Effects of gallium surfactant on AlN thin films by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition

In this work, AlN films were grown using gallium (Ga) as surfactant on 4° off-axis 4H-SiC substrates via microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). We have found that AlN growth rate can be greatly improved due to the catalytic effect of trimethyl-gallium (TMGa), but AlN crystal structure and composition are not affected. When the proportion of TMGa in gas phase was low, crystal quality of AlN can be improved and three-dimensional growth mode of AlN was enhanced with the increase of Ga source. When the proportion of TMGa in gas phase was high, two-dimensional growth mode of AlN was presented, with the increase of Ga source results in the deterioration of AlN crystal quality. Finally, employing a two-step growth approach, involving the initial growth of Ga-free AlN nucleation layer followed by Ga-assisted AlN growth, high quality of AlN film with flat surface was obtained and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of 415 nm AlN (002) and (102) planes were 465 and 597 arcsec.

Epitaxial growth of ultrathin gallium films on Cd(0001)

Growth and electronic properties of ultrathin Ga films on Cd(0001) are investigated by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy(STM) and density functional theory(DFT) calculations. It is found that Ga films exhibit the epitaxial growth with the pseudomorphic 1×1 lattice. The Ga islands deposited at 100 K show a ramified shape due to the suppressed edge diffusion and corner crossing. Furthermore, the majority of Ga islands reveal flat tops and a preferred height of three atomic layers, indicating the electronic growth at low temperature. Annealing to room temperature leads to not only the growth mode transition from electronic growth to conventional Stranski–Krastanov growth, but also the shape transition from ramified islands to smooth compact islands. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy(STS) measurements reveal that the Ga monolayer exhibits metallic behavior. DFT calculations indicate that all the interfacial Ga atoms occupy the energetically favorable hcp-hollow sites of the substrate. The charge density difference analysis demonstrates that the charge transfer from the Cd substrate to the Ga atoms is negligible, and there is weak interaction between Ga atoms and the Cd substrate. These results shall shed important light on fabrication of ultrathin Ga films on metal substrates with novel physical properties.

Soil Profile Concentration Distributions of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and Thallium across Southeastern Missouri

The soil chemistry of gallium, indium, and thallium is not well defined, particularly with emerging evidence that these elements have toxic properties and may influence food safety. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the soil concentrations of gallium, indium, and thallium and determine if these elements have a soil chemistry like aluminum and therefore demonstrate significant concentration correlations with aluminum. Twenty-seven soil series were selected, and the elemental concentrations were determined using aqua regia digestion with analytical determination performed using inductively coupled plasma emission-mass spectroscopy. The concentrations of gallium, indium, and thallium generally compared with the known literature. Aluminum-gallium and aluminum-thallium exhibited significant concentration correlations across the soil horizons of the sampled soils. Aluminum, gallium, and thallium did demonstrate concentration increases in soil horizons having illuviation of phyllosilicates, implying these phyllosilicates have adsorption and isomorphic substitution behaviors involving these elements.

Sparse-Grid Implementation of Fixed-Point Fast Sweeping WENO Schemes for Eikonal Equations

Fixed-point fast sweeping methods are a class of explicit iterative methods developed in the literature to efficiently solve steady-state solutions of hyperbolic partial differential equations(PDEs).As other types of fast sweeping schemes,fixed-point fast sweeping methods use the Gauss-Seidel iterations and alternating sweeping strategy to cover characteristics of hyperbolic PDEs in a certain direction simultaneously in each sweeping order.The resulting iterative schemes have a fast convergence rate to steady-state solutions.Moreover,an advantage of fixed-point fast sweeping methods over other types of fast sweeping methods is that they are explicit and do not involve the inverse operation of any nonlinear local system.Hence,they are robust and flexible,and have been combined with high-order accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes to solve various hyperbolic PDEs in the literature.For multidimensional nonlinear problems,high-order fixed-point fast sweeping WENO methods still require quite a large amount of computational costs.In this technical note,we apply sparse-grid techniques,an effective approximation tool for multidimensional problems,to fixed-point fast sweeping WENO methods for reducing their computational costs.Here,we focus on fixed-point fast sweeping WENO schemes with third-order accuracy(Zhang et al.2006[41]),for solving Eikonal equations,an important class of static Hamilton-Jacobi(H-J)equations.Numerical experiments on solving multidimensional Eikonal equations and a more general static H-J equation are performed to show that the sparse-grid computations of the fixed-point fast sweeping WENO schemes achieve large savings of CPU times on refined meshes,and at the same time maintain comparable accuracy and resolution with those on corresponding regular single grids.

