Motion mechanism and gait planning of a wheeled micro robot

Based on a novel shape memory alloy （SMA） actuator, a micro worming robot is presented. The robot adopts a wheeled moving mechanism. The principle of the robot＇s enlarged pace is introduced, and the structure and motion mechanism of the SMA actuator and the wheeled moving mechanism are discussed. The gait about the robot＇s rectilinear movement and turning movement is also planned. Under the effect of the eccentric wheel self-locking mechanisms and changing-direction mechanisms, the robot can move forward and backward, and turn actively, which overcomes the disadvantages of the traditional SMA micro robots to a certain extent. Furthermore, some experiments on the heating current of the SMA actuator and the robot＇s motion capability are carded out.

Inverted Modelling:An Effective Way to Support Motion Planning of Legged Mobile Robots

This paper presents an effective way to support motion planning of legged mobile robots—Inverted Modelling,based on the equivalent metamorphic mechanism concept.The difference from the previous research is that we herein invert the equivalent parallel mechanism.Assuming the leg mechanisms are hybrid links,the body of robot being considered as fixed platform,and ground as moving platform.The motion performance is transformed and measured in the body frame.Terrain and joint limits are used as input parameters to the model,resulting in the representation which is independent of terrains and particular poses in Inverted Modelling.Hence,it can universally be applied to any kind of legged robots as global motion performance framework.Several performance measurements using Inverted Modelling are presented and used in motion performance evaluation.According to the requirements of actual work like motion continuity and stability,motion planning of legged robot can be achieved using different measurements on different terrains.Two cases studies present the simulations of quadruped and hexapod robots walking on rugged roads.The results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Research on Biologically Inspired Hexapod Robot's Gait and Path Planning

Realistically there are many robot joints in the biologically inspired hexapod robot, so they will generate many complexities in the calculations of the gait and the path planning and the control variables. The software Solidworks and MSC. ADAMS are adopted to simulate and analyze the prototype model of the robot. By the simulations used in our design, the applicability of the tripod gait is validated, and the scheme which uses cubic spline curve as the endpoint of foot＇s path is feasible. The principles, methods, and processes of the simulation of hexapod robot are illustrated. A methodology is proposed to get the robot inverse solution in ADAMS, and to simplify the theoretical calculation, and further more to improve the efficiency of the design.

Application of Optimal-Jerk Trajectory Planning in Gait-balance Training Robot

To accommodate the gait and balance disorder of the elderly with age progression and the occurrence of various senile diseases,this paper proposes a novel gait balance training robot(G-Balance)based on a six degree-of-freedom parallel platform.Using the platform movement and IMU wearable sensors,two training modes,i.e.,active and passive,are developed to achieve vestibular stimulation.Virtual reality technology is applied to achieve visual stimulation.In the active training mode,the elderly actively exercises to control the posture change of the platform and the switching of the virtual scene.In the passive training mode,the platform movement is combined with the virtual scene to simulate bumpy environments,such as earthquakes,to enhance the human anti-interference ability.To achieve a smooth switching of the scene,continuous speed and acceleration of the platform motion are required in some scenarios,in which a trajectory planning algorithm is applied.This paper describes the application of the trajectory planning algorithm in the balance training mode and the optimization of jerk(differential of acceleration)based on cubic spline planning,which can reduce impact on the joint and enhance stability.

A gait planning method applied to hexapod biomimetic robot locomotion

In order to fulfill the goal of autonomous walking on rough terrain,a distributed gait planningmethod applied to hexapod biomimetic robot locomotion is proposed based on the research effort of gait co-ordination mechanism of stick insect.The mathematical relation of walking velocity and gait pattern wasdepicted,a set of local rules operating between adjacent legs were put forward,and a distributed networkof local rules for gait control was constructed.With the interaction of adjacent legs,adaptive adjustmentof phase sequence fluctuation of walking legs resulting from change of terrain conditions or variety of walk-ing speed was implemented to generate statically stable gait.In the simulation experiments,adaptive ad-justment of inter-leg phase sequence and smooth transition of velocity and gait pattern were realized,andstatic stableness was ensured simultaneously,which provided the hexapod robot with the capability ofwalking on rough terrain stably and expeditiously.

