This study aimed to study the development characteristics of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus at the embryo, larval, juvenile and young fish stages, thereby improving the breeding efficiency of E. fuscoguttatus. [Method] The...This study aimed to study the development characteristics of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus at the embryo, larval, juvenile and young fish stages, thereby improving the breeding efficiency of E. fuscoguttatus. [Method] The morphological characteristics and embryonic and post embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus, including the occurrence and development of nervous system, digestive system and circulatory system, were observed and analyzed using eggs self-fertilized with artificially induced spawning in the breeding base of Hainan Province. [Result] The fertilized egg of E. fuscoguttatus is spherical, colorless transparent with single oil ball, and its diameter ranges from 0.83 to 0.94 mm. Based on the development process, the embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus was divided into six stages, namely fertilized egg stage, cleavage stage, blastula stage, gastrula stage, idiosome formation stage and hatching stage. The entire embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus required 20 h 47 min in the sea water with temperature of 28.4-31.9℃ salinity of 31-32 and pH of 8.4, and the total cumulative temperature was 455.361 ℃·h. The post embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus was divided into larval stage, juvenile stage and young fish stage based on the features of the yolk-sac, second dorsal fin spine, pelvic fin spine, and body color. Accordingly, the larval stage was further classified into pre-larva and post-larva, with or without yolk-sac, respectively. The extension and shrinkage of the first pelvic fin spine and the second dorsal fin spine as well as the spinules on aforementioned spines were the most significant changes during the post embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus. [Conclusion] This study will provide some basic data for industrial breeding of E. fuscoguttatus.展开更多
The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid group...The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid grouper juveniles(9.39 ± 0.07 g) were investigated under the fed and un-fed conditions. The results showed that the OCR and AER were significantly(P < 0.05) affected by temperature and salinity under both fed and un-fed conditions. When temperature was 24–33℃, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 85.68%–129.52% and 125.78%–287.63%, respectively, higher than those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio, protein use(P_u), Q_(10)(respiration) and Q_(10)(excretion) of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.43–24.01, 28.35% – 48.48%, 1.69 and 3.01, respectively. The O/N ratio, P_u, Q_(10)(respiration), Q_(10)(excretion) of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79, 22.16% – 34.34%, 1.23 and 1.17, respectively. When salinity was 15–33, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles increased by 87.42% – 116.85% and 215.38% – 353.57%, respectively, over those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio and P_u of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.48 – 17.78, 39.36% – 49.43%, respectively. The O/N ratio and Pu of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79 and 22.16% – 34.34%, respectively. The specific dynamic action(SDA) of hybrid grouper juveniles was mainly related to protein metabolism. The results had a guiding significance to the large-scale intensive aquaculture of hybrid grouper juveniles.展开更多
The effects of temperature and pH on embryonic development and survival rate of newly hatched larvae of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus were discussed by single factor experiment method. Under a salinity of 31‰, fertilized...The effects of temperature and pH on embryonic development and survival rate of newly hatched larvae of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus were discussed by single factor experiment method. Under a salinity of 31‰, fertilized eggs were incubated at different temperatures （17, 20, 23, 26, 29 （eontrol）, 32, 35 ℃ ） and different pH values （5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.4 （control）, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5 and 10.0）, the development rate of fertilized eggs, hatching rate, deformity rate, survival rate of newly hatched larvae, and optimum temperature and pH ranges for embryonic development were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that the incubation period y required by fertilized eggs was in remarkably negative correlation with temperature x, y =4 017. 3x-15277 , R2 =0. 971 3. At 29 ℃, the hatching rate was the highest, up to 92.00% ; this temperature was corresponding to the lowest deformity rate of newly hatched larvae （ 1.09% ） ; corresponding effective accumulative temperature was also the lowest （437. 410 ℃ . h）, and significantly different from other experimental groups （P 〈 0.05 ） ; but on the contrary, corresponding survival rates at 24 and 48 h reached, respectively, 88.03% and 82. 97% which were significantly different from other experimental groups （ P 〈 0.05）. At the pH of 8.4 in the CK group and the pH of 8.5 of one experimental group, the embryonic development rates were the highest; con-esponding hatching rates of fertilized eggs were the highest, respectively, of 88.33% and 83.33% which were significantly different from other groups （P 〈 0.05） ; and corresponding survival rates at 24 and 48 h were the highest, and reached 90.84% and 85.03%, respectively. In the pH range of 8.0 - 8.5, the deformity rate of newly hatched larvae was 0. It was indicating that for embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus, the suitable water temperature value was in the range of 17 - 29 ℃, the optimum value was in the range of 23 -29℃; and the suitable pH value was in the range of 6.5 -9.5, and the optimum value was in the range of 8.0- 8.5.展开更多