Anisotropic optical and electric properties of β-gallium oxide

The anisotropic properties and applications ofβ-gallium oxide(β-Ga_(2)O_(3))are comprehensively reviewed.All the anisotropic properties are essentially resulted from the anisotropic crystal structure.The process flow of how to exfoliate nanoflakes from bulk material is introduced.Anisotropic optical properties,including optical bandgap,Raman and photolumines-cence characters are comprehensively reviewed.Three measurement configurations of angle-resolved polarized Raman spec-tra(ARPRS)are reviewed,with Raman intensity formulas calculated with Raman tensor elements.The method to obtain the Raman tensor elements of phonon modes through experimental fitting is also introduced.In addition,the anisotropy in elec-tron mobility and affinity are discussed.The applications,especially polarization photodetectors,based onβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)were summa-rized comprehensively.Three kinds of polarization detection mechanisms based on material dichroism,1D morphology and metal-grids are discussed in-depth.This review paper provides a framework for anisotropic optical and electric properties ofβ-Ga_(2)O_(3),as well as the applications based on these characters,and is expected to lead to a wider discussion on this topic.

A Secure and Effective Energy-Aware Fixed-Point Quantization Scheme for Asynchronous Federated Learning

Asynchronous federated learning(AsynFL)can effectivelymitigate the impact of heterogeneity of edge nodes on joint training while satisfying participant user privacy protection and data security.However,the frequent exchange of massive data can lead to excess communication overhead between edge and central nodes regardless of whether the federated learning(FL)algorithm uses synchronous or asynchronous aggregation.Therefore,there is an urgent need for a method that can simultaneously take into account device heterogeneity and edge node energy consumption reduction.This paper proposes a novel Fixed-point Asynchronous Federated Learning(FixedAsynFL)algorithm,which could mitigate the resource consumption caused by frequent data communication while alleviating the effect of device heterogeneity.FixedAsynFL uses fixed-point quantization to compress the local and global models in AsynFL.In order to balance energy consumption and learning accuracy,this paper proposed a quantization scale selection mechanism.This paper examines the mathematical relationship between the quantization scale and energy consumption of the computation/communication process in the FixedAsynFL.Based on considering the upper bound of quantization noise,this paper optimizes the quantization scale by minimizing communication and computation consumption.This paper performs pertinent experiments on the MNIST dataset with several edge nodes of different computing efficiency.The results show that the FixedAsynFL algorithm with an 8-bit quantization can significantly reduce the communication data size by 81.3%and save the computation energy in the training phase by 74.9%without significant loss of accuracy.According to the experimental results,we can see that the proposed AsynFixedFL algorithm can effectively solve the problem of device heterogeneity and energy consumption limitation of edge nodes.

Amorphous gallium oxide homojunction-based optoelectronic synapse for multi-functional signal processing

In the era of accelerated development in artificial intelligence as well as explosive growth of information and data throughput,underlying hardware devices that can integrate perception and memory while simultaneously offering the bene-fits of low power consumption and high transmission rates are particularly valuable.Neuromorphic devices inspired by the human brain are considered to be one of the most promising successors to the efficient in-sensory process.In this paper,a homojunction-based multi-functional optoelectronic synapse(MFOS)is proposed and testified.It enables a series of basic electri-cal synaptic plasticity,including paired-pulse facilitation/depression(PPF/PPD)and long-term promotion/depression(LTP/LTD).In addition,the synaptic behaviors induced by electrical signals could be instead achieved through optical signals,where its sen-sitivity to optical frequency allows the MFOS to simulate high-pass filtering applications in situ and the perception capability integrated into memory endows it with the information acquisition and processing functions as a visual system.Meanwhile,the MFOS exhibits its performances of associative learning and logic gates following the illumination with two different wave-lengths.As a result,the proposed MFOS offers a solution for the realization of intelligent visual system and bionic electronic eye,and will provide more diverse application scenarios for future neuromorphic computing.

A Fixed-Point Iterative Method for Discrete Tomography Reconstruction Based on Intelligent Optimization

Discrete Tomography(DT)is a technology that uses image projection to reconstruct images.Its reconstruction problem,especially the binary image(0–1matrix)has attracted strong attention.In this study,a fixed point iterative method of integer programming based on intelligent optimization is proposed to optimize the reconstructedmodel.The solution process can be divided into two procedures.First,the DT problem is reformulated into a polyhedron judgment problembased on lattice basis reduction.Second,the fixed-point iterativemethod of Dang and Ye is used to judge whether an integer point exists in the polyhedron of the previous program.All the programs involved in this study are written in MATLAB.The final experimental data show that this method is obviously better than the branch and bound method in terms of computational efficiency,especially in the case of high dimension.The branch and bound method requires more branch operations and takes a long time.It also needs to store a large number of leaf node boundaries and the corresponding consumptionmatrix,which occupies a largememory space.