Novel algorithm of gait planning of hydraulic quadruped robot to avoid foot slidingand reduce impingement

In order to solve kinematic redundancy problems of a hydraulic quadruped walking robot,which include leg dragging,sliding,impingement against the ground,an improved gait planning algorithm for this robot is proposed in this paper.First,the foot trajectory is designated as the improved composite cycloid foot trajectory.Second,the landing angle of each leg of the robot is controlled to satisfy friction cone to improve the stability performance of the robot.Then with the controllable landing angle of quadruped robot and a geometry method,the kinematic equation is derived in this paper.Finally,agait planning method of quadruped robot is proposed,a dynamic co-simulation is done with ADAMS and MATLAB,and practical experiments are conducted.The validity of the proposed algorithm is confirmed through the co-simulation and experimentation.The results show that the robot can avoid sliding,reduce impingement,and trot stably in trot gait.

Gait planning and intelligent control for a quadruped robot

We present a method for designing free gaits for a structurally symmetrical quadruped robot capable of performing statically stable, omnidirectional walking on irregular terrain. The robot＇s virtual model is constructed and a control algorithm is proposed by applying virtual components at some strategic locations. The deliberative-based controller can generate flexible sequences of leg transferences while maintaining walking speed, and choose optimum foothold for moving leg based on integration data of exteroceptive terrain profile. Simulation results are presented to show the gait＇s efficiency and system＇s stability in adapting to an uncertain terrain.

A Humanoid Robot Gait Planning and Its Stability Validation

Gait planning based on linear inverted pendulum (LIPM) on structured road surface can be quickly generated because of the simple model and definite physical meaning. However, over-simplifi- cation of the model and discontents of zero velocity and acceleration boundary conditions when robot starts and stops walking lead to obvious difference between the model and the real robot. In this paper, parameterized gait is planned and trajectories’ smoothness of each joint angle and centroid are ensured using the 3-D LIPM theory. Static walking method is used to satisfy zero velocity and acceleration boundary conditions. Besides, a multi-link model is built to validate the stability. Simulation experiments show that: despite of some deviation from the theoretical solution, the actual zero-moment point (ZMP) is still within the support polygon, and the robot walks steadily. In consequence, the rationality and validity of model simplification of LIPM is demonstrated.

Study on Gait Planning of Dynamic Walking of Biped Robots Based on Optimization Theory

In this paper, two important problems in the gait planning of dynamic walking of biped robot, i.e., finding inverse kinematic solution and constructing joint trajectories, are studied in detail by adopting complex optimization theory. The optimization algorithm for finding the inverse kinematic solution is developed, the construction method of joint trajectories is given, and the gait planning method of dynamic walking of biped robots is proposed.

Research on Gait Trajectory Planning of Wall-Climbing Robot Based on Improved PSO Algorithm

In order to reduce the labor intensity of high-altitude workers and realize the cleaning and maintenance of high-rise building exteriors,this paper proposes a design for a 4-DOF bipedal wall-climbing bionic robot inspired by the inchworm’s movement.The robot utilizes vacuum adsorption for vertical wall attachment and legged movement for locomotion.To enhance the robot’s movement efficiency and reduce wear on the adsorption device,a gait mimicking an inchworm’s movement is planned,and foot trajectory planning is performed using a quintic polynomial function.Under velocity constraints,foot trajectory optimization is achieved using an improved Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm,determining the quintic polynomial function with the best fitness through simulation.Finally,through comparative experiments,the climbing time of the robot closely matches the simulation results,validating the trajectory planning method’s accuracy.

面向桁架攀爬的三分支机器人步态规划方法

为解决载荷大范围在轨平稳搬运问题,设计三分支机器人面向桁架攀爬的步态规划方法,使其能够平稳搬运载荷运动到部署位置完成大型航天器组装任务。以21自由度三分支机器人为研究对象,结合桁架结构划分多种攀爬步态单元;针对每种步态单元规划了单元周期内2条攀爬分支的交替夹持顺序以及末端的夹持位姿;针对大范围桁架搬运任务,基于可夹持区域构建表征桁架表面任意两杆间可过渡性的邻接矩阵,并利用Floyd算法生成距离矩阵与路径矩阵,规划出任意两杆间的最短攀爬路径,并将路径中的桁架杆件节点序列映射为机器人可执行的步态单元序列;基于三次B样条曲线对每种步态单元周期内2条攀爬分支的末端轨迹进行规划,实现攀爬分支末端在两夹持点间的攀爬过渡。仿真实验表明:所设计的步态规划方法能够使机器人实现在不同位置关系的桁架杆件之间的过渡,从而具备到达桁架表面任意位置的能力。

