The spore-feeding genus Nesothrips(Thysanoptera: Idolothripinae) from China, with one new record

The species from China in the spore-feeding genus Nesothrips Kirkaldy are reviewed and N. propinquus is recorded for the first time from China. An identification key is provided for the four Nesothrips species currently recorded from China.

棕榈蓟马(Thripspalmi)对不同颜色粘卡的嗜好及其蓝色粘卡诱虫量的研究

The test on the preference of Thrips palmi to eight color sticky cards was carried out in an eggplant field. The thrip had the strongest preference to blue sticky card (P<0.01), and its preference order to the other 7 color cards was as follows: blue, turguoise, yellow, deep blue, green, orange, red and black. Results on the trapping effect of blue sticky card from east, south, west and north directions show that most thrips were trapped from the north,which existed a significant difference with those from the other three directions (P<0.05). Five blue sticky cards were set up at the heights of 73.9,101.7,129.5,157.3 and 185.1 cm above the ground to trap thrips, when the average height of eggplant was approximately 70 cm. More thrips were trapped of 73.9 and 101.7 cm height, which existed significant difference with those at the other three heights. During 5 continuous 3 hour spans from 5 am to 8 pm, the numbers of female, male and total adult thrips trapped were not significantly different.

Study on Physiological Activity of the Resistance of Medicago sativa to Thrips

[Objective] The experiment explored of resistance of different Medicago sativa through synthetic variations of all physiological indexes and the correlation analysis between physiological activity and damage degree after thrips damage. [Method] According to studying physiological activity (POD activity, SOD activity, PPO activity, PAL activity, MDA content and free proline content) of alfalfa in alfalfa resistance to different number of thrips, the correlation between physiological activity and resistance was investigated. [Result] It was shown that there were negative correlations among POD, SOD, PPO, PAL, MDA, free praline and the number of thrips, and there were negative correlations among POD, SOD, PPO, PAL, MDA, free praline and CAT. The content changes of POD,SOD,PPO,CAT,MDA and free proline in high resistant alfalfa were slow and PAL was quick and the activities of PPO,PAL,CAT were high, and the activities of POD、SOD were low. [Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis and materials for identifying resistance varieties of alfalfa to thrip.

中国管蓟马亚科(Phlaeothripinae)菌食性蓟马种类简记(缨翅目:管蓟马科)

本文着重记述中国管蓟马亚科菌食性种类及其分布,该亚科菌食性种类在中国发现有18属46种,其中6属和11种为中国新记录。绝大多数种类系作者采自南方林区枯枝落叶层。有者系根据文章记录,作者未采获标本。

Study on Spatial Distribution Pattern of Thrip (Odentot hrips lati) on Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to reveal and analyze the spatial distribution pattern of thrip（Odentot hrips lati） on alfalfa（Medicago sativa）.[Method] Within alfalfa plantation areas,experimental plots with the sizes of 10×10,10×20,10×30,20×30,20×40,20×80,30×30,30×40,30×50,40×40,40×50,40×80 and 50×50 m2 respectively were set up in the randomly selected sampling sites of 1 m ×2 m in size.During bud-emerging period and florescence period of alfalfa in the experimental plots,the number of thrips was counted and their distribution pattern was measured using XU Ru-mei＇s method.[Result] During bud-emerging period of alfalfa,the spatial distribution of thrips assumed an elliptic shape sized of 40×30-40×40 cm2 at horizontal level and that presented an ascending-falling trend of tress density down from the top at vertical level.During the florescence period of alfalfa,it showed a homogeneous distribution or randomly distributed pattern at horizontal level and a falling trend of tress density from the top to the apex to the root at vertical level.[Conclusion] Our results provide theoretical basis for field selection of insect-resistant alfalfa varieties.

