A review on biosynthesis and genetic regulation of aflatoxin production by major Aspergillus fungi

Aflatoxins(AFs)are a group of secondary metabolites belonging to polyketide-derived furanocoumarins produced by Aspergillus fungi.As one type of mycotoxins,AFs are the most carcinogenic and toxic compounds for human and animal health,which might lead to serious contamination on agricultural products including peanut,maize and milk.Moreover,AF contamination in food chain was difficult to be controlled.This review summarizes the research progress on the types,producers and properties of AFs,gene clusters,AF biosynthesis and genetic regulation in major Aspergillus fungi,aiming to provide comprehensive information for developing cost-effective strategies on control of AF contamination in agriculture production and consequent food chain.

Analytical characterization and structure elucidation of metabolites from Aspergillus ochraceus MP2 fungi

Objective:To isolate and characterize the bioactive secondary metabolites from Aspergillus ochraceus(A.ochraceus)MP2 fungi.Methods:The anti bacterial activity of marine sponge derived fungi A.ochraceus MP2 was thoroughly investigated against antagonistic human pathogens.The optimum inhibitory concentration of the fungi in the elite solvent was also determined.The promising extracts that showed good antimicrobial activity were subjected to further analytical separation to get individual distinct metabolites and the eluants were further identified by GC MS instrumental analysis.The molecular characterization of the elite fungal strains were done by isolating their genomic DNA and amplify the internal transcribed spacer(US)region of 5.8s rRNA using specific ITS primer.The novelty of the strain was proved by homology search tools and elite sequences was submitted to GENBANK.Results:Three bioactive compounds were characterized to reveal their identity,chemical formula and structure.The first elutant was identified asα-Campholene aldehyde with chemical fonnula C_(10)H_(16)O and molecular weight 152 Da.The second elutant was identified as Lucenin-2 and chemical fonnula C_(27)H_(30)O_(16)and molecular weight 610Da.The third elutant was identified as 6-Ethyloct-3-yl-2-ethylhexyl ester with Chemical fonnula C_(26)H_(42)O_4 with molecular weight 418 Da.Conclusions:The isolated compounds showed significant antimicrobial activity against potential human pathogens.Microbial secondary metabolites represent a large source of compounds endowed with ingenious structures and potent biological activities.

Laboratory efficacy of mycoparasitic fungi(Aspergillus tubingensis and Trichoderma harzianum) against tropical bed bugs(Cimex hemipterus)(Hemiptera:Cimicidae)

Objective: To test the effectiveness of conidial spore formulations [Aspergillus tubingensis(A.tubingensis) and Trichoderma harzianum(T.harzianum)] against tropical bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus.Methods: Spore formulations were made from two fungal strains, T.harzianum and A.tubingensis.The bed bugs were exposed to the conidial spores placed soaked onto a fabric cloth for 1 h and the mortality counts were recorded daily until 14 days.Results: Mean survival times based on Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed no significant differences between all the concentrations in both the fungal isolates:T.harzianum and A.tubingensis.However, the evaluation of both the isolates in terms of virulence resulted in low lethal hours in all the concentrations except for the high concentration of A.tubingensis(LT_(50)= 44.629 h) at the conidial exposure of 1 × 10~6 spores/mL.Rapid mortality of the bed bugs was observed from Day 6 to Day 12, ranging from 13% to 90% in all three concentrations of A.tubingensis.With reference to the T.harzianum exposure, the concentration of 1 × 10~4 spores/mL displayed a gradual increase in the percentage mortality of 90 on Day 14.Conclusions: Approaches to the bed bugs treatment should be explored in-depth using a natural biological agent like fungus especially A.tubingensis to reduce this pest population, in order to replace chemical methods.

