Dual pH and microbial-sensitive galactosylated polymeric nanocargoes for multi-level targeting to combat ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a type of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation,ulcers and irritation of the mucosal lining.Oral drug delivery in UC encounters challenges because of multifaceted barriers.Dexamethasone-loaded galactosylated-PLGA/Eudragit S100/pullulan nanocargoes(Dexa-GP/ES/Pu NCs)have been developed with a dual stimuli-sensitive coating responsive to both colonic pH and microbiota,and an underneath galactosylated-PLGA core(GP).The galactose ligand of the GP preferentially binds to the macrophage galactose type-lectin-C(MGL-2)surface receptor.Therefore,both stimuli and ligand-mediated targeting facilitate nanocargoes to deliver Dexa specifically to the colon with enhanced macrophage uptake.Modified emulsion method coupled with a solvent evaporation coating technique was employed to prepare Dexa-GP/ES/Pu NCs.The nanocargoes were tested using in vitro,ex vivo techniques and dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)induced UC model.Prepared nanocargoes had desired physicochemical properties,drug release,cell uptake and cellular viability.Investigations using a DSS-colitis model showed high localization and mitigation of colitis with downregulation of NF-ĸB and COX-2,and restoration of clinical,histopathological,biochemical indices,antioxidant balance,microbial alterations,FTIR spectra,and epithelial junctions’integrity.Thus,Dexa-GP/ES/Pu NCs found to be biocompatible nanocargoes capable of delivering drugs to the inflamed colon with unique targeting properties for prolonged duration.

Fabrication IL-1Ra loaded galactosylated chitosan nanoparticles for liver targeting

Galactosylated chitosan （GC） is synthesized and used to prepare IL-1Ra loaded GC nanoparticles by an electrospraying technique. Polyethylene oxide （PEO） is mixed with GC to enhance the electrospraying ability. The effect of the spraying solution properties on particle formation is investigated. The IL-1Ra loaded nanoparticles with an average diameter of 530 nm and a regularly spherical shape are observed by the scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The amount of the IL-1Ra is measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kit. The loading capacity of the nanoparticle is （1.52± 0.04）% （n = 3） and the encapsulation efficiency reaches （90. 36 ± 3.46） % （n = 3）. For the evaluation of GC nanoparticles＇ hepatocytes targeting efficacy, hepatocytes and mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） are incubated with FITC-labeled GC nanoparticles for 24 h as the experimental and control groups. Results of the fluorescence microscope show that the fluorescence signals observed in hepatocytes are significantly higher than in the MSCs, indicating that the developed GC nanoparticles have an obvious liver targeting property.

Galactosylated chitosan/5-fluorouracil nanoparticles inhibit mouse hepatic cancer growth and its side effects

AIM： To observe the curative effect of galactosylated chitosan （GC）/5-fluorouracil （5-FU） nanoparticles in liver caner mice and its side effects. METHODS： The GC/5-FU nanoparticle is a nanomate- rial made by coupling GC and 5-FU. The release experiment was performed in vitro. The orthotropic liver cancer mouse models were established and divided into control, GC, 5-FU and GC/5-FU groups. Mice in the control and GC group received an intravenous injection of 200 μL saline and GC, respectively. Mice in the 5-FU and GC/5-FU groups received 200 μL （containing 0.371 mg 5-FU） 5-FU and GC/5-FU, respectively. The tumor weight and survival time were observed. The cell cycle and apoptosis in tumor tissues were monitored by flow cytometry. The expression of p53, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and poly adenosine 50-diphosphate-ribose polymerase 1 （PARP-1） was detected by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The serum blood biochemical parameters and cytotoxic activity of natural killer （NK） cell and cy- totoxicity T lymphocyte （CTL） were measured. RESULTS： The GC/5-FU nanoparticle is a sustained release system. The drug loading was 6.12% ± 1.36%, the encapsulation efficiency was 81.82% ± 5.32%, and the Zeta potential was 10.34 ± 1.43 mV. The tu- mor weight in the GC/5-FU group （0.4361±0.1153 g vs 1.5801 ± 0.2821 g, P 〈 0.001） and the 5-FU （0.7932±0.1283 g vs 1.5801 ±0.2821 g, P 〈 0.001） was sig- nificantly lower than that in the control group; GC/5- FU treatment can significantly lower the tumor weight （0.4361± 0.1153 g vs 0.7932±0.1283 g, P 〈 0.001）, and the longest median survival time was seen in the GC/5-FU group, compared with the control （12 d vs 30 d, P 〈 0.001）, GC （13 d vs 30 d, P 〈 0.001） and 5-FU groups （17 d vs 30 d, P 〈 0.001）. Flow cytom- etry revealed that compared with the control, GC/5- FU caused a higher rate of G0-G1 arrest （52.79% ± 13.42% vs 23.92%±9.09%, P = 0.014 ） and apopto- sis （2.55% ±1.10% vs 11.13% ±11.73%, P 〈 0.001） in hepatic cancer cells. Analysis of the apoptosis path- ways showed that GC/5-FU upregulated the expression of p53 at both the protein and the mRNA levels, which in turn lowered the ratio of Bcl-2lBax expression; this led to the release of cytochrome C into the cytosol from the mitochondria and the subsequent activation of caspase-3. Upregulation of caspase-3 expression de- creased the PARP-1 at both the mRNA and the protein levels, which contributed to apoptosis. 5-FU increased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and decreased the numbers of platelet, white blood cell and lymphocyte and cytotoxic activities of CTL and NK cells, however, there were no such side effects in the GC/5-FU group. CONCLUSION： GC/5-FU nanoparticles can significant- ly inhibit the growth of liver cancer in mice via the p53 apoptosis pathway, and relieve the side effects and im- munosuppression of 5-FU.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Galactosylated Cholesterol