The Frankliniella genus-group(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in China, with a newly recorded genus

Firmothrips Schliephake, the monobasie southeastern European genus, is reported from China for the first time. This is the fifth member of the Chinese Frankliniella genus-group. E firmus （Uzel）, a newly-recorded species, is described and illustrated. A key to five genera of the Chinese Frankliniella genus-group and comments on each genus are provided.

Thrips: Pests of Concern to China and the United States

Thrips are among the most important agricultural pests globally because of the damage inflicted by their oviposition, feeding, and ability to transmit plant viruses. Because of their invasiveness, a number of pest species are common to both China and the United States and present significant challenges to growers of a wide range of crops in both countries. Among the pest thrips common to both countries are four of the major global thrips pests, Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Thrips palmi Karny, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman. This review addresses characteristics that enable thrips to be such damaging pests and how biological attributes of thrips create challenges for their management. Despite these challenges, a number of successful management tactics have been developed for various cropping systems. We discuss some of these tactics that have been developed, including the use of cultural controls, biological controls, and judicious use of insecticides that do not disrupt overall pest management programs. The exchange of this type of information will help to facilitate management of pest thrips, especially in regions where species have recently invaded. A prime example is F. occidentalis, the western flower thrips, which is native to the United States, but has recently invaded China. Therefore, management tactics developed in the United States can be adapted to China. Because further success in management of thrips requires a thorough understanding of thrips ecology, we discuss areas of future research and emphasize the importance of collaboration among different countries to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of thrips and to improve management programs for these widespread pests.

不同寄主对黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis生长发育及产卵的影响

黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis是一种亚洲地区广泛分布的重要栖花害虫。研究了其在玫瑰、郁金香、康乃馨和百合等4种花卉寄主上的生长发育、存活及产卵差异,以期为探讨黄胸蓟马对不同寄主的为害差异及机制提供基础数据。结果表明,黄胸蓟马在玫瑰上发育最快,其完成一代需要10.07 d;在百合上发育最慢,完成一代需11.22 d。黄胸蓟马的世代存活率在郁金香上最高(0.76),在康乃馨上最低(0.64)。不同短时产卵处理表明,黄胸蓟马最喜好在郁金香上产卵,最不喜好在百合上产卵。因此,根据黄胸蓟马的生长发育、存活及产卵表现,4种寄主中,郁金香是黄胸蓟马的最适宜寄主,百合是其最不适宜寄主。

Detection of Thrips Defect on Green-Peel Citrus Using Hyperspectral Imaging Technology Combining PCA and B-Spline Lighting Correction Method

In order to find an effective method of detecting thrips defect on green-peel citrus, a defect segmentation method was developed using a single threshold value based on combination of characteristic wavelengths principal component analysis （PCA） and B-spline lighting correction method in this study. At first, four characteristic wavelengths （523, 587, 700 and 768 nm） were obtained using PCA of Vis-NIR （visible and near-infrared） bands and analysis of weighting coefficients; secondarily, PCA was performed using characteristic wavelengths and the second principal component （PC2） was selected to classify images; then, B-spline lighting correction method was proposed to overcome the influence of lighting non-uniform on citrus when thrips defect was segmented; finally, thrips defect on citrus was extracted by global threshold segmentation and morphological image processing. The experimental results show that thrips defect in citrus can be detected with an accuracy of 96.5% by characteristic wavelengths PCA and B-spline lighting correction method. This study shows that thrips defect on green-peel citrus can be effectively identified using hyperspectral imaging technology.