Effect of Jianpi-yangwei decoction on gut fungi in the patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy

Background:Our previous study shows that the empirical formula of Chinese medicine Jianpi-yangwei decoction(JYD)can improve the quality of life in patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy by increasing beneficial gut bacteria and decreasing harmful bacteria.The present study aims to investigate the effect of JYD on gut fungi in patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy.Methods:A total of 73 patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy were recruited.Twenty-nine patients in the chemotherapy group were given standard chemotherapy and 44 patients in the observation group were given JYD plus standard chemotherapy.A control group(55 cases)was recruited from the healthy medical examiners.After 3 months of treatment,life-quality score was evaluated and fecal microbiota was tested by high-throughput sequencing based on the 18S rRNA gene.Results:After treatment,life-quality score in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the chemotherapy group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference between the observation and control groups’diversity and richness indices of intestinal fungi.The Chao index for intestinal fungi in the chemotherapy group was significantly lower than that in the observation group(P<0.05).There was a significant difference between the control and chemotherapy groups in the intestinal fungi according to Shannon and Simpson indices(P<0.05).Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis showed no significant differences among the three groups,but significant difference in intestinal fungi was observed between the observation group and the chemotherapy group.At the genus level,the relative abundance of the Aspergillus genus in the observation and control groups was significantly lower(P<0.05),the relative abundance of the Cutaneotrichosporon,Galactomyces,and Ganoderma genus taxa was significantly higher compared with those in the chemotherapy group(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference between the observation group and control group.Conclusion:JYD can ameliorate chemotherapy-induced fungal dysbacteriosis in patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy and improve the quality of life of patients.

Effect of Robusta (<i>Coffea canephora P.</i>) Coffee Cherries Storage after Harvest before Putting Out for Sun Drying on Development of Toxigenic Fungi and the Variation of the Physicochemical Components

In this study, the effects of the storage duration of coffee cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying on the kinetics of drying, fungi development and the variation of physicochemical content were evaluated. The results showed that the longer coffee cherries were stored after harvest before putting out for sun drying, the quicker they dried. Indeed, the drying durations were 19, 16, 12, 10, 7 days respectively for coffee cherries put out for sun drying at the day of harvest, the second, the fourth, the sixth and the eighth day after harvest. However, this storage of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying led to the increasing to the infection of cherries by fungi. Indeed, samples of more contaminated inside were those from the lots of cherries stored 8 days after harvest before putting out for sun drying with 55.55% of the samples infected with a percentage of infected beans between 10% and 50%, and 44.45% of the samples were infected with a percentage of infected beans between 50% and 100%. Furthermore, those put out for sun drying at the day of harvest were free inside by fungi. Among the fungi isolated, toxigenic species was found. However, no relationship between the frequencies of ochratoxin A producing strains isolated and the storage duration of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying was noted. This storage of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying also led to the acidification of the cherries (pH = 5.27 - 3.6) and the degradation of their chlorogenic acids content (12.58% - 10.30%) while for their caffeine content (2.53% - 2.55%). No significant difference was observed about the storage duration of the cherries after harvest before putting out for sun drying.

Highly Efficient Synthesis of Novel Fluorine Bearing Quinoline-4-carboxylic Acid and the Related Compounds as Amylolytic Agents

Highly efficient syntheses of novel fluorine bearing quinoline-4-carboxylic acids and the related compounds had been achieved from cyclocondensation of 2-amino-5-fluorophenyl glyoxylic acid 1 with benzoyle asetanilides 2 in boiling DMF, to give the target 3. Decarboxylation of 3 produced 6-fluoro-2-phenyl-3-(substituted amino)-keto-quinolines 4, while that reaction underwent refluxing, afforded 7-fluoro-1-(aryl)-3-phenyl-pyrrolo[3,4-c] quinoline-2,9-diones 5. Structure of the products has been established from their elemental and spectral analysis. All targets exhibited a high to moderate activity against some Aspergillus fungi as amylolytic agents.

Succession of soil bacterial and fungal communities of Caragana korshinskii plantation in a typical agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China over a 50-a period