A novel galactosylated cholesterol with mono-galactoside moiety, （5-cholesten-3-yl）-4-oxo-4-[2-（lactobionylamido）ethylamido]butanoate 6 was synthesized. Its chemical structure was characterized by IR, ESI-MS, ^13C NMR, ^1H NMR. Doxorubicin entrapped in the liposomes containing 10% mol/mol 6 was rapidly accumulated in liver and mainly uptake by parenchymal cells in mice.

肝纤维化患者血清核心岩藻糖基化低分子量激肽原和α-半乳糖基化抗体的表达及预测价值

目的:肝纤维化是许多慢性肝脏疾病的共同病理基础,可进展至肝硬化,是肝脏疾病的主要致死因素,而早期识别并逆转肝纤维化进程是慢性肝病治疗的关键,本研究旨在比较血清核心岩藻糖标志物低分子量激肽原(core fucosylated low molecular weight kininogen,LMWK-Fc)和α-半乳糖基化(alpha-galactosidase,α-Gal)抗体在不同阶段肝纤维化患者体内的表达情况,评估其诊断肝纤维化的效能。方法:回顾性纳入2022年6月至2023年3月在中南大学湘雅二医院感染科就诊的275例慢性肝病患者,其中115例患者接受了肝活检。根据病理结果显示的肝组织内胶原沉积对肝结构破坏范围、程度和肝微循环影响的大小将115例完善肝活检的患者分为0~4期:S0,肝组织内无明显胶原沉积,肝结构和肝微循环正常;S1,肝组织内有轻度胶原沉积,部分破坏肝小叶结构,但肝微循环基本正常;S2,肝组织内中度胶原沉积,部分破坏肝小叶结构和肝微循环;S3,肝组织内广泛胶原沉积,大量破坏肝小叶结构和肝微循环;S4,发展为肝硬化,肝组织内高度胶原沉积,肝小叶结构完全破坏,肝微循环严重受损。并根据分期标准分为无肝纤维化组(S0)、肝纤维化组(S1~S2)、显著纤维化组(S3~S4)。160例未完善肝活检的患者则按照肝硬度值(liverstiffness measurement,LSM)分为无肝纤维化组(F0:LSM<7.3k Pa)、肝纤维化组(F1~F2:LSM为7.3~12.4 kPa)、明显肝纤维化组(F3~F4:LSM>12.4 kPa)。采集患者的年龄、性别等基本人口学资料以及丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、甲胎蛋白、血小板计数等实验室指标,计算肝纤维化-4指数(fibrosis-4 index,FIB-4)、天冬氨酸转氨酶/血小板比值指数(aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index,APRI),并对各项指标进行差异性分析;对入组的患者分别行血清LMWK-Fc和α-Gal抗体检测,比较各组间LMWK-Fc、α-Gal抗体及其他肝纤维化指标的表达情况;分析LMWK-Fc、α-Gal抗体表达水平与肝纤维化程度的相关性;采用受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析血清LMWK-Fc、α-Gal抗体水平预测肝纤维化的价值。结果:在未完善肝活检的160例患者中,血清α-Gal抗体及LMWK-Fc的表达水平在无肝纤维化组、肝纤维化组、明显肝纤维化组依次递增,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在完善肝活检的115例患者中,血清LMWK-Fc水平在无纤维化组、肝纤维化组、显著肝纤维化组间依次增高,血清α-Gal抗体表达水平在显著肝纤维化组中高于无纤维化组、肝纤维化组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,P=0.032)。单变量和多元线性回归分析结果显示肝纤维化与性别、LMWKFc水平均有相关性(均P<0.05),与年龄、α-Gal抗体水平、FIB-4和APRI均无相关性(均P>0.05)。结论:血清LMWK-Fc和α-Gal抗体在不同分级肝纤维化患者血清中的表达水平存在差异,可能与肝纤维化进展有一定的相关性,LMWK-Fc水平对肝纤维化诊断具有一定的预测价值。

