Body Mass Index of North American Participants at the World Masters Games

WMG （World Masters Games） athletes have either pursued a physically active lifestyle for an extended period of time or have initiated exercise/sport in later life. This unique cohort of middle-aged to older-aged adults remains relatively uninvestigated with regards to various measures of health. With a need for multifaceted solutions to the obesity epidemic, investigating special populations such as those competing in sport at older ages may further the understanding of the nexus between aging, physical activity and obesity. This study aims to investigate the BMI （body mass index） of North American WMG competitors with respect to national health guidelines and demographics. An online survey was utilized to collect demographic information from athletes competing at the Sydney WMG. BMI was derived using the participant＇s height and body mass. A total of 928 （46.7% male, 53.3% female） participants from Canada and the United States （age： 52.6 ± 9.8 years） completed the survey. The top 5 sports in which participants competed were football （25.6%）, track/field （15.4%）, swimming （8.4%）, volleyball （8.2%）, and softball （7.8%）. Female and male BMI （kg/m2） across all sports were： 〉 30 （obese： 13.9%）, 25-29.9 （overweight： 34.1%）, 18.5-24.9 （normal： 50.3%）, and 〈18.5 （underweight： 1.7%）. Data indicated that BMI was a health risk factor for 13.9% of the participants and a developing risk factor for 34.1% of the participants. Analysis demonstrated a significantly reduced （P 〈 0.05） classification of obesity of the North American WMG competitors when compared to Canadian and United States national populations. It is believed that adherence to exercise improves indices of general health. A key index of health （obesity） is significantly lower in incidence for North American WMG competitors when compared to Canadian and US populations.

A Game-Theoretic Approach to Elastic Control in Software-Defined Networking

Elastic control could balance the distributed control plane in Software-Defined Networking(SDN). Dynamic switch migration has been proposed to achieve it. However, existing schemes mainly focus on how to execute migration operation, but not why. This paper designs a decision-making mechanism based on zero-sum game theory to reelect a new controller as the master for migrated switches. It first chooses a switch for migration in the heavy controller which invites its neighbors as the game players to compete for the master role of this switch in the game-playing field(GPF) which is an occasional and loose domain for game-playing. Second, based on the concept of GPF, we design a decentralized strategy to play the game and determine which player as the final master. We implement it by extending the Open Flow protocol. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that our distributed strategy can approach elastic control plane with better performance.