四足机器人单自由度腿部优化设计及仿真

基于仿生原理的四足机器人是当今国内外众多学者研究的热点。针对四足机器人运动平稳性的要求,提出了一种竖直方向改进型等速运动规律和前进方向仿生运动规律相结合的无冲击足端轨迹形式,推导出分段函数表达式;针对四足机器人存在的驱动多、腿部刚度弱的情况,构思了一种由两个曲柄摇杆机构、同步带传动和一对外啮合圆柱齿轮传动组成的单自由度的新型腿部机构,并建立该机构的运动学模型,推导了其足端的坐标;综合利用遗传算法和非线性优化一般方法,以无冲击的足端轨迹的逼近度为目标,优化计算了机构各构件的最佳运动尺寸和初始位置;使用三维建模软件搭建简化的虚拟样机模型,并导入到Adams软件中进行了Trot步态仿真试验,运动效果达到了预期设计。所提出的无冲击轨迹可以为其他足式机器人的足端轨迹规划提供参考,由两个曲柄摇杆机构组成的多连杆腿部机构优化设计方法为足式机器人腿部设计提供了基础和创新思路。

受海龟爬行与山羊行走启发的四足仿生移动机器人多步态规划及动力学分析

为解决救援机器人运动速度慢、环境适应性差和步态单一等问题,参照海龟与山羊的生理结构,设计了一种四足仿生移动机器人。首先,根据海龟能在松软地面上爬行以及山羊运动能力强的特点,为机器人规划了仿海龟爬行和仿山羊行走两种步态以适应不同环境,提高了机器人的运动性能。然后,对机器人支腿进行了动力学分析,通过建立动力学模型来获取机器人关节扭矩与运动性能参数之间的定量关系。最后,通过仿真和样机实验来验证机器人步态的可行性以及机器人的环境适应能力。结果表明,所设计的机器人结构稳定,步态规划合理,可适应不同的复杂地形。研究结果可为仿生机器人的设计与开发提供重要参考。

不确定性视野下的人口研究与应对

在当前全球不确定性因素不断增多的背景下,深入认识人口不确定性的性质、来源及其在人口预测与政策应对中的作用显得尤为重要。研究发现,人口不确定性是人口系统的内在规定性,且在现代社会诸多不确定性因素相互交织作用下,呈现出不断增大的趋势。虽然人口不确定性无法被完全消除,但我们可以在深化不确定性认识的基础上,采取积极的应对策略,将人口不确定性的不利影响控制在可知、可控的范围内,并充分发挥不确定性在多样性创造力上的潜力。在中国人口规模巨大的现代化进程中,充分利用技术、知识和治理的优势,可以构建具有灵活性、适应性的人口及相关政策体系,促进人口高质量发展。

月基装备行走运动学分析与连续步态规划

针对缓冲行走功能一体的月面探测器构型设计困难、步态分析复杂等问题,提出了一种基于相同支链构型的四足月基装备(LBE)设计分析方法与连续步态规划方案。设计复合功能着陆腿机构及整机多状态位姿;构建LBE在行走状态下的单腿运动学模型,对其进行正逆运动学求解,分析单腿与整机工作空间和运动性能;对LBE整机进行水平月面的连续步态规划,并设计单步足端轨迹,通过动力学仿真,验证LBE行走步态稳定性。仿真结果表明:LBE沿前进方向连续稳定运行,质心竖直方向浮动仅占整器高度的0.24%,俯仰角最大摆动幅度为0.34°,翻滚角最大摆动幅度为0.27°。

基于CNN–LSTM的风电场发电功率迁移预测方法

随着能源消耗的持续增长和全球气候问题的日趋严峻,以风能为代表的清洁能源装机容量正在稳步提升。为更好地消纳风电,需要准确的风电场发电功率预测为配套设施建设和未来规划制定提供有效依据。针对在缺少风电历史运行数据时预测精度较低的问题,提出一种基于卷积神经网络–长短期记忆神经网络(CNN–LSTM)的规划阶段风电场发电功率预测模型。首先,基于参考电站历史数据提取风速–风电功率实测数据点,采用3次样条插值进行风电功率曲线建模。然后,采用K–means聚类算法,根据风速–风电功率的特性关系划分参考风电场的区域类别。综合考虑风电功率与多维气象因素的特征关系和功率的时序特性,构建CNN–LSTM预测模型,提出基于功率曲线的预测结果修正方法。最后,基于某地风电场实际数据进行算例分析,并与使用标准功率曲线和未进行修正时的预测结果进行对比分析。结果表明:基于风速–风电功率特性的风电场聚类可以实现参考风电场的优化识别;所提模型预测结果优于传统标准功率曲线预测方法,基于功率曲线的修正方法进一步提升了预测效果。基于深度学习算法的规划阶段风电场发电功率迁移预测模型综合考虑了风力发电特性和多维环境因素,其有效性得到了验证,可以为提高规划阶段风电场发电功率的预测精度提供新思路。