Impact Assessments of Transgenic cry1Ab Rice on the Population Dynamics of Five Non-Target Thrips Species and Their General Predatory Flower Bug in Bt and Non-Bt Rice Fields Using Color Sticky Card Traps

A 2-yr field study was conducted to assess the effects of transgenic japonica rice（KMD1 and KMD2） with a synthetic cry1 Ab gene from Bacillus thuingiensis Berliner on population dynamics and seasonal average densities of five thrips species including Stenchaetothrips biformis（Bagnall）,Frankliniella intonsa（Trybom）,F.tenuicornis（Uzel）,Haplothrips aculeatus（Fabricius）,Haplothrips tritici（Kurd） and their general predatory flower bug,Orius similis Zheng as compared to the parental control rice line using the white,blue and yellow sticky card traps.Population dynamics and seasonal average densities of these five thrips species and their general predatory flower bug were not significantly affected by rice type.Additionally,the white sticky card trap was suggested to be the most suitable for monitoring the population of these five thrips species and their general predator.These results show that our tested Bt rice lines do not interrupt the population of non-target thrips species and their general predatory flower bug in the field,and also cannot result in more occurrence of these thrips species in the rice ecosystem.

Improving a method for evaluating alfalfa cultivar resistance to thrips

The thrips quantity ratio（TQR） model is an important tool for evaluating crop resistance to thrips based on the correlation between thrips quantities and cultivars. Unfortunately, it is inaccurate, and the results appear significantly inconsistent when analysing the same cultivars in the same field study. To improve this model, we first studied the resistance of 28 alfalfa cultivars to thrips in Cangzhou, Hebei Province, north China. The results showed that the most suitable evaluation period was from May to June, as the thrips population was stable during this period. Second, we found that the natural enemy population was significantly positively correlated with the thrips population density（R=0.7275, P〈0.0001）, which might influence resistance estimation. Hence, we introduced a parameter ‘α＇, corresponding to the natural enemy quantity ratio, to eliminate the effect of the natural enemy using ＂αTQR＂. Using the improved method, 28 cultivars were clustered into three classes： the resistant class, sensitive class, and median class. All numerical values were calculated for αTQR displayed as a Gaussian distribution. This information showed that all data should be divided into nine groups using a median value of 1±0.1 with an equal difference of 0.1. Based on the new standard cultivars, Gongnong 1, Alfaking, Cangzhou and Algonquin were classified as highly resistant cultivars; Zhongmu 3, Gongnong 2, Zhongmu 1 and Zhongmu 2 were classified in the resistant group; Queen was classified in the moderately resistant group; Derby, WL354HQ, KRIMA, Apex, 53 HR, SARDI 5 and Farmers Treasure were classified in the median class; WL319HQ, WL343HQ and Sitel were classified as the low sensitive group; WL440 HQ and SARDI7 as the moderately sensitive group; WL168HQ and Sanditi as the sensitive group; and SARDI 10, WL363HQ, FD4, WL323 and SOCA as the highly sensitive group.

Spatial Distribution of Mulberry Thrips,Pseudodendrothrips mori Niwa (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)

Pseudodendrothrips mori is a serious pest to mulberry trees and its infestation affects the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of mulberry leaves consumed by silkworm. The spatial distribution of mulberry thrips within plant and orchard was assessed using Taylor＇s power law and Morisita＇s index of dispersion. The results showed that P.mori populations were localized in certain parts of the trees and fields. Distribution of thrips within plant showed that the larval instars were located on lower canopy （leaves 5-10 from top） of trees but adults preferred the upper canopy （leaves 1-5 from top）. The thrips density did not vary significantly among the leaf direction inside the trees. The thrips tended to be more accumulated on the trees located in East, South and North than in Center and West of orchard. The distributions of P.mori adults and larvae on the leaves were aggregated.