Bacterial and fungal communities play critical roles in reestablishing vegetation structure,function and biodiversity in ecosystem restoration in arid and semi-arid areas.However,the long-term successional changes in bacterial and fungal communities that occur with artificial vegetation development are not fully understood.In this study,we investigated the successional changes in bacterial and fungal communities in Caragana korshinskii Kom.plantation over a period of 50 a(6,12,18,40 and 50 a)and their relationships with key soil environmental factors in a typical agro-pastoral ecotone,northern China.The results showed that bacterial and fungal diversities(α-andβ-diversity)were significantly affected by plantation age;moreover,the change in fungal community was more evident than that in bacterial community.Soil samples from 12 a plantation had the highest(P<0.05)bacterial and fungalα-diversity(i.e.,abundance-based coverage estimator(ACE)and Chao1 index)at 0-10 cm depth compared with other samples.However,soil samples from plantation at the late recovery stage(40-50 a)had the highestα-diversity at 10-20 cm depth.Soil bacterial community was not significantly affected by plantation age at the genus level;but,soil fungal community was significantly affected at the genus level.Overall,Mortierella and Chaetomium were the dominant genera at natural recovery stage(0 a);Inocybe was the dominant genus at the early recovery stage(6-12 a);Inocybe and Mortierella were the dominant genera at the mid-recovery stage(12-40 a);And Mortierella,Cladosporium and Humicola were the dominant genera at the late recovery stage(40-50 a).Redundancy analysis(RDA)showed thatβ-glucosidase activity,total nitrogen and soil organic carbon were closely associated with bacterial community composition,while alkaline phosphatase,urease activity and total nitrogen were associated with fungal community composition,indicating that changes in enzyme activity and soil nutrients were the most important determinants of dominant genera.Furthermore,pathogenic microorganisms(Cladosporium and Humicola)were dominant in soils from 40-50 a plantation,which may affect plant growth,resulting in the decline of C.korshinskii plantation.Overall,the findings of this study improve the understanding of ecological patterns of bacterial and fungal communities in artificial vegetation and provide an important scientific basis for comprehensive ecological restoration management in arid and semi-arid areas.

The Nature, Sources, Detections and Regulations of Mycotoxins That Contaminate Foods and Feeds Causing Health Hazards for Both Human and Animals

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungus kingdom. Fungi (molds) under aerobic and optimum conditions of humidity and temperature consume nutrients for proliferation and mycotoxin production (secretion). There are seven major groups of mycotoxins produced by different species of toxigenic fungal genus. Mycotoxins production from these toxigenic fungi depends on the surrounding intrinsic and extrinsic environments. These seven mycotoxins groups that contaminate grains, foods and animal feeds are: Aflatoxins, Trichothecene, Ochratoxins, Ergot alkaloid (Ergolin), Fumonisins, Patulin, and Zearalenone. These mycotoxins are capable of causing health hazards and death for both human and animals by effecting mammalian cells, causing a number of problems in normal cell function and a wide variety of clinical symptoms of diseases. These mycotoxins are varied in their toxicity depending on the infected host (human or animal) and the host susceptibility (immunity). The major concern of food and feed industries is the contamination of food products and animal feed supplies by these mycotoxins. Worldwide Health Organization (WHO), and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are responsible to regulate the acceptable (tolerable) levels of these mycotoxins in grains, food and feed supplies to ensure the safety and health for both human and animals. Understanding fungal ecology and factors that affect fungal proliferation and mycotoxins production by these toxigenic fungi in agriculture crops as raw materials for both human food and animal feed products, plus understanding the chemistry and property of these mycotoxins, methods of detection, illness symptoms, and comply with regulatory guidance established by World Health Organization (WHO)/Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are key factors to prevent or minimize foods/feeds contamination and the toxicity of these mycotoxins for both human and animals health, plus reducing economical loss.

Isolation and identification of microfungi from soils in Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia

Microfungi are commonly inhabited soil with various roles.The present study was conducted in order to isolate and identify microfungi from soil samples in Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia.In this study,the soil microfungi were isolated using serial dilution technique and spread plate method.A total of 25 isolates were identified into ten genera based on internal transcribed spacer region(ITS)sequence analysis,namely Aspergillus,Clonostachys,Colletotrichum,Curvularia,Gliocladiopsis,Metarhizium,Myrmecridium,Penicillium,Scedosporium and Trichoderma consisting 18 fungi species.Aspergillus and Penicillium species were claimed as predominant microfungi inhabiting the soil.Findings from this study can be used as a checklist for future studies related to fungi distribution in tropical lands.For improving further study,factors including the physicochemical properties of soil and anthropogenic activities in the sampling area should be included.