Significance of functional hepatic resection rate calculated using 3D CT/^(99m)Tc-galactosyl human serum albumin singlephoton emission computed tomography fusion imaging

AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of the functional hepatic resection rate (FHRR) calculated using 3D computed tomography (CT)/99mTc-galactosyl-human serum albumin (GSA) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) fusion imaging for surgical decision making.METHODS: We enrolled 57 patients who underwent bi- or trisectionectomy at our institution between October 2013 and March 2015. Of these, 26 patients presented with hepatocellular carcinoma, 12 with hilar cholangiocarcinoma, six with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, four with liver metastasis, and nine with other diseases. All patients preoperatively underwent three-phase dynamic multidetector CT and 99mTc-GSA scintigraphy. We compared the parenchymal hepatic resection rate (PHRR) with the FHRR, which was defined as the resection volume counts per total liver volume counts on 3D CT/99mTc-GSA SPECT fusion images.RESULTS: In total, 50 patients underwent bisectionectomy and seven underwent trisectionectomy. Biliary reconstruction was performed in 15 patients, including hepatopancreatoduodenectomy in two. FHRR and PHRR were 38.6 ± 19.9 and 44.5 ± 16.0, respectively; FHRR was strongly correlated with PHRR. The regression coefficient for FHRR on PHRR was 1.16 (P < 0.0001). The ratio of FHRR to PHRR for patients with preoperative therapies (transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, radiation, radiofrequency ablation, etc.), large tumors with a volume of > 1000 mL, and/or macroscopic vascular invasion was significantly smaller than that for patients without these factors (0.73 ± 0.19 vs 0.82 ± 0.18, P < 0.05). Postoperative hyperbilirubinemia was observed in six patients. Major morbidities (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ 3) occurred in 17 patients (29.8%). There was no case of surgery-related death.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that FHRR is an important deciding factor for major hepatectomy, because FHRR and PHRR may be discrepant owing to insufficient hepatic inflow and congestion in patients with preoperative therapies, macroscopic vascular invasion, and/or a tumor volume of > 1000 mL.

GCNT3通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR和RhoA/ROCK/Cofilin途径促进肝癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭(英文)

β-1,3-半乳糖-O-糖基-糖蛋白β-1,6-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶(β-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoproteinβ-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase,GCNT3)是黏液蛋白质生物合成中不可缺少的一类N-乙酰葡萄糖转移酶。越来越多的证据表明,GCNT3的异常表达与肿瘤的侵袭以及病人的生存率有关,然而相关的研究仍较少报道。本研究旨在揭示GCNT3在调控肝细胞癌进程中的潜在机制。本研究首先利用高通量基因表达数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)和癌症基因组图谱(Cancer Genome Atlas databases,TCGA)数据库分析肝癌和正常组织中GCNT3的mRNA表达水平,结果表明,肝癌组织中GCNT3的mRNA表达水平高于正常组织(P≤0.001)。同时利用免疫组化、Western印迹进一步分析了肝癌组织、癌旁组织、正常组织中GCNT3蛋白的表达,发现有30%肝癌组织GCNT3表达水平高于癌旁组织和正常组织。随后,在肝癌细胞系HCCLM3和Huh7细胞中,采用CCK-8、平板克隆、划痕实验、Transwell实验分析GCNT3对肝癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力的影响,结果显示,敲低GCNT3可抑制肝癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,而过表达GCNT3发挥相反作用。细胞周期和Western印迹结果显示,GCNT3调控G_(0/)G_1期关键蛋白质的表达来促进肝癌细胞周期G_1/S的转换。进一步探究发现,GCNT3可能通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路促进细胞增殖;以及GCNT3上调RhoA/ROCK/Cofilin通路关键蛋白质的表达来促进F-肌动蛋白(F-actin)的形成,从而参与细胞的迁移和侵袭。总之,本研究通过对GCNT3在肝癌细胞中的功能分析,初步证明,GCNT3与肝癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭中的功能有关,证实了GCNT3在肝癌临床治疗中的潜在价值,为肝癌治疗和诊断提供了新思路。