蓟马属(Thrips linnaeus)4种蓟马简易鉴别方法

由于黄蓟马(Thrips flavus Schrank)、八节黄蓟马(Thrips flavidulus Bagnall)、短角蓟马(Thrips brevicornis Priesner)和棕榈蓟马(Thrips palmi Karny)外部形态结构差异甚微,为了快速鉴别4种蓟马,将蓟马用体积分数为75%酒精浸泡后整姿拍摄生态图片,拍摄标本直接制作成玻片标本,使用Olympus BX53正置显微镜及其自带摄像机DP74的DIC模式进行玻片标本拍照。主要观察触角颜色、触角节数、腹部节Ⅲ-Ⅴ背片鬃Ⅱ (亚中对鬃)和鬃Ⅲ长度、大小和单眼间鬃的位置。结果表明:该4种蓟马主要在体色、触角、单眼间鬃、翅胸、前翅等13处部分极为相似;黄蓟马、短角蓟马和棕榈蓟马触角7节,八节黄蓟马触角为8节。黄蓟马、八节黄蓟马单眼间鬃位于前后单眼中心连线;短角蓟马、棕榈蓟马单眼间鬃位于前后单眼中心连线外侧。黄蓟马、八节黄蓟马、短角蓟马腹部背板节Ⅲ-Ⅴ背片鬃Ⅱ(亚中对鬃)比鬃Ⅲ短而细。棕榈蓟马腹部背板节Ⅲ-Ⅴ背片鬃Ⅱ大小和粗细相似于鬃Ⅲ。黄蓟马前翅前缘鬃27根,后脉鬃14根;八节黄蓟马前翅前缘鬃26根,后脉鬃13根;短角蓟马前翅前缘鬃27根,后脉鬃14根;棕榈蓟马前翅前缘鬃25根,后脉鬃13根,与文献描述并不相否,并且在鉴定过程中个别八节黄蓟马和短角蓟马的前脉端鬃出现不等距排列。

Field Efficacy Test of 22% Fipronil FS against Sugarcane Stem Borers and Thrips

[ Objective] The paper was to explore the field efficacy of 22% fipronil FS against sugarcane stem borer and thrips （Baliothrips serratus Kobus ）. [ Method] The field trial was conducted by foliar spraying of 22% fipronil FS and mixed broadcasting with fertilizer in 2014. [ Result ] Foliar spraying of 22% fipronil FS at the dose of 50 mIV667 m~ had the best control effect against sugarcane stem borer, and the control effect at 90 d post administration was 70.70%, significantly higher than that of control agent （61.86%）. Medium and high dose of 22% fipronil FS had better control effects against sugarcane thrips. [ Conclusion ] Considering control effects against sugarcane stem borers and thrips as well as sugarcane yield, it is recommended that 22% fipronil FS is sprayed at medium concentration （50 mL/667 m2 ）.

葱韭蓟马Thrips alliorum的形态鉴定及其田间防治药剂筛选

蓟马是葱属作物上的重要害虫,为明确为害贵州韭菜(韭黄)的蓟马种类和高效低毒的防治药剂,本文采用形态学方法对蓟马的种类进行了鉴定,并通过田间药效试验评价了6种杀虫剂对该虫的防治效果及其对作物的安全性。研究结果表明,经鉴定为害贵州韭菜的蓟马种类为葱韭蓟马Thrips alliorum(Priesner);田间药效试验结果表明,药后1 d和3 d的防效均较低(<65%),药后7 d防效均有显著的提高,其中30%虫螨·噻虫嗪和20%呋虫胺表现出较高的防效,分别为84.86%和82.25%,且对作物安全,因而,可推荐作为韭菜(韭黄)葱韭蓟马的防治药剂。本研究结果明确了为害贵州韭菜(韭黄)的蓟马种类并筛选了有效防治药剂,为贵州韭菜(韭黄)蓟马的田间防治提供理论基础。

Systematic Analysis of Gene Expression in Western Flower Thrip( Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande ) before and after Infection with Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus(INSV)

Impatiens necrotic spot virus( INSV) is an important plant virus identified in recent years. Western flower thrip( Frankliniella occidentalis) has been confirmed to be the most efficient vector for INSV. In the present study,Illumina's second-generation sequencing technique was used to determine the variation in gene expression at the transcriptome level in western flower thrip before and after infection with INSV. By aligning 168 188 unigenes of western flower thrip to the NCBI protein database,47 558 unigenes were annotated,accounting for 28. 27% of the total. Species classification revealed that 58. 7% of the annotated unigenes of western flower thrip did not match any other species,and 15. 4% of had a match in Zootermopsis navadensis,12. 4% in Mus musculus,7. 3% in Mustela putorius,3. 4% in Theileria parva,and 2. 7% in Tribolium castaneum. By analyzing DEGs between INSV-free and INSV-carrying western flower thrips,we found that 11 genes were upregulated,and 9 genes were downregulated in western flower thrip after INSV infection. In addition,cell cycle and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in western flower thrip were significantly infected by INSV infection.

