Theoretical calculations on Landé g-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of nsnp ^(3)P_(0)^(o) clock states in Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks

The study of magnetic field effects on the clock transition of Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks is scarce.In this work,the hyperfine-induced Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of the nsnp ^(3)P_(0)^(o) clock states for ^(111,113)Cd and ^(25)Mg were calculated by using the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock theory.To obtain accurate values of these parameters,the impact of electron correlations and furthermore the Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamical effects on the Zeeman and hyperfine interaction matrix elements,and energy separations were investigated in detail.We also estimated the contributions from perturbing states to the Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients concerned so as to truncate the summation over the perturbing states without loss of accuracy.Our calculations provide important data for estimating the first-and second-order Zeeman shifts of the clock transition for the Cd and Mg optical lattice clocks.

Experimental Determination of the Landé g-Factors for 5s^2 ^1S and 5s5p ^3P States of the ^87Sr Atom

We present an experimental determination on the Lande g-factors for the 5 s^2 ^1 S0 and 5 s5 p ^3P0 states in ultra-cold atomic systems, which is important for evaluating the Zeeman shift of the clock transition in the ^87Sr optical lattice clock. The Zeeman shift of the 5 s5 p ^3 P0-5 s^2 ^1 S0 forbidden transition is measured with the π-polarized and σ^±-polarized interrogations at different magnetic field strengths. Moreover, in the g-factor measurement with the σ^±-transition spectra, it is unnecessary to calibrate the external magnetic field. By this means, the ground state 5 s^2 ^1 S0 g-factor for the ^87Sr atom is-1.306（52） ×10^-4, which is the first experimental determination to the best of our knowledge, and the result matches very well with the theoretical estimation. The differential g-factorδg between the 5 s5 p^3 P0 state and the 5 s^2 ^1 S0 state of the ^87Sr atoms is measured in the experiment as well,which are-7.67（36） ×10^-5 with π-transition spectra and-7.72（43） X 10^-5 with σ^±-transition spectra, in good agreement with the previous report [Phys. Rev. A 76（2007） 022510]. This work can also be used for determining the differential g-factor of the clock states for the optical clocks based on other atoms.

Theoretical study of the hyperfine interaction constants, Landé g-factors, and electric quadrupole moments for the low-lying states of the 61Niq+(q=11,12,14,and 15) ions

Highly charged nickel ions have been suggested as candidates for the ultra-precise optical clock, meanwhile the relevant experiment has been carried out. In the framework of the multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock(MCDHF)method, we calculated the hyperfine interaction constants, the Landég-factors, and the electric quadrupole moments for the low-lying states in the 61Ni11+,61Ni12+,61Ni14+, and61Ni15+ ions. These states are clock states of the selected clock transitions in highly charged nickel ions(see Fig. 1). Based on discussing the effects of the electron correlations, the Breit interaction, and quantum electrodynamics(QED) effect on these physical quantities, reasonable uncertainties were obtained for our calculated results. In addition, the electric quadrupole frequency shifts and the Zeeman frequency shifts of the clock transitions concerned were analyzed.

The g-factors and magnetic rotation in ^(82)Rb

The g-factors of the intra-band states 12, 13, 14, 15 in a magnetic-rotational band built on the 11 state in S2Rb are measured for the first time by using a transient magnetic field-ion implantation perturbed angular distribution （TMF-IMPAD） method. The magnetic-rotational band in ^82Rb is populated by the ^60Ni（27A1,4pn）^82Rb reaction, and the time-integral Larmor precessions are measured after recoil implantation into a polarized Fe foil. The calculation of g-factors is also carried out in terms of a semi-classical model of independent particle angular momentum coupling on the basis of the four-quasiparticle configuration π（99/2）^2 Оπ（p3/2, f5/2） О v （g9/2）. The measured and calculated g-factors are in good agreement with each other. The g-factors and deduced shear angles decrease with the increase of spin along the band. This clearly illustrates the shear effect of a step-by-step alignment of the valence protons and neutrons in magnetic rotation. The semi-classical calculation also shows that the alignment of the valence neutron angular momentum is faster than that of the valence protons, which results in a decrease of g-factors with increasing spin. The present results provide solid evidence of the shear mechanism of magnetic rotation.