半乳糖化阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒的制备及其质量评价

目的:制备半乳糖化阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒,并考察了其形态、粒径、载药量、包封率和体外释药特性。方法:采用相分离法制备阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒,并在其表面偶联半乳糖苷,使之成为半乳糖化白蛋白纳米粒。激光扫描电子显微镜观察纳米粒的形态,马尔文激光粒度仪测定其粒径分布。采用紫外分光光度法测定纳米粒的载药量和包封率,并初步研究其体外释药特性。结果:电镜结果显示阿霉素纳米粒呈类球型,平均粒径为316·3nm,纳米粒载药量为3·12%,包封率达91·82%,48h体外累积释药率为55·71%。结论:本方法制备阿霉素纳米粒工艺简单且包封率较高。体外释药结果显示半乳糖化阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒具有明显的缓释作用。

肝靶向配体半乳糖基白蛋白和多聚谷氨酸

化学合成两类去唾液酸糖蛋白受体（ＡＳＧＰＲ）的人工配体———半乳糖基白蛋白（ＧａｌｎＨＳＡ）和半乳糖基多聚Ｌ谷氨酸（ＧａｌｎＰＬＧＡ），并以１２５Ｉ标记的去唾液酸胎球蛋白（ＡＳＦ）为标准配体，测定了合成配体抑制１２５ＩＡＳＦ与大鼠肝细胞膜ＡＳＧＰＲ结合的ＩＣ５０值．结果表明，Ｇａｌ１２ＨＳＡ、Ｇａｌ１５ＨＳＡ、Ｇａｌ２６ＨＳＡ、Ｇａｌ３０ＨＳＡ和Ｇａｌ３４ＰＬＧＡ均能够有效地抑制１２５ＩＡＳＦ与ＡＳＧＰＲ的结合，且前者与ＡＳＧＰＲ的亲和力随半乳糖基化程度的增加而增加．这些合成配体来源丰富、制备简单，适合于作为药物或基因肝靶向运送的导向配体．

水溶性6-O-琥珀酰-N-半乳糖化壳聚糖衍生物的制备与表征

目的:合成和表征水溶性6-O-琥珀酰-N-半乳糖化壳聚糖衍生物。方法:以壳聚糖为原料,首先在其2-NH2上进行邻苯二甲酰化将其保护起来,在-O-进行琥珀酰化,用肼解法脱去-N-保护基,制得了水溶性的6-O-琥珀酰化壳聚糖。然后6-O-琥珀酰化壳聚糖通过与乳糖酸或乳糖与KBH4的均相反应,在其2-NH2上引入了半乳糖基,制得O-琥珀酰-N-半乳糖化壳聚糖衍生物。结果与结论:分别用FT-IR1、H NMR1、3C NMR和元素分析对其进行了表征。用广角X射线衍射(wide angle X-ray diffraction,WAXD)、差示扫描量热法(differential scanningcalorimetry,DSC)和溶解度试验对其物理性质进行了分析。改性后的壳聚糖衍生物的水溶性较壳聚糖有了较大的改善。制得的6-O-琥珀酰-N-半乳糖化壳聚糖衍生物可作为潜在的肝靶向载体材料。