十二杆张拉整体结构动态分析及路径规划研究

张拉整体因其区别于传统结构的特点在土木和可动结构领域有广泛的发展前景,目前学者对于多步态或更复杂的球形张拉整体研究较少,且一些传统路径规划方法不适用于多面体张拉整体结构.因此,本文采用几何方法找寻了一种多步态的十二杆球形张拉整体结构(Snub-12)的合理构型,并用找形方法进行了验证.定义并分析了Snub-12的多种基本步态和各步态形成的理论路径空间,并将其与单步态的6杆球形张拉整体结构(TR-6)进行对比,明确了两种结构运动的特点和区别.对快速搜索随机树算法进行改进并利用其产生引导路径,结合Snub-12步态组合的情况,生成适合不同场景的合理运动路径,最后通过仿真分析验证了方法的可行性和有效性.分析结果表明:同等条件下,不论是路径空间中盲区占比还是独立滚动步态的翻滚步长,Snub-12均优于TR-6,更适宜开展长距离运动.基于引导策略的路径规划方法可以解决多步态张拉整体结构的路径规划问题,这丰富了球形张拉整体结构的运动理论,可以为该类球形张拉整体可动结构的实际应用提供了理论支撑.

金属矿山井下采场六足机器人运动分析及步态规划

六足机器人因其结构特殊带来的良好越障能力成为仿生机器人研究的热点,然而,金属矿山井下采场矿石堆积、崎岖不平的特点,给这类机器人的行走稳定性、越障性带来更多的挑战。因此,为使六足机器人在井下具有更好的通过性,对其运动能力和步态规划进行了相关研究。首先仿照自然界六足生物,设计六足机器人结构,对其腿部进行运动学分析;然后规划了用于采场的直行步态,结合采场路面环境设计了一种直线—摆线复合轨迹提升越障性,同时分析了机器人爬坡稳定性,对爬坡步态进行了优选;最后对规划步态进行仿真和现场模拟试验。仿真和试验结果表明,所规划的足端轨迹能跨越抬腿高度85%的障碍物,并且对矿石堆积形成的采场路面有更好的避障能力;三角步态爬坡时在坡底和坡顶过渡阶段容易打滑,而横向步态可以实现平滑的过渡,爬坡性能更佳。

基于GA-Q-learning算法的虚拟维修作业规划模型

针对虚拟维修环境中任务执行过程存在的不确定性和随机性问题,提出了一种基于Q学习算法的作业策略规划模型,该方法将虚拟维修过程转化为选取不同动作参与状态转移的过程。在该过程中,采用试错机制和逆向求解的方法求解动作策略规划问题,并将任务特征匹配机制和顺序约束机制作为启发机制,保证策略学习过程中持续进化可行策略;在进化过程中,将动作因子赋予概率值,并采用遗传算法(GA)进化动作因子的概率分布,避免了策略学习过程中强化早期Q值较高的动作,为求解虚拟维修的最佳作业流程提供了一种行之有效的解决方法。将该方法应用于轮式挖掘机虚拟维修训练系统中,仿真结果表明,正确的动作在作业策略迭代过程中均能够获得较高的Q值,验证了方法的可行性和实用性。

基于DRL和自由步态的六足机器人运动规划研究

为提高六足机器人在非结构环境下的通过率和运动性能,提出一种基于DRL和自由步态规划器的多接触运动规划算法。自由步态规划器获取目标状态下可达落足点从而输出最优步态序列;利用DRL训练得到六足机器人在随机生成的梅花桩环境中的质心运动策略。为了保证机器人在运动过程中相邻状态之间的可达性,利用状态转移可行性模型对状态转移可行性进行判定,实现六足机器人在不同宽度沟壑梅花桩环境下的落脚点规划。仿真与样机实验表明:多接触运动规划算法能够让机器人快速平稳地从起点到达目标区域,并自动调整步态模式以应对不同环境下随机分布的梅花桩。