Preparation and utilization of phosphate biofertilizers using agricultural waste

In this study, Aspergillus niger 1107 was isolated and identified as an efficient phosphate-solubilizing fungus （PSF）. This strain generated 689 mg soluble P L-1 NBRIP medium after 10 d of culture. To produce an affordable biofertilizer using A. niger 1107, the potential of widely available carrier materials for growth and maintenance of this strain were evaluated. The effects of sterilization procedures （autoclaving and gamma-ray irradiation） on the suitability of these carriers to maintain growth of the fungus were also investigated. The carrier materials were peat, corn cobs with 20% （w/w） perlite （CCP）, wheat husks with 20% （w/w） perlite （WHP）, and composted cattle manure with 20% （w/w） perlite （CCMP）. In the first 5-6 mon of storage, the carriers sterilized by gamma-ray irradiation maintained higher inoculum loads than those in carriers sterilized by autoclaving. However, this effect was not detectable after 7 mon of storage. For the P-biofertilizer on WHP, more than 2.0× 10^7 viable spores of A. niger g-1 inoculant survived after 7 mon of storage. When this biofertilizer was applied to Chinese cabbage in a pot experiment, there were 5.6×10^6 spores of A. niger g-1 soil before plant harvesting. In the pot experiment, Chinese cabbage plants grown in soil treated with peat- and WHP-based P-biofertilizers showed significantly greater growth （P〈0.05） than that of plants grown in soil treated with free-cell biofertilizer or the CCMP-based biofertilizer. Also, the peat- and WHP-based P-biofertilizers increased the available P content in soil.

Fungal Contaminants of Smoke-Dried Fish Sold in Open Markets in Makurdi, Benue State, North-Central Nigeria

This mycological study was embarked upon to provide more detailed reports on the presence and different types of fungal agents associated with the contamination of smoke-dried fish sold in open markets in Makurdi, Benue State. A total of 100 randomly selected smoke-dried fish samples from the 3 major fish markets in the study area were used for the study. The samples were aseptically processed and cultured for fungal isolation using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Isolates were identified using macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, and comparison with species in fungal atlas. Fungi were detected in 74 of the 100 smoke-dried fish samples from the 3 markets surveyed with isolation rates ranging from 67.6% to 84.8%. A total of 77 fungal isolates were recorded from the 74 positive samples. Aspergillus (28.6%), Mucor (20.8%), Penicillum (18.2%) and Rhizopus (15.6%) were the dominant fungi detected, while Absidia (9.1%) and Candida (7.8%) occurred less frequently. In view of the high fungal contamination of smoke-dried fish, fishermen and marketers should adapt better methods of fish handling and preservation. More awareness on the health implications of fungal contamination of fish products should be created among fish handlers and consumers.

A New α-Cyclopiazonic Acid Alkaloid Identified from the Weizhou Island Coral-Derived Fungus Aspergillus flavus GXIMD 02503

A new oxygenated tricyclic cyclopiazonic acid(CPA)alkaloid,asperorydine Q(1),along with seven known compounds,namely,asperorydines O(2)and J(3),speradine H(4),cyclopiamides A(5)and H(6),saadamysin(7),and pyrazinemethanol(8),were isolated from the coral-associated Aspergillus flavus GXIMD 02503.The structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis.Compounds 1−5 and 7−8 exhibited potent inhibition of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)with the IC50 values ranging from 6.5 to 21.8μmol L^(−1).In addition,the most potent one,pyrazinemethanol(8),dose-dependently suppressed receptor activator of NF-κB ligand(RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation without obvious cytotoxicity in bone marrow macrophages cells(BMMCs),suggesting it is a promising lead compound for the treatment of osteolytic diseases.

Aspergillus cristatus LJSC.2006的分离鉴定及对茯茶发花品质的影响

为探究自行分离纯化菌株LJSC.2006对湖南茯茶主要黑毛茶发花品质的影响,综合菌落平皿形态、孢子电镜扫描特征、菌丝体分子标记鉴定结果,确定菌株LJSC.2006为冠突曲霉菌(Aspergillus cristatus LJSC.2006,GenBank登录号:MZ147025)。运用感官审评、生化成分分析、HS-SPME/GC-MS挥发性组分分析等方法比较黑毛茶及其发花茶样的滋味、香气品质,发现黑毛茶发花后干茶色泽加深,金花满披,菌香显露,滋味醇和;滋味成分黄酮、茶多酚、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、酯型儿茶素、杨梅素、槲皮素含量总体呈下降趋势;香气成分增加,醛类、酯类相对含量增多,苯乙烯和雪松醇为黑毛茶共有香气成分,(E)-芳樟醇-3,7-氧化物和苯乙酮为发花茶样共有香气成分;黑毛茶发花后,水杨酸甲酯、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、(E)-芳樟醇-3,7-氧化物、(E)-呋喃氧化芳樟醇、(E)-2-壬醛、(E)-2-已烯醛、(E)-2-(Z)-6-壬二烯醛、苯乙酮、(E)-2-壬烯醛及香叶酸甲酯等10种特征性挥发成分相对含量明显上升,综合形成了金花散茶的菌花香。