乳糖水解时低聚半乳糖的生成及应用

阐述了乳糖水解时低聚半乳糖的形成机制 ,β 半乳糖苷酶的转糖苷活性及其影响因素 ,产物组分及反应过程中的动力学 ,介绍了其生产和应用前景。

氟尿嘧啶半乳糖化白蛋白微球的制备

通过在氟尿嘧啶白蛋白微球的表面偶联 2 -亚氨基 - 2 -甲氧基乙基 - 1-硫代 - β- D-半乳吡喃糖苷 ,制备了氟尿嘧啶半乳糖化白蛋白微球 ( Fu- GBM)。以糖密度、载药量为指标 ,考察了偶联反应时间、p H、反应比、超声分散时间对制备工艺的影响。制得的 Fu- GBM多呈规则的球形 ,粒径范围为 0 .35～ 2 .17μm,跨距为 0 .80 ,平均粒径 0 .90μm ,糖密度为 2 3.7,载药量为 4 .86%

中国内江猪对人血清反应性研究

猪到人异种移植的首要障碍为人血清中的天然抗体与异种抗原结合，激活补体导致的超急排斥反应。一组带有α半乳糖基末端的糖蛋白和脂类是猪到人异种移植的主要异种抗原（αＧａｌ）。采用免疫组化法，用各种血型健康人血清和植物凝集素ＢＳⅠＢ４检测内江猪各组织异种抗原的分布，并用α半乳糖基酶消化αＧａｌ后再检测血清抗体的结合。结果显示：αＧａｌ是内江猪主要的异种抗原；各型血清与内江猪组织结合无差异，提示受者血型不是内江猪到人异种移植首要考虑的因素；肾脏远曲小管和集合管无ＢＳⅠＢ４结合，但有血清抗体结合，经α半乳糖基酶消化后结合消失，提示该处可能存在非αＧａｌ抗原，这些抗原可能为该酶中混杂酶的底物；软骨、外周神经、肌肉中αＧａｌ分布较少。

乳糖化羧甲基壳聚糖包覆苦参碱脂质体在大鼠体内组织分布研究

目的研究乳糖化羧甲基壳聚糖包覆的苦参碱脂质体的制备方法并考察其在大鼠体内的组织分布。方法采用逆相蒸发-短时超声法制备苦参碱脂质体。合成乳糖化羧甲基壳聚糖并用其包覆苦参碱脂质体。采用反相高效液相色谱法测定大鼠组织中的苦参碱浓度。结果包覆后脂质体的平均粒径无明显变化,Zeta电位由负转正,包封率为51.0%,渗漏率略有降低,包覆前后的脂质体的体外释放均符合Higuchi方程。乳糖化羧甲基壳聚糖包覆的苦参碱脂质体的肝脏AUC值相对于苦参碱脂质体和苦参碱溶液具有显著性差异(P<0.05),包覆后的苦参碱脂质体相对摄取率为肺脏>肝脏>脾脏。乳糖化羧甲基壳聚糖包覆的苦参碱脂质体、苦参碱脂质体和苦参碱溶液肝脏靶向效率分别为28.85%,20.93%和13.31%。结论与苦参碱溶液和普通脂质体相比,乳糖化羧甲基壳聚糖包覆的苦参碱脂质体可以提高肝靶向性。

半乳糖基人生长激素的肝靶向机理研究

探讨半乳糖基人生长激素（ｈＧＨＧａｌ）作为受体介导肝靶向促生长介素（ＳＯＭ）分泌，以治疗侏儒症的可能性。利用双功能试剂亚氨基甲氧基乙基硫代半乳吡喃糖甙和人生长激素（ｈＧＨ）偶联合成ｈＧＨＧａｌ。以１３１Ｉ标记ｈＧｈＧａｌ和ｈＧＨ后，进行小鼠体内分布实验、家兔显像实验的对比研究及１３１ＩｈＧＨＧａｌ鸡显像和家兔体内竞争结合实验。结果：ｈＧＨＧａｌ具有明显的趋肝性，肝最大摄取率为７５２７％～７７４０％，是ｈＧＨ的２倍以上，与肝脏的结合具有受体介导特性。表明ｈＧＨＧａｌ是一种很有希望的受体介导肝靶向促ＳＯＭ分泌及治疗侏儒症的新药。