Thermal and Electrical Properties of Liquid Metal Gallium During Phase Transition

Liquid metal gallium has been widely used in numerous fields, from nuclear engineering, catalysts, and energy storage to electronics owing to its remarkable thermal and electrical properties along with low viscosity and nontoxicity. Compared with high-temperature liquid metals, room-temperature liquid metals, such as gallium(Ga), are emerging as promising alternatives for fabricating advanced energy storage devices, such as phase change materials, by harvesting the advantageous properties of their liquid state maintained without external energy input. However, the thermal and electrical properties of liquid metals at the phase transition are rather poorly studied, limiting their practical applications. In this study, we reported on the physical properties of the solid–liquid phase transition of Ga using a custom-designed, solid–liquid electrical and thermal measurement system. We observed that the electrical conductivity of Ga progressively decreases with an increase in temperature. However, the Seebeck coefficient of Ga increases from 0.2 to 2.1 μV/K, and thermal conductivity from 7.6 to 33 W/(K·m). These electrical and thermal properties of Ga at solid–liquid phase transition would be useful for practical applications.

A Fixed-Point Fast Sweeping WENO Method with Inverse Lax-Wendroff Boundary Treatment for Steady State of Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

Fixed-point fast sweeping WENO methods are a class of efficient high-order numerical methods to solve steady-state solutions of hyperbolic partial differential equations(PDEs).The Gauss-Seidel iterations and alternating sweeping strategy are used to cover characteristics of hyperbolic PDEs in each sweeping order to achieve fast convergence rate to steady-state solutions.A nice property of fixed-point fast sweeping WENO methods which distinguishes them from other fast sweeping methods is that they are explicit and do not require inverse operation of nonlinear local systems.Hence,they are easy to be applied to a general hyperbolic system.To deal with the difficulties associated with numerical boundary treatment when high-order finite difference methods on a Cartesian mesh are used to solve hyperbolic PDEs on complex domains,inverse Lax-Wendroff(ILW)procedures were developed as a very effective approach in the literature.In this paper,we combine a fifthorder fixed-point fast sweeping WENO method with an ILW procedure to solve steadystate solution of hyperbolic conservation laws on complex computing regions.Numerical experiments are performed to test the method in solving various problems including the cases with the physical boundary not aligned with the grids.Numerical results show highorder accuracy and good performance of the method.Furthermore,the method is compared with the popular third-order total variation diminishing Runge-Kutta(TVD-RK3)time-marching method for steady-state computations.Numerical examples show that for most of examples,the fixed-point fast sweeping method saves more than half CPU time costs than TVD-RK3 to converge to steady-state solutions.

峨眉大火成岩省攀西钒钛磁铁矿矿集区钴、镓、钪资源及综合利用潜力

峨眉大火成岩省内带攀西地区的攀枝花、红格、白马、太和等矿床的钒钛磁铁矿矿石量约100亿t,V_(2)O_(5)储量1580万t、TiO_(2)储量8.7亿t,此外还蕴含着丰富的Co、Ga、Sc、Cr等十多种稀有金属。尽管自20世纪八九十年代V和Ti逐渐得到了利用,但是Co、Ga、Sc、Cr等元素尚未得到综合利用,这些矿床的尾矿中还有巨量的各种金属元素。本文对近年来获得的磁铁矿、钛铁矿、单斜辉石电子探针和激光等离子质谱原位分析数据进行了系统分析,发现Ga和Cr主要赋存在磁铁矿中,Co主要赋存在硫化物和磁铁矿中,Sc主要赋存在单斜辉石和钛铁矿中;而且不同岩体中的磁铁矿、钛铁矿和单斜辉石中各种元素的含量存在差异。这些分析为矿石、尾矿甚至某些岩石中这些元素的综合利用提供了重要信息。