海洋真菌Aspergillus sp.LW152抗细菌活性代谢产物研究

目的对海洋真菌Aspergillus sp.LW152发酵提取物的抗细菌成分进行研究。方法利用硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱层析、半制备高效液相色谱等方法,对该菌株发酵提取物进行分离纯化;化合物结构通过核磁共振波谱(NMR)、质谱(MS)等数据并与文献数据对比进行确定;采用微量肉汤稀释法对化合物抗菌活性进行体外评价。结果从真菌LW152发酵的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离得到了7个化合物,其结构分别鉴定为7-脱氧-7,14-二脱氢水杨酸(1)、7-脱氧-7,8-二脱氢水杨酸(2)、pseudaboydin B(3)、(Z)-5-(羟甲基)-2-(6'-甲基庚-2'-烯-2'-基)苯酚(4)、aspergillusene A(5)、2,4-二羟基-6-甲基苯甲酸甲酯(6)和1-亚油酸单甘油酯(7)。结论海洋真菌Aspergillussp.LW152能产生具有抗细菌活性的次级代谢产物,其中化合物4和5对6种致病细菌的生长均具有一定的抑制作用,化合物7对青枯雷尔菌的生长具有抑制作用。

Fungi Associated with Sand and Plants from Marine Coastlines: Potential Relevance for Human Health

The fungal community associated with beach sand and plants located along marine coasts are an under-studied area of research despite its potential relevance to human health. In this study, we isolated and identified the cultivable mycobiota associated with sand and plants collected along the coast of Gran Canaria (Spain) using culture-dependent and -independent methods. Clinically relevant species belonging to Cryptococcus spp. and related genera such as Naganishia and Papilotrema were isolated and identified from shoreline plants. Moreover, Candida tropicalis was isolated from beach sand, and Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus strains were associated with both types of samples (i.e., plants and beach sand). We conclude that beach sand and shoreline plants are potential reservoirs of fungi of high clinical interest. We recommend including beach sand and plants from the environment when assessing the quality of marine coastal systems. Our results open a framework for studying the natural marine environment and its role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases in order to more accurately manage public health.

红树老鼠簕内生真菌Aspergillus terreus GXIMD 03158次级代谢产物研究

文章对红树老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius L.)内生真菌Aspergillus terreus GXIMD 03158的抑菌活性次级代谢产物进行研究。采用多种色谱技术对该菌次级代谢产物进行分离纯化,结合核磁氢谱、碳谱和高分辨率质谱数据综合解析鉴定单体化合物结构。从A.terreus GXIMD 03158代谢产物中共分离出10个化合物,经鉴定分别为dankasterones A(1),(14α,22E)-14-hydroxyergosta-4,7,22-triene-3,6-dione(2),steresterone B(3),ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one(4),herbarulide(5),demethylincisterol A3(6),isochaetochromin B1(7),isochaetochromin B2(8),(E)-7,9-二烯-11-羰基硬脂酸(9)和aspergilfuranone A(10)。并采用微量肉汤稀释法检测所有化合物对白色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus albus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)的最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentrations,MIC),结果显示化合物6对S.albus、S.aureus和S.epidermidis的MIC分别为3.12、6.25和3.12μg·mL^(−1);化合物9对S.albus和S.aureus的MIC分别为1.56和3.12μg·mL^(−1)。

