Effects of saline irrigation on soil salt accumulation and grain yield in the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the low plain of North China

In the dominant winter wheat （WW）-summer maize （SM） double cropping system in the low plain located in the North China, limited access to fresh water, especially during dry season, constitutes a major obstacle to realize high crop productivity. Using the vast water resources of the saline upper aquifer for irrigation during WW jointing stage, may help to bridge the peak of dry season and relieve the tight water situation in the region. A field experiment was conducted during 2009-2012 to investigate the effects of saline irrigation during WW jointing stage on soil salt accumulation and productivity of WW and SM. The experiment treatments comprised no irrigation （T1）, fresh water irrigation （T2）, slightly saline water irrigation （T3：2.8 dS m-l）, and strongly saline water irrigation （T4：8.2 dS m-1） at WW jointing stage. With regard to WW yields and aggregated annual WW-SM yields, clear benefits of saline water irrigation （T3 ＆ T4） compared to no irrigation （T1）, as well as insignificant yield losses compared to fresh water irrigation （T2） occurred in all three experiment years. However, the increased soil salinity in eady SM season in consequence of saline irrigation exerted a negative effect on SM photosynthesis and final yield in two of three experiment years. To avoid the negative aftereffects of saline irrigation, sufficient fresh water irrigation during SM sowing phase （i.e., increase from 60 to 90 mm） is recommended to guarantee good growth conditions during the sensitive early growing period of SM. The risk of long-term accumulation of salts as a result of saline irrigation during the peak of dry season is considered low, due to deep leaching of salts during regularly occurring wet years, as demonstrated in the 2012 experiment year. Thus, applying saline water irrigation at jointing stage of WW and fresh water at sowing of SM is most promising to realize high yield and fresh irrigation water saving.

Stem flow of seed-maize under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting in an arid region of Northwest China

Maize is widely planted throughout the world and has the highest yield of all the cereal crops. The arid region of North- west China has become the largest base for seed-maize production, but water shortage is the bottleneck for its long-term sustainability. Investigating the transpiration of seed-maize plants will offer valuable information for suitable planting and irrigation strategies in this arid area. In this study, stem flow was measured using a heat balance method under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting. Meteorological factors, soil water content （e）, soil temperature （Ts） and leaf area （LA） were also monitored during 2012 and 2013. The diurnal stem flow and seasonal dynamics of maize plants in the zones of south side female parent （SFP）, north side female parent （NFP） and male parent （MP） were investigated. The order of stem flow rate was： SFP〉MP〉NFP. The relationships between stem flow and influential factors during three growth stages at different time scales were analyzed. On an hourly scale, solar radiation （Rs） was the main driving factor of stem flow. The influence of air temperature （Ta） during the maturity stage was significantly higher than in other periods. On a daily scale, Rs was the main driving factor of stem flow during the heading stage. During the filling growth stage, the main driving factor of NFP and MP stem flow was RH and Ts, respectively. However, during the maturity stage, the environ- mental factors had no significant influence on seed-maize stem flow. For different seed-maize plants, the main influential factors were different in each of the three growing seasons. Therefore, we identified them to accurately model the FP and MP stem flow and applied precision irrigation under alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation to analyze major factors affecting stem flow in different scales.

Water Consumption and Maize Yield for Alternative Furrow Irrigation in Western Heilongjiang Province

Aiming at less and un-uniform distribution rainfall problems, the serious draught in spring, low crop production and water efficiency in sandy soil area of Heilongjiang Province, the experiment of alternative furrow irrigation was conducted in Dumeng County in 2009. The purpose of the experiment was to find the water consumption law and its influence on maize yield. The results showed that the highest water consumption was during the heading stage and the highest daily consumption of water was during the filling stage. The stimulation effect of alternative furrow irrigation on yield was obvious in the appropriate irrigation level. The best irrigation pattern for the highest yield was as follows： the seedling stage was 325 m3. hm^-2; the jointing stage was 400 m3-hm^-2; and the filling stage was 288 m3- hm-2. The water consumption during each growing period was that the seedling was 38.85 mm; the jointing was 108.11 mm; the heading was 124.39 ram; the filling was 88.96 ram; the milk was 60.21 ram; and the harvesting was 47.89 mm.

