness and evenness of fungal communities were higher in the former.In addition,fungal communities in landfilled refuse presented geographic variances,which could be partly attributed to physical habitat properties(pH,dissolved organic carbon,volatile solid,NH_(4)^(+),NO_(2)^(−)and NO_(3)^(−)),while NO_(3)^(−)was considered the most significant factor(p<0.05)in shaping fungal community.
基金funded by the Department of Science and Technology(DOST),Philippine Council for Agriculture,Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development(No.N9-102-2A)the DOST,Accelerated Science and Technology Human Resource Development Program of Philippines。
文摘Application of nanotechnology in agriculture has been expanded to improve crop production.The impact of nanomaterials(NMs)on factors that influence the survival and function of beneficial microorganisms is a less studied aspect that needs to be better understood.Only a few studies have assessed the effects of NMs on beneficial soil microorganisms.This study was conducted to assess the effects of nanofertilizer FertiGroe?N(FG-N)and nano-plant hormone HormoGroe?auxin(HG-A)on the chemical properties and microbial communities of two contrasting soils,Lipa clay loam(CL)and Sariaya sandy loam(SL),over a 35-d incubation period in the laboratory.Bacterial and fungal communities were evaluated using amplicon sequencing analysis within the 16S and internal transcribed spacer regions,respectively.The application of FG-N significantly decreased soil pH,but did not affect total N and available P for both soil types.A significant increase in exchangeable K was observed only in Lipa CL.The application of HG-A had no significant effect on soil chemical properties.Regarding the bacterial community after incubation,the relative abundances of Acidobacteriia,Chthonomonadetes,and Saccharimonadia decreased,whereas Acidimicrobiia,Chloroflexia,and Gemmatimonadetes increased with FG-N application in Lipa CL.The application of HG-A increased the relative abundance of Rubrobacteria,Chthonomonadetes,and Chloroflexia in Lipa CL.For the fungal community,FG-N application increased the relative abundance of Sordariomycetes,Agaricomycetes,and Eurotiomycetes,whereas Dothideomycetes and Mortierellomycetes decreased in Lipa CL after incubation.In Sariaya SL,FG-N application increased the relative abundance of Dothideomycetes,Eurotiomycetes,and Mortierellomycetes,but decreased that of Sordariomycetes and Agaricomycetes.Fungal classes observed in the control samples were not detected in the HG-A treatment,but were recovered after incubation in Lipa CL.The microbial diversity in both soil types showed slight changes with FG-N and HG-A application.Principal coordinate analysis illustrated the clustering of bacterial and fungal taxa between Lipa CL and Sariaya SL.Pearson correlation analysis showed that several bacterial and fungal communities were positively or negatively correlated with soil pH.The results suggest that FG-N can be safely used in crop production and HG-A may be used mainly for vegetative propagation.
基金supported jointly by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41831284 and 41807041),the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD1900401)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2022NY-191)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.GK202103129)the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(Grant No.B16011).
文摘Rhizosphere hypoxia constrains plant growth,and numerous studies have shown that root zone aeration accelerates plant photosynthesis and growth and increases crop yields.Nevertheless,the mechanism by which soil microorganisms are involved in this process is not clear.The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of aeration and irrigation depth on the composition and structure of rhizosphere soil fungal communities and tomato plant performance.The amount of aeration assayed was equal to 0(CK),0.5(V1),1(V2),and 1.5(V3)times the porosity of the soil.The two depths of subsurface drip irrigation used were 15(D15)and 40 cm(D40).The results demonstrated that soil aeration not only increased tomato plant performance but also influenced fungal diversity and composition.Compared to the no-aeration treatment,the V3 soil aeration treatment increased the total dry weight and fruit yield by 39.9%and 65.6%,respectively.The results also showed that the abundance of the phylum Ascomycota and the family Lasiosphaeriaceae increased with increasing soil aeration,whereas those of members of the phylum Zygomycota and the order Capnodiales decreased with increasing soil aeration.Moreover,the variation in subsurface irrigation depth altered the rhizosphere soil fungal community.In general,the results of this study demonstrate that root zone aeration can ameliorate hypoxic conditions in Lou soils and is beneficial to soil fungal communities and tomato plant performance.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31960240 and 32171755)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(No.2019GXNSFAA185023)the Scientific Research Capacity Building Project for Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Guangxi under Grant No.2203513003。
文摘Background:Soil aggregates are the basic units of soil structure,and their stability is a key indicator of soil quality and capacity to support ecosystem functions.The impacts of various environmental factors on soil aggregates have been widely studied.However,there remains elusive knowledge on the synergistic effects of changing forest stand structure on soil aggregate stability(SAS),particularly in subtropical China where soil erosion remains a critical issue.Methods:We investigated variations in the components of soil humus(HS),including humic acids(HAs),fulvic acids(FAs),and humins(HMs),under pure Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)plantation(PP)and multilayered mixed plantation(MP)comprising C.lanceolata,Castanopsis hystrix,and Michelia hedyosperma.The state of soil aggregate stability,was determined by three separate methods,i.e.,dry-sieving,wet-sieving,and the Le Bissonnais.High-throughput sequencing was used to determine the diversity and composition of microbial communities under PP and MP.We then built partial least squares path models(PLS-PM)for assessing the responses of SAS to the variations in