The present study was conducted as a continuation of our previous study on the effects of fish meal replacement with soy bean meal, SBM in the diets of tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus which revealed the possi...The present study was conducted as a continuation of our previous study on the effects of fish meal replacement with soy bean meal, SBM in the diets of tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus which revealed the possible level of fish meal protein replacement of 30% with positive effect of phytase supplementation in one of the test diet. In the present study, all experimental diets with SBM inclusion (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% replacement levels) were supplemented with phytase and fed to juvenile tiger grouper with initial body weight of 44.57 ± 0.28 g for eight weeks. Apart from the effects on growth performance, diet utilization and fish whole-body composition, apparent digestibility coefficient of diets was also measured. Similar findings to our previous experiment were observed in the present study. Diet SM40P (40% replacement level) had produced the poorest growth performance and feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, it was observed that FCR of SM40P was improved when compared to SM40 (without phytase) in our previous experiment. Other than that, SBM-based diets were performed as good as the control diet in terms of growth, feed utilization and survival rate. Replacement of fish meal did not significantly influence body composition, except for whole body lipid content in SM40P. In general, dry matter and protein apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the test diets were influenced by SBM inclusion in the diets. However, crude lipid ADC was very high in all dietary treatments indicating efficient utilization of dietary lipid by juvenile tiger grouper. The findings of the present study confirmed that SBM can be used to replace FM at a level of up to 30% and supplementation of phytase in SBM-based diets is recommended to improve the diet performance.展开更多
The effects of fish meal (FM) replacement with graded level of soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance, feed utilization, survival rate and body composition were investigated in juvenile tiger grouper, Epinephelus fu...The effects of fish meal (FM) replacement with graded level of soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance, feed utilization, survival rate and body composition were investigated in juvenile tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (initial body weight 13.9 ±0.65 g). Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 50% crude protein, 16% crude lipid and 365.8 kcal/100g feed with SBM replacing FM protein at 0% (SM 0), 10% (SM 0), 20% (SM 20), 30% (SM 30), 40% (SM 40) and 20% with phytase (SM 20P) replacement levels. At the end of the ten-week feeding trial, there were no significant differences detected in terms of growth performances (weight gain and specific growth rate), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rates of fish fed with the control diet (SM 0), SM 20, SM 30 and SM 20P. Net protein utilization of fish fed SM 20P was higher than those fed with other diets suggesting an improved utilization of nutrients with phytase addition in the diet. Replacements of FM protein with SBM at 10% and 40% have resulted in significantly lower growth and poorer FCR than other replacement levels. Survival rates remain high (≥90%) throughout the trial. Whole-body proximate composition of the fish was significantly affected by the inclusion of SBM in the diets. It can be concluded that 20%-30% of FM protein replacement with SBM is recommended and addition of phytase in the SBM-based diet should be considered to improve nutrient utilization of tiger grouper juvenile.展开更多
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides had been found from a wide variety of organisms in the last few years These molecules have attracted much research interest because of their biochemical diversity, broad specificity...Antimicrobial proteins and peptides had been found from a wide variety of organisms in the last few years These molecules have attracted much research interest because of their biochemical diversity, broad specificity on anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungi, anti-protozoan parasites, anti-tumoural, and wound-healing effects. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides play key roles in innate immunity. They interact directly with bacteria and kill them. The brown-spotted grouper, Epinephelusfario, is an important marine fish cultured in southem China. Recently, bacteria and virus have caused high mortality in E. fario cultures, but its endogenous antimicrobial peptides and proteins have not been explored. An antimicrobial component was found from the skin homogenate of E. fario. After the skin homogenate was digested with trypsin, its antimicrobial activity was lost, which showed that the antimicrobial component is a protein. The antimicrobial protein （Efap） was purified from the skin homogenate of E. fario by successive ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Efap was demonstrated to be single protein band by SDS-PAGE, with the apparent molecular weight of 41 kD. Efap exhibited antimicrobial activity both for the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, and for the Gram-negative bacteria, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio fluvialis, Pasteurella multocida, Aeromonas hydrophila, Eschrrichiu coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Except A. hydrophila, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli （MIC〉20 mol/L）, most of the tested Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to Efap （MIC〈20 mol/L）. Interestingly, Efap showed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus （MIC 5-10 mol/L） but comparatively weak antimicrobial activity against M. luteus and B. subtilis. The broad antimicrobial activities of Efap suggest that it contributes to the innate host defence of E. fario.展开更多