Electron G-Factor Anomaly and the Charge Thickness

The electron g-factor relates the magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum. It was originally theoretically calculated to have a value of exactly 2. Experiments yielded a value of 2 plus a very small fraction, referred to as the g-factor anomaly. This anomaly has been calculated theoretically as a power series of the fine structure constant. This document shows that the anomaly is the result of the electron charge thickness. If the thickness were to be zero, g = 2 exactly, and there would be no anomaly. As the thickness increases, the anomaly increases. An equation relating the g-factor and the surface charge thickness is presented. The thickness is calculated to be 0.23% of the electron radius. The cause of the anomaly is very clear, but why is the charge thickness greater than zero? Using the model of the interior structure of the electron previously proposed by the author, it is shown that the non-zero thickness, and thus the g-factor anomaly, are due to the proposed positive charge at the electron center and compressibility of the electron material. The author’s previous publication proposes a theory for splitting the electron into three equal charges when subjected to a strong external magnetic field. That theory is revised in this document, and the result is an error reduced to 0.4% in the polar angle where the splits occur and a reduced magnetic field required to cause the splits.

Magnetic moments and g-factors in odd-A Ho isotopes

The ground-state magnetic moment, g K factor and quenching spin gyromagnetic ratio have been calculated using the microscopic method based on the Quasiparticle Phonon Nuclear Model（QPNM） for ^155-169 Ho nuclei for the first time. It is shown that the residual spin-spin interactions are responsible for the core polarization,and because of the core polarization the spin gyromagnetic factors are quenched. By considering the core polarization effects, a satisfactory agreement is obtained for the computed ground state g K factor, which gives an intrinsic contribution to the magnetic moments. In order to assess the collective contribution to the magnetic moments, the rotational gyromagnetic factors g R have been also calculated within the cranking approximation using the single particle wave function of the axially symmetric Woods-Saxon potential. For the ground-state magnetic moments of odd-proton ^155-165 Ho nuclei, a good description of the experimental data is obtained with an accuracy of 0.01–0.1μN. From systematic trends, the quenching spin gyromagnetic factor, g K factor and magnetic moment have also been theoretically predicted for167,169 Ho where there is no existing experimental data.

Features of Recombination Radiation of GaAs Type Semiconductors with the Participation of Fine Acceptor Levels in a Magnetic Field

Using the method of Picus and Beer invariants, general expressions are obtained for the total intensity I and the degree of circular polarization Рcirc.of the luminescence of GaAs-type semiconductors with the participation of shallow acceptor levels in a longitudinal magnetic field H. Special cases are analyzed depending on the value and direction of the magnetic field strength, as well as on the constants of the g-factor of the acceptor g1,g2and the conduction band electron ge. In the case of a strong magnetic field H// [100], [111], [110], a numerical calculation of the angular dependence of the quantities I and Рcirc.was performed for some critical values of g2/g1, at which Рcirc.exhibits a sharp anisotropy in the range from −100% to +100%, and the intensity of the crystal radiation along the magnetic field tends to a minimum value.

The Real Reason Why the Electron’s Bare g-Factor Is 2 Times Classical

When analyzing an Electron’s orbit’s and movements, a “classical” bare g-factor of “1” must be used, but when analyzing just the Electron itself, a bare g-factor and gyromagnetic ratio of twice the “classical” value is needed to fit reality. Nobody has fully explained this yet. By examining the electromagnetic wave nature of the electron, it is possible to show a simple reason why its bare g-factor must be 2, without resorting to superluminal velocities or dismissing it as mystically intrinsic. A simple charged electromagnetic wave loop (CEWL) model of the electron that maintains the same electromagnetic wave nature as the high-energy photons from which electron-positron pairs form, will have exactly half of its energy in the form of magnetic energy who’s field lines are perpendicular to the direction of the charge rotation, which leads to the conclusion that only half of the electron’s electromagnetic mass is rotational mass, from which it is easy to calculate a bare g-factor of 2 using Feynman’s equation for the electron’s g-factor.