Simulation and optimization of irrigation schedule for summer maize based on SWAP model in saline region

In order to explore the appropriate irrigation schedule for summer maize,a field experiment was conducted in 2013 in Lubotan of Shaanxi Province.Soil water content,soil salinity,soil hydraulic parameters,crop growth parameters and summer maize yield were measured in the experiment.The SWAP model was calibrated based on field experiment observation data in 2013.The SWAP model was used to simulate and optimize irrigation schedule for summer maize after calibration.The results showed that model simulation results of soil water content,soil salinity and summer maize yield agreed well with the measured values.The Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)and Mean Relative Error(MRE)were within the allowable error ranges.The RMSE values were all lower than 0.05 cm3/cm3 and the MRE values were lower than 15%in soil water content calibration.The RMSE values were all lower than 0.1 mg/cm3 and the MRE values were lower than 20%in soil salinity calibration.The RMSE and MRE values were 1299.6 kg/hm2 and 15.26%in summer maize yield calibration.The model parameters suitable for the study area were obtained in calibration.The SWAP model could be used to simulate and optimize irrigation schedule for summer maize after calibration.The SWAP model was used to simulate soil water-salt balance,summer maize yield and water use efficiency under different irrigation schedules.The model simulation results for different irrigation schedules indicated that the optimal irrigation schedules of summer maize were three times each for jointing stage(July 5),heading stage(August 5)and grain filling stage(August 30)with irrigation amount of 128 mm,128 mm and 96 mm,respectively.The optimal irrigation quota was 352.0 mm for summer maize in the study area.

灌溉量和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米产量及水肥利用的影响

为探究水分和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米生长及水肥利用的综合影响,通过设置40 mm(W1)和60 mm(W2)两个灌水水平下不施氮肥(N0)、施用氮肥(U)、氮肥+硝化抑制剂(U+DCD)、氮肥+脲酶抑制剂(U+NBPT)、氮肥+双效抑制剂(U+N+D)5种氮肥施用措施,开展夏玉米田间试验。结果表明:相较于施用氮肥处理,氮肥配施增效剂可以显著提高夏玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力,增幅分别为5.92%~13.82%、5.85%~18.07%、11.12%~24.30%、12.35%~41.83%和5.93%~13.80%,其中氮肥配施双效抑制剂效果较优;氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂和双效抑制剂可以降低夏玉米农田土壤氨挥发累积量和成熟期土壤硝态氮残留量,前者效果最优。相比于W1,W2水平下氮肥配施双效抑制剂处理玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高10.54%、15.51%、19.40%、20.31%和27.36%;氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂处理农田土壤氨挥发累积量和硝态氮残留量分别降低11.33%和48.46%。综合考虑夏玉米施肥灌水方案的经济效益、环境效益、水肥利用效率和玉米植株生长,构建模糊综合评价体系,得到最优处理为灌水量60 mm下氮肥配施双效抑制剂。

不同灌溉施肥方式对夏玉米产量和水氮利用的影响

为明确不同灌溉施肥方式对夏玉米生长、产量及水氮利用的影响,本试验以登海605(DH605)和郑单958(ZD958)为材料,设常规灌溉施肥(FP)、喷灌+种肥同播(SN)、喷灌+水肥一体化(SF100%)、喷灌+水肥一体化+减氮20%(SF80%)共4个处理,研究不同灌溉施肥方式对夏玉米干物质积累、产量及产量构成因素、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力的影响。结果表明,品种、灌溉施肥方式及品种和灌溉施肥互作效应显著影响夏玉米的产量、干物质积累速率、水分利用效率(WUE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFPN),SF80%处理下两年平均产量、水分利用率、氮肥偏生产力均最高。与FP、SN和SF100%处理相比,SF80%处理下DH605两年平均产量分别提高14.55%、7.66%和2.26%,水分利用率分别提高23.73%、12.61%和8.86%,氮肥偏生产力分别提高43.19%、34.58%和27.82%;ZD958两年平均产量分别提高35.93%、15.24%和7.84%,水分利用率分别提高40.81%、21.79%和11.13%,氮肥偏生产力分别提高69.91%、44.05%和34.80%。综上所述,喷灌+水肥一体化+减氮20%的灌溉施肥方式可以显著提高夏玉米产量和水氮利用效率,实现夏玉米增产增效。