锌冶炼过程中提取镓的技术研究及其进展

针对镓从锌冶炼过程中回收占比低的问题,总结分析了锌冶炼过程中镓回收技术研究进展.在鼓风炉炼锌(ISP)工艺中,镓主要富集在鼓风炉炉渣里,其质量分数通常在0.025%~0.031%,从鼓风炉炉渣中回收镓主要有还原蒸发法、高温氯化挥发法、硫酸浸出法、碱熔–浸出法、还原熔炼–电解法和还原熔炼–熔融造渣法等方法,但这些工艺普遍流程长,回收率低,加工成本偏高,部分工艺环境污染大,难以工业化应用.传统的湿法炼锌工艺中,大于93.5%的镓富集在浸出渣中,浸出渣处理以火法还原挥发工艺为主,在回转窑挥发浸出渣工艺中90%的镓保留在窑渣中,导致镓的回收流程长且回收率低,湿法处理浸出渣存在镓和铁分离的难题,至今未得到有效解决.氧压浸出炼锌工艺中,镓主要富集在锌粉置换渣里,锌粉置换渣采用酸性浸出和萃取工艺分离富集镓,最终制备金属镓,镓的综合回收率达到71%.通过对火法和湿法炼锌中镓回收工艺进行分析,对镓回收工艺中存在的关键问题和分离技术进行了总结,提出萃取分离、乳状液膜和树脂吸附有望成为锌冶炼过程中回收镓的绿色高效短流程关键技术.

中国稀散金属矿资源概况

中国稀散金属资源丰富,在全球占有重要的战略地位。对中国542处矿产地(包括759个矿床/点)的稀散金属资源调查数据分析表明,目前中国已查明稀散金属资源储量102.82万t,其中,镓矿44.65万t,锗矿1.39万t,铟矿2.52万t,铊矿2.96万t,镉矿47.12万t,硒矿2.56万t,碲矿1.53万t,铼矿893.00 t。中国稀散金属资源具有如下特征:①分布广泛,但主要集中在西南地区、中南地区和华北地区,云南、河南、广西、内蒙古、山西、贵州、广东等是稀散金属资源较丰富的省(区);②独立矿床极少,但资源储量占到全国稀散金属资源总量的6.64%;③矿床规模以中、小型为主,但大型矿床和超大型矿床资源储量占全国稀散金属资源总量的80%以上;④主要伴生在铅锌多金属矿、铝土矿和煤矿中,3类矿床中的稀散金属资源储量占全国稀散金属资源总量的80%左右;⑤总体综合利用率较低。中国镓、锗、铊资源的储备充足,但硒、碲、铼、铟、镉资源相对缺乏。

锌粉置换渣浸出过程中镓的溶解行为及改善方法

针对丹霞冶炼厂锌粉置换渣浸出过程中镓浸出率偏低问题,采用ICP-AES、XRD与SEM-EDS对不同批次锌粉置换渣化学成分、物相与形貌进行详细分析。与正常生产锌粉置换渣相比,异常锌粉置换渣中镓主要赋存于黄钾铁矾之中,造成镓浸出困难。对锌粉置换渣氧压浸出过程进行分析,镓、砷和铁溶出规律较为一致:增大硫酸浓度和液固比有利于镓、铁和砷的浸出,但提高温度和氧气分压对镓、铁和砷溶出不利。依据上述研究结果,提出强化镓浸出效率的改善措施,弱化一段氧压浸出(分别降低反应温度和压缩空气总压至90℃和0.2 MPa)与强化三段常压浸出(分别提高硫酸浓度和反应温度至160 g/L和85℃),镓的浸出效率由77.83%提高至96.46%。

Ga-N熔体热力学性质及钠助熔剂法制备GaN单晶的研究进展

作为第三代半导体的关键材料之一,Ⅲ族氮化物在过去几十年中因其应用于光电子和微电子器件而得到了广泛的研究,如发光二极管(LED)、激光二极管(LD)和高电子迁移率晶体管(HEMT)。Na助熔剂法已成为生长高质量GaN晶体的重要技术之一。综述和讨论了Na助熔剂法GaN结晶的发展历程与最新技术,包括Ga-N的结晶热力学性质、熔体结构、助熔剂选择、单点籽晶技术、多点籽晶技术、孔隙与位错控制、形貌演化与生长条件优化等。最后,对比其他体GaN技术,展望了Na助熔剂法的挑战与机遇。