Regional selection of insecticides and fungal biopesticides to control aphids and thrips and improve the forage quality of alfalfa crops

The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa(aphids and thrips)were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt.In addition,the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined.Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides.The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame.The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides,and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50%at 14 days after application.The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period.The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei.The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments.Compared with chemical insecticides,the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments.Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides.This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China,and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality.

Toxicity and Field Efficacy of Six Insecticides on Alfalfa Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Alfalfa thrips,especially the bird s-foot trefoil thrips(Odontothrips loti Haliday),is a major pest in the alfalfa field.Toxicity and field efficacy of 6 insecticides were determined by leaf disk in tube method and foliar spray,respectively.The results showed LC 50 values of chlorfenapyr 24%SC,lambda-cyhalothrin 5%EW,sulfoxaflor 22%SC,dinotefuran 20%SG,spinetoram 60 g/L SC and tolfenpyrad 30%SC to Odontothrips loti were 0.11,0.62,2.92,4.24,10.47 and 13.42 mg/L,respectively.The control effects of tolfenpyrad 30%SC,spinetoram 60 g/L SC,sulfoxaflor 22%SC,lambda-cyhalothrin 5%EW and dinotefuran 20%SG against alfalfa thrips were more than 80%after 1 d treatment,showing good readily availability.The control of spinetoram 60 g/L SC and dinotefuran 20% SG was 74.63% and 75.65% after 7 d treatment,showing a long persistence effect respectively.Therefore,spinetoram 60 g/L SC and dinotefuran 20% SG can be used as the first option to control alfalfa thrips.

我国豇豆蓟马研究进展及综合防控措施

豇豆Vigna unguiculata喜温喜光,是一种适合在我国南方种植的豆科蔬菜。长期以来,豇豆病虫害多发重发,其中,蓟马是豇豆上最主要和最顽固的害虫之一。传统的化学防治方法对蓟马的防治效果常常不理想,并易造成农药残留问题。本文概述了我国豇豆产业的种植情况和以蓟马为主的病虫害问题及豇豆蓟马研究现状,并从农艺措施、理化诱控、生物防治、化学防治和抗性治理角度总结了豇豆蓟马的综合防治技术。最后,从构建豇豆蓟马的有害生物综合治理(integrated pest management,IPM)技术体系、加强基础研究和防控技术产品开发、建立科学用药和农药监管制度3个方面提出建议,以期为我国豇豆产业的绿色可持续发展提供参考。

Prediction Method and Green Control Technology of Thrips on Winter Vegetable Cowpea in Sanya City

[ Objectives ] The paper investigated the occurrence and damage of thrips on winter vegetable cowpea in Sanya City, to summarize prediction method and control measures against the insect pest. [ Methods] Prediction through analogy suggested that cowpea could be damaged by thrips throughout the entire growth period. [Results] The peak occurrence and damage period of thrips was after transplanting of cowpea from December to early March in the following year. The occurrence of thrips was severe in the case of high temperature and drought, or was light when encountering rainy season. [ Conclusions ] Using fivepoint sampling method, blue boards were hanged up for monitoring （five pieces each point, specifieation 25 cm × 30 cm）. When the number of thrips on blue board reached 10 specimen/piece, it was the optimal control period of thrips, and different prevention and control measures could be adopted according to the specifi growth stages of cowpea.