基金Supported by Special Project of Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center(GCZX2013005)Technology Research and Development Project of Hainan Provincial Research Institutes(KYYS-2014-59,KYYS-2013-24,11-20410-0010)Applied Technology Research and Development and Demonstration Project of Hainan Province(ZDXM2015025)~~
文摘This study aimed to study the development characteristics of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus at the embryo, larval, juvenile and young fish stages, thereby improving the breeding efficiency of E. fuscoguttatus. [Method] The morphological characteristics and embryonic and post embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus, including the occurrence and development of nervous system, digestive system and circulatory system, were observed and analyzed using eggs self-fertilized with artificially induced spawning in the breeding base of Hainan Province. [Result] The fertilized egg of E. fuscoguttatus is spherical, colorless transparent with single oil ball, and its diameter ranges from 0.83 to 0.94 mm. Based on the development process, the embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus was divided into six stages, namely fertilized egg stage, cleavage stage, blastula stage, gastrula stage, idiosome formation stage and hatching stage. The entire embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus required 20 h 47 min in the sea water with temperature of 28.4-31.9℃ salinity of 31-32 and pH of 8.4, and the total cumulative temperature was 455.361 ℃·h. The post embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus was divided into larval stage, juvenile stage and young fish stage based on the features of the yolk-sac, second dorsal fin spine, pelvic fin spine, and body color. Accordingly, the larval stage was further classified into pre-larva and post-larva, with or without yolk-sac, respectively. The extension and shrinkage of the first pelvic fin spine and the second dorsal fin spine as well as the spinules on aforementioned spines were the most significant changes during the post embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus. [Conclusion] This study will provide some basic data for industrial breeding of E. fuscoguttatus.
基金supported by the project of National Science and Technology Supporting Plan (No. 2011BAD13B04)
文摘The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid grouper juveniles(9.39 ± 0.07 g) were investigated under the fed and un-fed conditions. The results showed that the OCR and AER were significantly(P < 0.05) affected by temperature and salinity under both fed and un-fed conditions. When temperature was 24–33℃, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 85.68%–129.52% and 125.78%–287.63%, respectively, higher than those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio, protein use(P_u), Q_(10)(respiration) and Q_(10)(excretion) of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.43–24.01, 28.35% – 48.48%, 1.69 and 3.01, respectively. The O/N ratio, P_u, Q_(10)(respiration), Q_(10)(excretion) of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79, 22.16% – 34.34%, 1.23 and 1.17, respectively. When salinity was 15–33, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles increased by 87.42% – 116.85% and 215.38% – 353.57%, respectively, over those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio and P_u of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.48 – 17.78, 39.36% – 49.43%, respectively. The O/N ratio and Pu of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79 and 22.16% – 34.34%, respectively. The specific dynamic action(SDA) of hybrid grouper juveniles was mainly related to protein metabolism. The results had a guiding significance to the large-scale intensive aquaculture of hybrid grouper juveniles.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Construction of Hainan Key Laboratory and Engineering Technical Research Center(gczx2013005)Special Fund for Technology Development by Scientific Research Institutes of Hainan Province(KYYS-2014-59)+1 种基金Special Fund for Application Technology Development and Demonstration(ZDXM2015025)Hainan Provincial-level Department Budget Project
文摘The effects of temperature and pH on embryonic development and survival rate of newly hatched larvae of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus were discussed by single factor experiment method. Under a salinity of 31‰, fertilized eggs were incubated at different temperatures （17, 20, 23, 26, 29 （eontrol）, 32, 35 ℃ ） and different pH values （5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.4 （control）, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5 and 10.0）, the development rate of fertilized eggs, hatching rate, deformity rate, survival rate of newly hatched larvae, and optimum temperature and pH ranges for embryonic development were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that the incubation period y required by fertilized eggs was in remarkably negative correlation with temperature x, y =4 017. 3x-15277 , R2 =0. 971 3. At 29 ℃, the hatching rate was the highest, up to 92.00% ; this temperature was corresponding to the lowest deformity rate of newly hatched larvae （ 1.09% ） ; corresponding effective accumulative temperature was also the lowest （437. 410 ℃ . h）, and significantly different from other experimental groups （P 〈 0.05 ） ; but on the contrary, corresponding survival rates at 24 and 48 h reached, respectively, 88.03% and 82. 97% which were significantly different from other experimental groups （ P 〈 0.05）. At the pH of 8.4 in the CK group and the pH of 8.5 of one experimental group, the embryonic development rates were the highest; con-esponding hatching rates of fertilized eggs were the highest, respectively, of 88.33% and 83.33% which were significantly different from other groups （P 〈 0.05） ; and corresponding survival rates at 24 and 48 h were the highest, and reached 90.84% and 85.03%, respectively. In the pH range of 8.0 - 8.5, the deformity rate of newly hatched larvae was 0. It was indicating that for embryonic development of E. fuscoguttatus, the suitable water temperature value was in the range of 17 - 29 ℃, the optimum value was in the range of 23 -29℃; and the suitable pH value was in the range of 6.5 -9.5, and the optimum value was in the range of 8.0- 8.5.