半乳糖基甘油月桂酸单酯的抑菌活性和稳定性

研究半乳糖基甘油月桂酸单酯对食品中几种常见腐败菌的抑菌作用及其稳定性。方法：采用倍比稀释法测定半乳糖基甘油月桂酸单酯对5种细菌和3种真菌的最小抑菌浓度（minimuminhibitoryconcentration,MIC）。同时以大肠杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌为指示菌,研究pH值、温度、紫外线照射及NaCl质量分数对半乳糖基甘油月桂酸单酯抑菌稳定性的影响。结果：半乳糖基甘油月桂酸单酯对大肠杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌等5种细菌具有较好的抑菌活性,而对黄曲霉、黑曲霉和酿酒酵母等真菌的抑制效果不明显或无抑制效果。半乳糖基甘油月桂酸单酯对荧光假单胞菌的MIC为0.078mg/mL,对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC均为0.156mg/mL。半乳糖基甘油月桂酸单酯在pH5~8范围内具有较好的抑菌活性,经温度和紫外线照射处理后,抑菌活性有微弱下降,随着NaCl质量分数的增加,其抑菌活性显著下降。

产转糖基β-半乳糖苷酶菌株F3的鉴定、产酶条件及转糖基活性研究

菌株F3从土壤中筛选得到,具有产生转糖基β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase)的特性。根据形态观察及18SrD-NA序列分析,菌株F3被鉴定为扩张青霉(Penicillumexpansum)。通过单因子试验和正交试验,对菌株F3产生转糖基β-半乳糖苷酶的培养基组成及发酵条件进行了优化。优化后的培养基组成为葡萄糖2%、酵母粉1%、蛋白胨1.5%、氯化钠0.3%。在初始pH6.0,28℃培养40 h时,其产酶量为2 245.2 U/L,比优化前提高约3倍。菌株F3产生的转糖基β-半乳糖苷酶以pH4.5缓冲液配制的30%乳糖为底物,50℃反应24 h,低聚半乳糖产量为30.6%,其中80%以上为三糖。

应用反相高效液相色谱法分析测定植物半乳糖脂

介绍了一种用反相高效液相色谱定量分析植物半乳糖脂（ＭＧＤＧ和ＤＧＤＧ）含量的方法．该方法采用岛津Ｓｈｉｍ－ｐａｃｋＣＬＣ－ＯＤＳ（１５０ｍｍ×６ｍｍ）柱，以体积比为９５５０．２的甲醇－水－乙酸溶剂为流动相，流速２ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ，检测波长为２０５ｎｍ，灵敏度为０．０３２ＡＵＦＳ．在１０～３５００μｇ／ｍＬ浓度范围内成良好线性关系．ＭＧＤＧ和ＤＧＤＧ的回收率分别为９６．７％和９５．３％，时间保留值分别为１６．６２５ｍｉｎ和１２．６２３ｍｉｎ．方法简单快速，适于植物体内全脂中半乳糖脂含量的测定，为研究植物体内半乳糖脂的分布、生物学功能和代谢变化提供了有效的分析手段．

半乳糖酰化壳聚糖衍生物包复的5-氟尿嘧啶白蛋白微球的制备

目的制备肝靶向的半乳糖酰化壳聚糖衍生物包复的5氟尿嘧啶白蛋白微球。方法采用乳化交联固化法制备了5氟尿嘧啶白蛋白微球,分别以均匀设计和单因素处方分析优化了该制备工艺,然后在其表面通过静电作用力包裹壳聚糖衍生物,采用正交实验设计确定最佳包裹条件,得到壳聚糖衍生物包复的5氟尿嘧啶白蛋白微球。结果优化后的制备条件为5氟尿嘧啶浓度10μg/ml,w/o体积比1/20,戊二醛加入量10ml/100mg牛血清白蛋白,固化时间4h,衍生物包复时包裹时间10min,衍生物浓度2%,冰醋酸浓度2%。结论本法简便、易操作,实验设计方案经济有效。

与种子耐脱水性有关的基础物质研究进展

耐脱水的获得和维持与种子的类型有关 ,正常型种子耐脱水 ,而顽拗形种子对脱水高度敏感。正常型种子的脱水耐性随发育过程而变化 ,种子成熟时胚的脱水耐性增强 ,而萌发时胚变为不耐脱水。当种子获得脱水耐性时 ,糖、LEA蛋白质和抗氧化防御系统等保护性物质积累。但脱水耐性是一种复杂的数量的特性 ,任何一种单一的机制都不能充分地解释脱水耐性 ,各种保护性物质协同调节脱水耐性。本文综述了近几年来关于种子耐脱水性与保护性物质相关性的研究进展。