试论稀散金属矿产与新质生产力

稀散金属(锗、镓、铟、铊、铼、镉、硒、碲)并不被社会大众所熟悉,但在我国却属于优势矿产资源。稀散金属在传统产业中的用途比较局限,用量也不大,有的金属全世界一年也就用十几吨。但是,这8种金属个个“身怀绝技”,对战略性新兴产业和未来产业至关重要。比如,镓在液态金属、锗和铟在电子工业、镉在军工领域、铼在战机发动机、碲和硒在光电产业、硒和铊在生物医学领域都具有不可限量的发展潜力。战略性新兴产业和未来产业又是国际竞争的关键环节和焦点领域,需要新质生产力来支撑。加快形成与稀散金属密切相关的新质生产力,是实现高质量发展、构建新发展格局的重要路径,也是保障国家经济安全的客观需要。稀散金属也是我国矿产资源领域安全保障体系的重要组成部分。因此,加强对稀散金属矿产资源的勘查、开发与管理,理清稀散金属与新质生产力之间的内在逻辑,探索关键矿产找矿工作部署的战略构想,通过创新引领,加快新一轮找矿突破战略行动的实施步伐,加深社会各界对于稀散金属重要性的认知程度,鼓励全社会加大地质找矿投入的力度,对于保障能源资源安全、增强发展新动能具有重要的意义。

用于定标海表测温辐射计的镓黑体辐射源

设计了镓黑体对海表测温辐射计进行定标。首先,介绍了该黑体的结构与工作原理,对黑体发射率进行仿真,并开展发射率的测量实验,讨论其不确定度的来源。然后,开展了电加热和水浴加热下镓的相变复现实验,讨论电加热功率对镓相变复现的影响。最后,通过红外海面温度自主辐射计实验对该黑体进行验证。结果表明:该黑体基于蒙特卡罗软件仿真的发射率优于0.9988,实验测得的黑体辐射源发射率结果与仿真结果较为吻合,测量重复性(标准偏差)达0.1%;相变温度坪台的复现性均优于±0.03 K;相变温坪附近时,红外海面温度自主辐射计和FLUKE 1524测温仪测得的黑体腔附近温度的数据差值均在±0.15 K以内。设计的镓黑体可以应用到海表测温辐射计进行校准,为发展自主知识产权的海表测温设备提供校准源。

低成本高结晶GaN纳米线柔性薄膜制备及其场发射性能

旨在探究非贵金属Cu替代贵金属Au作为催化剂在柔性碳膜上制备高结晶的GaN纳米线的可行性,并研究其场发射特性及机理。采用非贵金属Cu替代贵金属Au作为催化剂,在柔性碳膜上制备了直径为20~100 nm、长度为3~15μm的高结晶的GaN纳米线,并通过工艺参数对其结构与尺寸进行调控,得到GaN纳米线薄膜的催化生长机制。通过对其场发射特性进行研究,发现其场发射性能与其纳米结构紧密相关,催化剂厚度以及薄膜弯曲状态可显著影响其场发射性能。结果表明,采用Cu作为催化剂所制备的GaN纳米线柔性薄膜的场发射电流具有较好的稳定性。该研究为GaN纳米线的低成本制备方法提供了可借鉴思路,同时也为场发射柔性器件的制作提供了可行的技术手段。

浅埋巨厚富镓煤层的非均质性与反射波响应特征

华北石炭系—二叠系部分煤层富含战略性金属镓。为了探讨利用反射波响应解译浅埋巨厚煤中镓元素含量的可能性,以研究程度较深的准格尔煤田黑岱沟矿6号煤为例,综合样品实测、地震岩石物理建模、主成分分析等方法,表征煤层中物质组成、镓元素含量及载体矿物、弹性参数的纵向非均质性;综合煤层反射波响应正演模拟、地震属性分析和AVO分析等方法,表征煤层反射波运动学、动力学和AVO响应与煤层矿物富集类型间的相关关系。研究结果表明,按煤质可以将6号煤划分为三个层段,每个层段的矿物富集类型有明显区别;中上层段煤层巨厚,煤中镓元素的主要载体矿物为勃姆石,勃姆石与镓元素含量强线性正相关,纵波阻抗等弹性参数与勃姆石、镓元素含量正相关;当煤层流体饱和状态已知时,煤层顶底板反射波的双程旅行时差与振幅交会图可以有效区分煤层的矿物富集类型;煤层顶底板反射波的AVO截距与梯度交会图,可以有效区分煤层的流体饱和状态和矿物富集类型,是解译煤中镓元素含量的一种有效方法。本次研究成果不仅能够直接应用于浅埋巨厚煤中镓资源勘探,还能为煤中其他战略性金属的勘探研究提供方法借鉴。

钙钛矿/铜铟镓硒叠层太阳电池的发展及展望

综述近年来钙钛矿/铜铟镓硒叠层太阳电池的发展现状,介绍钙钛矿/铜铟镓硒叠层太阳电池技术在效率和可靠性方面的优势。从工艺优化、结构协同设计和性能优化等方面对钙钛矿/铜铟镓硒叠层太阳电池进行总结,着重讨论叠层结构的每个子单元太阳电池复杂的协同效应。