快速眼动睡眠剥夺大鼠中缝背核内galanin阳性神经元表达及抑郁行为的研究

目的:研究不同时间快速眼动睡眠剥夺大鼠中缝背核内galanin阳性神经元的表达,抑郁行为的变化以及两者间的相互关系。方法:SD大鼠,雄性,采用完全随机对照分组:正常对照组,24h快速眼动睡眠剥夺组,48h快速眼动睡眠剥夺组,72h快速眼动睡眠剥夺组。用小平台水环境法建立快速眼动睡眠剥夺大鼠模型,正常对照组大鼠常规饲养。分别对各组大鼠进行强迫游泳实验,悬尾实验,记录抑郁行为得分;然后对各组大鼠脑片进行免疫荧光组化染色,检测中缝背核内galanin阳性神经元的表达。结果:各快速眼动睡眠剥夺组大鼠抑郁行为的得分较正常对照组均增高,尤以72h快速眼动睡眠剥夺组的得分较高,同时,各快速眼动睡眠剥夺组大鼠中缝背核内galanin阳性神经元的数量较正常对照组均增多,尤其以72h快速眼动睡眠剥夺组阳性神经元的表达增多显著。结论:galanin参与快速眼动睡眠剥夺发生后的生物学效应,中缝背核内galanin阳性神经元的表达上调可能与快速眼动睡眠剥夺大鼠抑郁行为的变化有关。

Galanin(甘丙肽)及其受体在成年小鼠脑内神经新生部位的表达及对神经干细胞分化的作用

Galanin(甘丙肽)是一种在中枢神经系统中广泛分布的神经肽,功能涉及摄食、睡眠和觉醒、疼痛、认知和生殖等各方面。我们在成年小鼠脑的神经细胞新生部位如SVZ,DG和RMS发现有galanin及其受体的mRNA表达,同时在SVZ来源的神经干细胞中也检测到有galanin及其受体的表达。细胞实验中,在分化后特定时间段GALKO小鼠来源的神经干细胞产生神经突的细胞比例及神经突的长度明显小于正常小鼠来源的神经干细胞,而加入galanin或受体激动剂GAL2-11后,该神经干细胞则在产生神经突的细胞比例及神经突的长度都明显上升。受体拮抗剂M35的添加可减弱galanin或GAL2-11所产生的作用。这些结果表明galanin及其受体与神经干细胞的分化及神经突的生长有着密切的联系,并可能参与了神经系统的发育。

前列腺组织Galanin及GalR2表达及意义

目的探讨Galanin及Galanin 2型受体(GalR2)在前列腺良恶性组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法收集50例前列腺增生(BPH)、50例未转移前列腺癌(PCa)及30例发生骨转移前列腺癌(BM)标本,应用免疫组织化学法检测Galanin及GalR2的表达,并进行临床病理相关性分析。结果 BPH组、PCa组和BM组Galanin阳性表达分别为9、34、25例;GalR2阳性表达分别为40、7、2例。PCa组及BM组Galanin的阳性表达率显著高于BPH组(χ2=25.50、32.75,P<0.01),而PCa组与BM组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);BPH组GalR2的阳性表达率显著高于PCa组及BM组(χ2=43.72、40.43,P<0.01),而PCa组与BM组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在PCa组及BM组内,Galanin与GalR2的表达均呈显著负相关(rs=-0.55、-0.77,P<0.01)。结论 Galanin在前列腺癌组织有较高的阳性表达;GalR2在BPH组织有较高的阳性表达,而在恶性肿瘤组织中低表达。Galanin在前列腺癌组织可能通过与GalR2之外的两种受体相结合从而发挥生物学作用;Galanin与GalR2蛋白的联合检测对前列腺良恶性病变的诊断具有较好的临床意义。

Galanin协同生长释放素(GHRH)促进生长激素(GH)的释放

Galanin是新发现的促进GH释放的下丘脑激素。已知给正常人反复注射GHRH会导致GH释放的减低。我们研究了6例正常人对重复注射GHRH同时滴注galanin的GH反应。结果表明重复注射GHRH后GH释放明显减低,但在重复注射同时合用galanin则GH释放显著增强。galanin和GHRH联合应用克服了因重复注射GHRH所致的GH反应降低。其机理可能是gatanin抑制下丘脑SRIH的分泌之故。