水氮耦合对地下滴灌冬小麦和夏玉米水氮利用效率影响研究

【目的】探索冬小麦、夏玉米地下滴灌条件下最佳灌水施氮制度。【方法】采用田间试验方法,分别设置4个灌水水平,冬小麦:W1:2580 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W2:2240 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W3:2020 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W4:1560 m^(3)/hm^(2),夏玉米:W1:1306 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W2:1088 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W3:814 m^(3)/hm^(2)、W4:650 m^(3)/hm^(2),2个施氮水平,冬小麦、夏玉米均为:F1:180 kg/hm^(2)、F2:100 kg/hm^(2),研究水氮耦合对冬小麦、夏玉米水氮利用效率及产量影响。【结果】W2F1处理冬小麦产量最大,继续增加灌水量冬小麦产量并未增加,而夏玉米产量随灌水量增加而增加;土壤氮素残留量均表现为F1处理>F2处理,且冬小麦氮素残留量随灌水量增加先减少后增加,W1处理夏玉米氮素残留量最大,冬小麦、夏玉米氮肥偏生产力均与产量变化趋势一致;冬小麦、夏玉米耗水量均随灌水量增加而增加,水分利用效率均随灌水量增加呈先增大后减小趋势。【结论】拟合优化表明,冬小麦的适宜灌水量为214 mm,适宜施氮量100 kg/hm^(2);夏玉米适宜灌水量为103 mm,适宜施氮量100 kg/hm^(2)。

夏玉米光谱特征和产量对滴灌氮磷调控的响应

【目的】研究滴灌条件下氮磷调控对夏玉米冠层光谱特征及产量的影响。【方法】2022—2023年连续开展田间试验,2022年试验设置3个氮肥水平(0、120、240kg/hm^(2))(以纯N计)和2个磷肥水平(0、100 kg/hm^(2))(以P2O5计),2023年施氮处理与2022年一致,磷肥增加为3个水平(0、60、120 kg/hm^(2))。研究滴灌氮磷调控对夏玉米冠层光谱特征、干物质积累量和产量等指标影响。【结果】①施氮和施磷处理夏玉米光谱反射率明显增加,与不施氮不施磷处理相比,施氮后光谱反射率增加9.61%~18.60%,施磷后光谱反射率增加了3.06%~7.06%;②夏玉米地上部干物质量和产量均随施氮量和施磷量增加而增加,氮磷配施显著提高了夏玉米地上部生物量和籽粒产量,与仅施氮处理产量相比,氮磷配施处理较不施氮不施磷处理的增产幅度提高了8.82%~24.27%;与仅施磷产量处理相比,氮磷配施处理较不施氮不施磷处理的增产幅度提高15.75%~65.79%,氮磷交互作用对地上部干物质量和产量均有显著影响(P<0.01);③拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期的地上部干物质量与任意2波段差值植被指数(DVI)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)相关性较好,相关系数最大值达到0.93。【结论】拔节期最佳植被指数的估测参数可选DVI(810,680),抽穗期可选MCARI1,灌浆期可选DVI(761,383);N2P1(N:240kg/hm^(2)、P2O5:100kg/hm^(2))处理可作为该地区夏玉米优化施肥模式。