文摘The present study was conducted as a continuation of our previous study on the effects of fish meal replacement with soy bean meal, SBM in the diets of tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus which revealed the possible level of fish meal protein replacement of 30% with positive effect of phytase supplementation in one of the test diet. In the present study, all experimental diets with SBM inclusion (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% replacement levels) were supplemented with phytase and fed to juvenile tiger grouper with initial body weight of 44.57 ± 0.28 g for eight weeks. Apart from the effects on growth performance, diet utilization and fish whole-body composition, apparent digestibility coefficient of diets was also measured. Similar findings to our previous experiment were observed in the present study. Diet SM40P (40% replacement level) had produced the poorest growth performance and feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, it was observed that FCR of SM40P was improved when compared to SM40 (without phytase) in our previous experiment. Other than that, SBM-based diets were performed as good as the control diet in terms of growth, feed utilization and survival rate. Replacement of fish meal did not significantly influence body composition, except for whole body lipid content in SM40P. In general, dry matter and protein apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the test diets were influenced by SBM inclusion in the diets. However, crude lipid ADC was very high in all dietary treatments indicating efficient utilization of dietary lipid by juvenile tiger grouper. The findings of the present study confirmed that SBM can be used to replace FM at a level of up to 30% and supplementation of phytase in SBM-based diets is recommended to improve the diet performance.
文摘The effects of fish meal (FM) replacement with graded level of soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance, feed utilization, survival rate and body composition were investigated in juvenile tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (initial body weight 13.9 ±0.65 g). Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 50% crude protein, 16% crude lipid and 365.8 kcal/100g feed with SBM replacing FM protein at 0% (SM 0), 10% (SM 0), 20% (SM 20), 30% (SM 30), 40% (SM 40) and 20% with phytase (SM 20P) replacement levels. At the end of the ten-week feeding trial, there were no significant differences detected in terms of growth performances (weight gain and specific growth rate), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rates of fish fed with the control diet (SM 0), SM 20, SM 30 and SM 20P. Net protein utilization of fish fed SM 20P was higher than those fed with other diets suggesting an improved utilization of nutrients with phytase addition in the diet. Replacements of FM protein with SBM at 10% and 40% have resulted in significantly lower growth and poorer FCR than other replacement levels. Survival rates remain high (≥90%) throughout the trial. Whole-body proximate composition of the fish was significantly affected by the inclusion of SBM in the diets. It can be concluded that 20%-30% of FM protein replacement with SBM is recommended and addition of phytase in the SBM-based diet should be considered to improve nutrient utilization of tiger grouper juvenile.
基金Key Research Program for International Cooperation(2005DFA30610)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-05-0755)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation(30700128)Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(80623)Research Foundation of Education Department of Hainan Province(Hj200731)
文摘Antimicrobial proteins and peptides had been found from a wide variety of organisms in the last few years These molecules have attracted much research interest because of their biochemical diversity, broad specificity on anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungi, anti-protozoan parasites, anti-tumoural, and wound-healing effects. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides play key roles in innate immunity. They interact directly with bacteria and kill them. The brown-spotted grouper, Epinephelusfario, is an important marine fish cultured in southem China. Recently, bacteria and virus have caused high mortality in E. fario cultures, but its endogenous antimicrobial peptides and proteins have not been explored. An antimicrobial component was found from the skin homogenate of E. fario. After the skin homogenate was digested with trypsin, its antimicrobial activity was lost, which showed that the antimicrobial component is a protein. The antimicrobial protein （Efap） was purified from the skin homogenate of E. fario by successive ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Efap was demonstrated to be single protein band by SDS-PAGE, with the apparent molecular weight of 41 kD. Efap exhibited antimicrobial activity both for the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, and for the Gram-negative bacteria, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio fluvialis, Pasteurella multocida, Aeromonas hydrophila, Eschrrichiu coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Except A. hydrophila, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli （MIC〉20 mol/L）, most of the tested Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to Efap （MIC〈20 mol/L）. Interestingly, Efap showed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus （MIC 5-10 mol/L） but comparatively weak antimicrobial activity against M. luteus and B. subtilis. The broad antimicrobial activities of Efap suggest that it contributes to the innate host defence of E. fario.