沉浸式扩声后级系统设计研究

本文研究设计以Astro Spatial Audio沉浸声引擎、Powersoft功率放大器和EAW扬声器系统为样本的沉浸式扩声后级系统,通过扬声器安装边界的确定、扬声器安装位置及夹角的调整、功放与扬声器的合理匹配等设计,最终研究出的沉浸式扩声后级系统符合剧场扩声系统设计规范的国家一级标准。

A 4-channel 3 Tesla phased array receive coil for awake rhesus monkey fMRI and diffusion MRI experiments

Awake monkey fMRI and diffusion MRI combined with conventional neuroscience techniques has the potential to study the structural and functional neural network. The majority of monkey fMRI and diffusion MRI experiments are performed with single coils which suffer from severe EPI distortions which limit resolution. By constructing phased array coils for monkey MRI studies, gains in SNR and anatomical accuracy (i.e., reduction of EPI distortions) can be achieved using parallel imaging. The major challenges associated with constructing phased array coils for monkeys are the variation in head size and space constraints. Here, we apply phased array technology to a 4-channel phased array coil capable of improving the resolution and image quality of full brain awake monkey fMRI and diffusion MRI experiments. The phased array coil is that can adapt to different rhesus monkey head sizes (ages 4-8) and fits in the limited space provided by monkey stereotactic equipment and provides SNR gains in primary visual cortex and anatomical accuracy in conjunction with parallel imaging and improves resolution in fMRI experiments by a factor of 2 (1.25 mm to 1.0 mm isotropic) and diffusion MRI experiments by a factor of 4 (1.5 mm to 0.9 mm isotropic).

TMF-IMPAD Spectrometer

A transient magnetic field-ion implanted perturbed angular distribution spectrometer has beenset up at CIAE HI-13 tandem accelerator.This spectrometer is used to measure y-factors of high spinstates with lifetime of pico-or subpico-seconds.The 9-factors of the high spin states in 83y,84Zr and87Nbhave been successfully determined with it.

Dependence of Quasi-Particle Alignment on Proton Number in N=44 Isotones ^(82)Sr,^(83)Y,^(84)Zr and ^(85)Nb

The g-factors of Ground Rotational Band states of N = 44 isotones 82^Sr, 83^Y, 84^Zr and 85^Nb have been measured by the transient-magnetic-field ion implantation perturbed angular distribution （TMF-IMPAD） method. The measured g-factors of 82^Sr increase with the increase of spin I, indicating a proton alignment only. Positive peaks appear in the variation of g-factors with spin for 83^Y and 84^Zzr at spin 21/2^＋ and 10^＋ respectively, indicating a proton alignment followed by a neutron alignment. A negative peak occurs for SSNb at the spin 25/2^＋, indicating a neutron alignment followed by a proton alignment.

Spin-Magnetic Moment of Dirac Electron, and Role of Zitterbewegung

The spin-magnetic moment of the electron is revisited. In the form of the relativistic quantum mechanics, we calculate the magnetic moment of Dirac electron with no orbital angular-momentum. It is inferred that obtained magnetic moment may be the spin-magnetic moment, because it is never due to orbital motion. A transition current flowing from a positive energy state to a negative energy state in Dirac Sea is found. Application to the band structure of semiconductor is suggested.

Compressive Strength and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies on Waste Glass Admixtured Cement

The present work reports the effect of waste glass (WG) on the properties of Portland cement through Electron Para- magnetic Resonance (EPR) study. Cement pastes containing 0, 10, and 30% replacement of waste glass with cement and in a water to cement ratio of 0.4 have been prepared. The g factors of Fe(III) and Mn(II) impurities at different hydration ages have been calculated. The decreased gFe values and simultaneous increase in gMn values with increase in replacement % of WG are explained due to retardation of cement hydration.