不同播种灌溉方式对夏玉米出苗、干物质积累及转运和产量的影响

设置地面灌溉常规播种(CK)、地表滴灌常规播种(DI)、地下滴灌深播(SDI)处理,研究不同播种灌溉方式对夏玉米出苗、干物质积累及转运和产量的影响,以期筛选出适宜夏玉米大田生产的播种灌溉方式。结果表明,播种后灌溉40 mm情况下,SDI处理土壤水分可以上移至种床层,下渗到距地表80 cm处,5~10、10~20 cm土层的土壤含水量分别达到田间持水量的68.69%、75.35%;CK和DI处理土壤湿润体在60 cm以上土层。SDI处理显著延长夏玉米的出苗时间,导致其苗期单株叶面积和干质量较其他处理显著降低,但其出苗率并未显著降低。在生育期间灌溉的条件下,与CK相比,SDI处理降低拔节后期和灌浆初期0~20 cm土层的土壤含水量,但增加40~120 cm土层的土壤含水量;DI处理增加拔节后期中上层土壤和灌浆初期土壤含水量。与CK相比,SDI和DI处理不仅能够促进花前干物质的转运,而且还能提高开花期和灌浆期的叶面积指数、地上部干物质积累量以及产量和水分利用效率,SDI和DI处理成熟期地上部干物质积累量、产量、水分利用效率分别提高8.51%、11.22%、11.41%和6.18%、6.38%、9.94%。SDI处理较DI处理提高了夏玉米的穗粒数和产量,但两处理间水分利用效率差异不显著。综上,地下滴灌深播未显著影响夏玉米的出苗率,并且地下滴灌能够提高中下层土壤的含水量,对花前干物质转运量及花后叶面积指数和地上部干物质积累量的提高有利,最终获得最高的产量和水分利用效率。

不同测墒补灌模式对黄淮海区域夏玉米生长及水分利用率的影响

为探索黄淮海区域夏玉米最优测墒补灌模式,采用田间试验方法在夏玉米大喇叭口期、抽雄开花期和籽粒灌浆期均分别设0~40 cm土层控制目标土壤相对含水量70%和75%补灌模式2个,以常规灌溉模式(目标土壤相对含水量100%)为对照,研究不同模式对夏玉米成熟期土壤养分、玉米长势、产量及其构成因素、水分利用等的影响。研究结果表明:1)与常规灌溉和70%补灌模式相比,75%补灌模式显著提高了夏玉米成熟期土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和玉米株高、生物量鲜重、含水量、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,最大增幅分别为8.38%、29.82%、26.74%和12.71%、16.73%、37.76%、18.38%、9.98%、2.56%、12.80%;2)75%补灌模式比常规灌溉模式显著降低了玉米植株耗水总量,节水10.32%,提高了水分利用率25.78%和灌溉水利用率69.71%,75%补灌模式比70%补灌模式水分利用率和灌溉水利用率分别提高了25.81%和14.22%。因此,本试验条件下,夏玉米大喇叭口期、抽雄开花期和籽粒灌浆期75%补灌模式是黄淮海区域夏玉米节水保肥、增产高效的最优测墒补灌模式。

冬小麦-夏玉米周年“四密一稀”浅埋滴灌水肥药一体化绿色生产技术

本研究针对黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米两熟区面临的出苗质量、播种—出苗期水分供应、灌溉施肥及时性及技术粗放等问题,并就进一步提高光温水肥资源利用效率是实现该区域粮食单产提升和绿色发展的重要途径等,从2018年起开展了一系列创新研究。通过实施冬小麦“四密一稀”条带种植配套卫星导航播种技术、冬小麦-夏玉米周年浅埋滴灌水肥药一体化技术等关键核心技术,结合配套现代化农机与信息技术装备,形成了一套集成的“冬小麦-夏玉米周年‘四密一稀’浅埋滴灌水肥药一体化绿色生产技术”。2010—2023年田间示范表明,该技术有效解决了上述生产难题,达到了小麦玉米周年增产和水肥资源高效利用的目标。与农民传统相比,小麦增产9%~17%,玉米增产12%~14%,周年节水450~750 m^(3)/hm^(2),节肥20%,节约人工成本2250~3000元/hm^(2)。该技术为黄淮海区冬小麦-夏玉米周年绿色高产提供了新的可行性方案。