耐盐真菌Aspergillus variecolor B-17产生的烃基苯甲醛衍生物及其细胞毒活性

为从极端环境微生物中获得抗肿瘤药物先导化合物,作者从采自内蒙古盐湖的沉积物中分离了96株耐盐真菌。采用小鼠乳腺癌细胞株tsFT210和海虾(Artemia salina Leach)筛选抗肿瘤活性微生物,1株耐盐真菌AspergillusvariecolorB-17表现出明显的细胞毒活性和海虾致死活性。采用活性跟踪的分离方法,从该菌株的大量发酵产物的石油醚层提取物中分离得到了3个单体化合物。通过一维、二维超导核磁共振、质谱等波谱方法确定其结构分别为:2-(E-1-庚烯基)-3,6-二羟基-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯甲醛(1)、2-庚基-3,6-二羟基-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯甲醛(2)、2-(E,E-3,5-庚二烯基)-3,6-二羟基-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)苯甲醛(3)。化合物1、2和3对P388、A549、HL-60和BEL-7402肿瘤细胞表现弱的细胞增殖抑制活性,IC50值分别为88,68,66,65μmol/L,9,99,110,84μmol/L以及77,147,93,203μmol/L。

海洋真菌Aspergillus fumigatus次生代谢产物研究

对来源于腔节藻属海藻Coelarthrumboergesenii（采自中国南海西沙群岛）的一株海洋内生真菌Aspergillusfumigatus的发酵液进行化学成分的分离及鉴定。采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱和高压液相色谱等分离手段，从乙酸乙酯萃取部分中分离得到16个次级代谢产物（1-16），经核磁共振、质谱等现代波谱技术鉴定了它们的结构，分别为gliotoxin （ 1 ）. bis （dethio） bis （methylsulfanyl） gliotoxin （ 2 ）, fumiquinazoline C （ 3 ）. （-） -chaetomium （ 4 ）.verruculogen（5） .fumitremorgin C（6） .brevianamide F（7） .fumigaclavine C（8） .decanedioic acid,2-methylene（9） .decanedioic acid, 2-methylene-, 1-methyl ester （ 10 ）. 2-undecenedioic acid （ 11 ）. 2-undecenedioic acid, 1-methyl ester （ 12 ）. helvolic acid （ 13 ）. di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate （ 14 ）. physcion （ 15 ）. emodin （16）,其中化合物9、10和12为新天然产物。

水母雪莲内生真菌Aspergillus sp.TPXq的次级代谢产物研究

目的研究藏药水母雪莲内生真菌Aspergillus sp.TPXq的次级代谢产物。方法菌种采用震荡培养箱扩大培养,经反复硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、开放ODS柱色谱、高效液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化;并根据化合物的理化性质及波谱数据鉴定结构。结果从来自藏药水母雪莲的一株内生真菌Aspergillus sp.TPXq的培养液中分离得到8个环二肽和1个生物碱类化合物。分别鉴定为3-异丁基-吡咯并哌嗪-2,5-二酮（Ⅰ）、3-异戊基-吡咯并哌嗪-2,5-二酮（Ⅱ）、3-仲丁基-吡咯并哌嗪-2,5-二酮（Ⅲ）、3-苄基-吡咯并哌嗪-2,5-二酮（Ⅳ）、3-苄基-6-对羟基苄基-2,5二酮（Ⅴ）、3,6-二甲基哌嗪-2,5-二酮（Ⅵ）、3-异丁基-6-异丙基哌嗪-2,5-二酮（Ⅶ）、3-异丁基-6-苄基哌嗪-2,5-二酮（Ⅷ）、Chaetominine（Ⅸ）。结论其中化合物Ⅳ~Ⅷ为曲霉属Aspergillus.sp真菌中首次分离得到。细胞毒测试结果表明,以上化合物Ⅰ~Ⅷ对于A549和MCF-7肿瘤细胞均显示弱细胞毒活性（〉50μg/mL）,化合物Ⅸ对A549和MCF-7肿瘤细胞均具有显著的细胞毒活性,IC50值分别为0.18μg/mL和0.89μg/mL。

海洋真菌Aspergillus sp.MF134的抗菌特性

采用固体发酵和液体摇瓶震荡培养两种培养方法获得丝状真菌Aspergillus sp.MF134培养物,并从中提取活性物质.应用纸片扩散法和比浊法测定提取物的抑菌作用,探讨MF134菌的抗菌活性及影响因素.实验结果表明,该菌固体培养物的提取物对枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和白色假丝酵母(Cancia albicans)有明显的抑制作用.其抗菌活性产物主要在孢子形成时产生的,而且与海水的存在有关,海水培养物所产生的抗菌活性高于淡水培养物.