soil microorganisms and HS components.Results:The MP stands had significantly greater SAS(P<0.05),higher content of HAs and more rapid organic matter humification within aggregates,than the PP stands.High-throughput sequencing confirmed that the Pielou andα-diversity index values(Chao1 and Shannon)for fungi were all significantly higher under MP than under PP,while no marked difference was found in bacterialα-diversity between the two plantation types.Moreover,there were markedly greater abundance of three bacterial phyla(Verrucomicrobia,Chloroflexi,and Gemmatimonadetes)and three fungal phyla(Ascomycota,Kickxellomycota,and Glomeromycota),and significantly less abundance of two bacterial phyla(Planctomycetes and Firmicutes)and four fungal phyla(Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,and Rozellomycota)under MP than under PP.The Chloroflexi and Ascomycota phyla appeared to be the primary drivers of soil aggregate distribution.Our findings revealed that the promotion of SAS under MP was mainly driven by increased soil organic matter(SOM)content,which altered bacterial communities and enhanced fungal diversity,thereby increasing HAs content and the rate of organic matter humification.Conclusions:Considering the combined effects of enhanced soil quality,productivity,and relevant economic costs,introducing broadleaved tree species into Chinese fir plantations can be an effective strategy for stabilizing soil structure against erosion in subtropical China.Our study elucidated the controls on variations of SAS in Chinese fir-dominated plantations and demonstrated the benefit of converting pure Chinese fir plantation to multi-layered mixed plantations in increasing soil structural stability and improving site quality.
基金supported by the Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province(grant number 2019LY009)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(grant number2021YFD190090101).
文摘Flue gas desulfurization gypsum and clover planting alleviated the soil salinization stress.Soil pH and total phosphorus affected the bacterial communi-ties.Total phosphorus affected the fungal communities.Flue gas desulfurization gypsum and clover planting improved jujube quality.The coastal area of Shandong Province,characterized by coastal saline tidal soil,is one of the main production areas of winter jujube in China.However,the low soil fertility and poor soil structure in jujube orchard restricted the development of the jujube industry.The objectives of this study were to 1)evaluate the effect of application of flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum and clover planting on soil quality improvement and soil microbial community structure of jujube orchard;2)investigate the effects of two measures on the nutrition and quality of winter jujube.The results showed that FGD gypsum reduced the soil total salt content by 65.6%,and clover planting increased the soil organic matter content by 30.7%,which effectively alleviated the soil salinization stress and improved the soil structure.Soil pH and total phosphorus(TP)were the main determinants influencing bacterial community composition,and TP was the dominant factor of the fungal community composition in the saline-alkali soils.Meanwhile,FGD gypsum addition and clover planting significantly increased the sugar degree and Vc content of winter jujube,thus improved jujube quality,and further contributed to the ecological sustainable development of winter jujube industry.
基金funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,project PE 1673/4-1).
文摘Approaches for the cultivation-independent analysis of microbial communities are summarized as meta’omics,which predominantly includes metagenomic,-transcriptomic,-proteomic and-metabolomic studies.These have shown that endophytic,root-associated and soil fungal communities are strongly shaped by associated plant species.The impact of plant identity on the composition of its litterssociated fungal community remains to be disentangled from the impact of litter chemistry.The composition of the plant community also shapes the fungal community.Most strikingly,adjacent plant species may share mycorrhizal symbionts even if the plants usually have different types of mycorrhizal fungi associated with them(ectomycorrhizal,ericoid and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi).Environmental parameters weakly explain fungal community composition globally,and their effect is inconsistent at local and regional scales.Decrease in similarity among communities with increasing distance(i.e.distance decay)has been reported from local to global scales.This pattern is only exceptionally caused by spatial dispersal limitation of fungal propagules,but mostly due to the inability of the fungi to establish at the particular locality(i.e.environmental filtering or competitive exclusion).Fungal communities usually undergo pronounced seasonal changes and also differ between consecutive years.This indicates that development of the communities is usually not solely cyclic.Meta’omic studies challenge the classical view of plant litter decomposition.They show that mycorrhizal and(previously)endophytic fungi may be involved in plant litter decomposition and only partly support the idea of a succession from an Ascomycota to a Basidiomycota-dominated community.Furthermore,vertical separation of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal species in soil and sequential degradation from easily accessible to‘recalcitrant’plant compounds,such as lignin,can probably not be generalized.The current models of litter decomposition may therefore have to be eventually refined for certain ecosystems and environmental conditions.To gain deeper insights into fungal ecology,a meta’omic study design is outlined which focuses on environmental processes,because fungal communities are usually taxonomically diverse,but functionally redundant.This approach would initially identify dynamics of chemical shifts in the host and/or substrate by metametabolomics.Detected shifts would be subsequently linked to microbial activity by correlation with metatranscriptomic and/or metaproteomic data.A holistic trait-based approach might finally identify factors shaping taxonomic composition in communities against the dynamics of the environmental process(es)they are involved in.