沟灌夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发规律的试验研究

棵间土壤蒸发是农田土壤耗水的重要组成部分.该文采用两种规格的微型棵间蒸发皿(Micro-Lysimeter)分别测定沟灌夏玉米田沟、垄土面蒸发量,并对沟灌条件下夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发与作物蒸腾变化规律进行了试验研究,分析了相对棵间土壤蒸发强度与土壤含水率的关系以及棵间土壤蒸发强度与作物叶面积指数的关系.结果表明,沟灌条件下夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发量占全生育总耗水量的33.06%～34.35%,棵间土壤相对蒸发强度与表层土壤含水率和作物叶面积指数之间均呈现良好的指数函数关系,灌溉或降雨后2～3 d内土壤蒸发强度较大,受大气蒸发力影响明显.因此,在不影响作物蒸腾的条件下减少表层土壤的湿润面积和湿润次数是减少棵间土壤蒸发、提高作物水分利用效率的主要技术途径与措施.

夏玉米交替灌溉施肥的水氮耦合效应研究

以夏玉米为研究对象进行大田试验,采用二因素四水平完全方案,随机排列,3次重复,根据玉米产量建立回归模型并对其进行解析,确定隔沟交替灌溉施肥条件下的最佳水肥配比。研究结果表明:在供试条件下水、氮对产量有明显的促进作用,而且氮素作用大于灌水作用;两因素交互作用对玉米产量的影响为正效应。供试条件下的最高产量以及相应水、氮最佳配比为:最高产量4076 kg/hm2,生育期灌水量为972 m3/hm2,施氮量为230 kg/hm2。与常规灌溉相比,节水施肥模式中的水肥耦合效应对于减少水资源浪费,提高肥料利用率具有重要的理论与实践意义。

夏玉米调亏灌溉的生理机制与指标研究

在人工控制试验条件下，采用子母盆栽土培法，以夏玉米为材料进行了调亏灌溉试验研究。结果表明，玉米调亏灌溉是可行的，可以实现节水、高产和高效的目标。适时适度地水分亏缺显著抑制蒸腾速率，而光合速率下降不明显，复水后光合速率又具有超补偿效应，光合产物具有超补偿积累，且有利于向籽粒运转与分配；抑制营养生长，增大作物根冠比，提高了根系传导力，增强了植株抗旱性。玉米节水高产的调亏灌溉指标是：调亏时段为三叶一心—拔节（七叶一心），调亏度为４５％～６５％的田间持水率（θｆ），历时２１天；或拔节～抽穗调亏，调亏度为６０％～６５％，历时２１天；平均比对照增产２５．２４％，节水１５．４１％，水分利用效率提高４５．０５％。

不同沟灌方式下夏玉米单作物系数试验研究

采用FAO推荐的单值作物系数法,对常规沟灌和控制性交替隔沟灌溉两种灌水方式下不同水分处理(水分控制下限为田间持水率的80%、70%、60%)的夏玉米作物系数进行研究。结果表明:灌水方式修正系数可用相对蒸腾量来表示,与播后天数具有良好的6次函数关系,相关性显著;两种沟灌方式的单作物系数呈现相同脉冲波动变化趋势,但交替隔沟灌的作物系数小于常规沟灌;利用单作物系数法计算作物需水量与实测值相比偏差均低于10%,吻合良好。

控制交替沟灌中灌水控制下限对玉米叶片水分利用效率的影响

控制交替沟灌是通过调节作物生理过程实现节水的一项新技术.试验结果表明,在控制交替沟灌条件下,叶片蒸腾速率随着土壤含水量的降低而下降,而叶片光合速率则在土壤含水量降到某一数值以前没有显著的变化,从而造成叶片水分利用效率在较轻的水分胁迫下会有一定程度的提高.从叶片水分利用效率的角度分析,控制交替沟灌的灌水下限控制在田间持水量的70%左右效果最好.与对照相比,此时光合产物积累量下降2.1%,而蒸腾耗水量减少9.8%,叶片水分利用效率提高8.8%.