Calculation of the Zeeman-Fine Energies and the Spectrum with Doppler-Shift Correction of Atomic Lithium

We have calculated the Zeeman-fine energies of atomic Lithium (Li) by using the varying effective Landé g-factor method. We take the principle quantum number in the range;(2 ≤n ≤10 ). For this range we find 26 different energy values and 325 wavelengths some of which are the same. The Doppler shift is found to be Δλ=±0.004λ. The Doppler shift-corrected wavelengths are in perfect agreement with the observed (NIST) values for atomic Li.

Calculation of the Effective G-Factor for the (ns²S_1/2)→(np²P_3/2)→(n's²S_1/2) Transitions in Hydrogen-Like Atoms and Its Application to the Atomic Cesium

We have calculated the effective g-factor for the transitions in hydrogen-like atoms and applied it to atomic cesium. We have identified that not only the g* factor in this case is an integer number g* = 1, but also the existence of possible entangled states related to the above tran-sitions. Furthermore we have used the above result to calculate the transition energies which are in complete agreement (within the 1% margin error). Such results can give access to the production of new laser lights from atomic cesium.

A New Theory for the Essence and Origin of Electron Spin

Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles, and atomic nuclei. It is wildly believed that spin is a purely quantum mechanical concept and has no classical analogue. In fact, elementary particles are conceived as point objects which have no axis to “spin” around. Therefore, there is no explaining how spin arises at the fundamental level, why particles have the values they do, and what underpins the Pauli Exclusion principle and Bose-Einstein behavior. However, spin is like a vector quantity;it has a definite magnitude, and it has a “direction”, in order to spin should be composite. In this paper we propose a physical explanation for spin of the electron at the sub-particle level, relying on the vortex model of the electron. The electron is described as a superfluid frictionless vortex which has a mass, angular momentum and spin to provide a complete explanation of all properties of the electron: it composite, spinning around its own axis, produces a tiny magnetic fields independent of those from its orbital motions. The classical hydrodynamic laws are used to describe the quantum properties of the electron, such as spin, angular momentum, magnetic momentum and a magnetic dipole. The circulation in the vortex is constant, and the angular momentum of the vortex is conserved and has the same value of Planck constant. The direction of the angular momentum of a spinning electron vortex is along the axis of rotation and determined by the direction of spin. The spin quantum number 1/2 has a fixed value which represents the gap between the circulation rate of the core of the vortex and the boundaries of the vortex. The changeable values +1/2 “spin-up” or -1/2 “spin-down” indicate the direction of the magnetic dipole of the vortex. The relation between spin and Planck constant is discussed and the origin h/4pi angular momentum units are revealed.

Measurement of the g Factor of the 3.1232 MeV 19/2^(-) Level in ^(43)Sc by Perturbed Angular Distribution Method

The g-factor hence the magnetic moment,of the isomeric state 43Sc（|9/2-,3.1232 MeV）has been measured by the time differential perturbed angular distributionmethod.The measured values are g=0.3279（19）and μ=3.108（18）nm.

BaF2 TIME DIFFERENTIAL PERTURBED ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION SPECTROMETER

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Anisotropies of the g-factor tensor and diamagnetic coefficient in crystal-phase quantum dots in InP nanowires

Crystal-phase low-dimensional structures offer great potential for the implementation of photonic devices of interest for quantum information processing.In this context,unveiling the fundamental parameters of the crystal phase structure is of much relevance for several applications.Here,we report on the anisotropy of the g-factor tensor and diamagnetic coefficient in wurtzite/zincblende(WZ/ZB)crystal-phase quantum dots(QDs)realized in single InP nanowires.The WZ and ZB alternating axial sections in the NWs are identified by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy.The electron(hole)g-factor tensor and the exciton diamagnetic coefficients in WZ/ZB crystal-phase QDs are determined through micro-photoluminescence measurements at low temperature(4.2 K)with different magnetic field configurations,and rationalized by invoking the spin-correlated orbital current model.Our work provides key parameters for band gap engineering and spin states control in crystal-phase low-dimensional structures in nanowires.