饥饿对幼年斑马鱼下丘脑摄食相关性神经肽表达的影响

脊椎动物下丘脑中的神经肽Y(Neuropeptide Y,NPY)、GALANIN和GMAP蛋白前体(GALANIN and GMAP prepropeptide,GAL)、Agouti相关蛋白(Agouti related neuropeptide,AGRP)和阿片促黑色素原(Proopiomelanocortin,POMC)与摄食密切相关,但在斑马鱼中对这些神经肽与摄食之间关系的研究较少。本文通过原位杂交技术和实时定量PCR方法,观察饥饿1 d、饥饿2 d和饥饿2 d喂食2 d后斑马鱼下丘脑中npy、galanin、agrp和pomca的表达情况。结果显示,饥饿处理之后,agrp和galanin在斑马鱼下丘脑中的表达量显著上升(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,饥饿2 d后斑马鱼下丘脑中pomca表达量显著下降(P<0.05)。饥饿2 d喂食2 d后斑马鱼下丘脑中pomca、agrp和galanin的表达量与对照组相比没有显著性差异。所有实验中npy在斑马鱼下丘脑中的表达没有显著性差异。这表明饥饿处理促使斑马鱼下丘脑中agrp和galanin表达上调,pomca表达下调;及时摄食可以恢复agrp、galanin和pomca在下丘脑中的表达水平。

Galanin and its receptor system promote the repair of injured sciatic nerves in diabetic rats

Various studies have reported that galanin can promote axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro and inhibit neuropathic pain. However, little is known about its effects on diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and in vivo experimental data are lacking. We hypothesized that repeated applications of exogenous galanin over an extended time frame may also repair nerve damage in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and relieve pain in vivo. We found that neuropathic pain occurred in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and was more severe after sciatic nerve pinch injury at 14 and 28 days than in diabetic sham-operated rats. Treatment with exogenous galanin alleviated the neuropathic pain and promoted sciatic nerve regeneration more effectively in diabetic rats than in non-diabetic rats after sciatic nerve pinch injury. This was accompanied by changes in the levels of endogenous galanin, and its receptors galanin receptor 1 and galanin receptor 2 in the dorsal root ganglia and the spinal dorsal horn when compared with nerve pinch normal rats. Our results show that application of exogenous galanin daily for 28 days can promote the regeneration of injured sciatic nerves, and alleviate neuropathic pain in diabetic rats.

Correlation between psychological factors and the expression of galanin and 5‑hydroxytryptamine in different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Objective:The aim of this study is to analyze the differences in galanin(GAL)and 5‑hydroxytryptamine(5‑HT)levels in patients with different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)and its correlation with anxiety and depression in patients.Methods:Using the reflux disease questionnaire,238 patients with GERD were selected as the study group.According to the endoscopic performance,they were divided into the nonerosive reflux disease(NERD)group(114 patients)and the RE group(124 patients).Sixty healthy people were selected as the control group.All research subjects were tested using the self‑rating anxiety scale(SAS)and the self‑rating depression scale(SDS)to assess the severity of anxiety and depression.The levels of 5‑HT and GAL were analyzed using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Compared with the control group,5‑HT level in GERD patients without anxiety and depression was higher(t=1.97,P<0.05)and GAL level was lower(t=1.97,P<0.05).NERD patients demonstrated more server anxiety(F=55.92,P<0.05)and depression problems(F=36.51,P<0.05)compared to reflux esophagitis(RE)patients.The 5‑HT level was lower(F=54.53,P<0.05)and the GAL level was higher(F=8.00,P<0.05)in NERD patients compared with the control group.Furthermore,5‑HT level was negatively correlated with SAS(r=−0.789,P<0.05)and SDS(r=−0.787,P<0.05)scores;GAL level was positively correlated with SAS(r=0.688,P<0.05)and SDS(r=0.705,P<0.05)scores;5‑HT and GAL level were negatively correlated(r=−0.744,P<0.05).Conclusions:5‑HT level is higher and GAL level was lower in GERD patients without anxiety and depression than healthy people;the symptoms of anxiety and depression of NERD patients are more severe compared to those of RE patients;the severity of anxiety and depression was negatively correlated with the level of 5‑HT and positively with GAL level.

Molecular mechanisms for galanin receptors trafficking

Neuropeptide galanin is widespread in the nervous system and has been suggested to be involved in numerous neuronal and endocrine functions as an intercellular