不同沟灌方式下夏玉米棵间蒸发试验

采用常规沟灌和交替隔沟灌技术,研究了不同水分处理(水分控制下限为田间持水率的80%、70%、60%)夏玉米的棵间蒸发。结果表明:常规沟灌的灌后蒸发和全生育期棵间蒸发量均大于交替隔沟灌,灌水后短期内由于表层土壤含水率较高,土壤蒸发较大;在满足作物蒸腾耗水的基础上,交替隔沟灌减小了灌溉湿润面积而减小无效蒸发耗水;不同沟灌方式下土壤蒸发与表层土壤含水率呈明显的脉冲波动变化,而深层土壤含水率波动较弱;表层土壤含水率和叶面积指数对棵间蒸发影响明显,二者与相对土面蒸发强度均有良好的指数函数关系。水分下限控制合适,交替隔沟灌棵间蒸发与蒸腾耗水明显降低,是夏玉米适宜的灌水方式。

灌溉和尿素类型对玉米氮素利用及产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究不同灌水条件下,控释尿素与常规尿素用量对玉米氮利用及产量和品质的影响。【方法】采用随机区组设计5个施氮水平和2个水分水平,研究不同类型尿素与水耦合对玉米干物质量、叶面积指数、籽粒产量、生物产量、地上部氮素吸收和籽粒蛋白质产量的影响。【结果】相同灌水条件下,施氮处理玉米干物质量、叶面积指数均大于对照,控释尿素处理玉米的干物质量、叶面积指数大口期前低于常规尿素,开花后却显著高于常规尿素;增加施氮量可显著提高玉米吸氮量及花后籽粒吸氮量,营养器官虽可获得较大的氮素累积,但降低了向籽粒转移氮量。同一氮水平下,灌浆水提高了玉米地上部干物质量、叶面积指数和籽粒产量,降低了玉米地上部吸氮量、花后籽粒吸氮量和花前转移氮量,籽粒蛋白质含量和产量也显著降低。与常规尿素相比,控释尿素与水分对玉米氮素吸收、籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质产量的耦合效应更显著。【结论】与常规尿素相比,不论有无灌浆水,控释尿素均能较好地协调玉米的地上部生长,具有明显的"前控后保"效果,利于获得高产与优质的同步,而灌浆水可以显著提高这种效果。

控制性交替隔沟灌溉对夏玉米生理特性和水分生产效率的影响

2008年6～9月在河南新乡进行了不同沟灌方式和水分处理下(质量比占田间持水率的80%、70%、60%)夏玉米生理特性和生产效率的试验研究。结果表明:交替隔沟灌溉有效抑制冗余生长,使光合产物向有利于产量形成方向运转,灌水量均减小33.3%,耗水量降低22.04%、21.05%和23.88%,减产2.85%、3.99%和9%;常规沟灌和交替隔沟灌溉的灌溉水生产效率(WUEI)均是70%处理最高,为1.74和2.50 kg/m3,总水分生产效率(WUEET)表现为常规沟灌70%处理最高(1.63 kg/m3),交替隔沟灌溉80%处理最高(2.05 kg/m3);同种水分处理,交替隔沟灌溉的水分生产效率远高于常规沟灌,是夏玉米适宜的供水模式。

垄植沟灌夏玉米棵间蒸发试验研究

为了探明沟灌夏玉米农田棵间蒸发规律,采用自制不同直径的棵间蒸发皿在夏玉米全生育期内分别于每天早上8点加以观测,对不同水分下限条件下沟灌夏玉米大田总蒸发量及垄面、沟面蒸发量进行了试验研究.结果表明沟灌夏玉米棵间蒸发量随着土壤水分下限降低呈减少的趋势,在全生育期内棵间蒸发在拔节前占很大比例,苗期和拔节期农田棵间蒸发量各占蒸腾量的90%和40%左右;拟合不同水分处理沟面和垄面蒸发的线性方程,相关系数在0.8以上;最后对比苗期和抽雄后期垄沟蒸发过程,两者都随着时间推移呈减小的趋势.垄面蒸发和沟面蒸发的比例约为20∶13,这为以后沟灌夏玉米农田土壤水分循环模拟提供了数据参考,在沟灌夏玉米农田蒸发中,应在拔节期前控制棵间蒸发量达到节水的目的.