EJUSTCO:Monte Carlo radiation transport code hybrid with ANN model for gamma-ray shielding simulation

Gamma ray shielding is essential to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment in facilities and environments where radiation exists.The Monte Carlo technique is vital for analyzing the gamma-ray shielding capabilities of materials.In this study,a simple Monte Carlo code,EJUSTCO,is developed to cd simulate gamma radiation transport in shielding materials for academic purposes.The code considers the photoelectric effect,Compton(incoherent)scattering,pair production,and photon annihilation as the dominant interaction mechanisms in the gamma radiation shielding problem.Variance reduction techniques,such as the Russian roulette,survival weighting,and exponential transformation,are incorporated into the code to improve computational efficiency.Predicting the exponential transformation parameter typically requires trial and error as well as expertise.Herein,a deep learning neural network is proposed as a viable method for predicting this parameter for the first time.The model achieves an MSE of 0.00076752 and an R-value of 0.99998.The exposure buildup factors and radiation dose rates due to the passage of gamma radiation with different source energies and varying thicknesses of lead,water,iron,concrete,and aluminum in single-,double-,and triple-layer material systems are validated by comparing the results with those of MCNP,ESG,ANS-6.4.3,MCBLD,MONTEREY MARK(M),PENELOPE,and experiments.Average errors of 5.6%,2.75%,and 10%are achieved for the exposure buildup factor in single-,double-,and triple-layer materials,respectively.A significant parameter that is not considered in similar studies is the gamma ray albedo.In the EJUSTCO code,the total number and energy albedos have been computed.The results are compared with those of MCNP,FOTELP,and PENELOPE.In general,the EJUSTCO-developed code can be employed to assess the performance of radiation shielding materials because the validation results are consistent with theoretical,experimental,and literary results.

Simulation of a soft-gamma-ray polarimeter on board a microsatellite

Gamma-ray polarimetry is a new and prospective tool for studying extremely high-energy celestial objects and is of great significance for the field of astrophysics.With the rapid development of microsatellite technology,the advantages of space exploration have become increasingly apparent.Therefore,we simulated a soft-gamma-ray polarimeter for a microsatellite based on the Compton scattering principle.We performed detailed Monte Carlo simulations using monoenergetic gamma-ray linear-polarization sources and Crab-like sources in the energy range of 0.1-10 MeV considering the orbital background.The polarimeter exhibited excellent polarization detection performance.The modulation factor was 0.80±0.01,and the polarization angles were accurate within an error of 0.2°at 200 keV for on-axis incidence.For the Crab-like sources for on-axis incidence,the polarization degrees were consistent with the set values within the error tolerance,the modulation factor was 0.76±0.01,and the minimum detectable polarization reached 2.4%at 3σfor an observation time of10^(6) s.Additionally,the polarimeter exhibited recoil electron tracking,imaging,and powerful background suppression in a large field of view(FoV;∼2πsr).The proposed polarimeter meets the requirements of a space soft-gamma-ray polarization detector and has promising research prospects.

广义Gamma分布弱湍流环境含指向误差串行中继水下无线光通信系统误码性能分析

鉴于目前普遍选用的水下弱湍流模型无法准确拟合实测数据的缺陷,选取经实验测试验证的广义Gamma分布来表征海洋弱湍流,以期合理评估受湍流等因素影响的水下无线光通信系统的误码性能。提出一种包含广义Gamma分布弱湍流、零/非零视轴指向误差以及无衰落信道冲激响应隐路径损耗和多径效应的混合衰落信道模型,据此推导混合衰落串行中继无线光通信系统平均误码率的数学闭型表达;通过数值仿真验证所推导的误码率理论表达式的准确性,并考察不同系统核心参数对误码率的影响。研究结果表明:串行中继节点的引入可有效提高系统的误码性能,以零视轴指向误差、最终传输距离达45 m、误码率需求10-3为例,引入1至3个串行中继节点后,系统从一开始的无法工作,变为所需的发射功率分别降低至24 dBm、12 dBm和6 dBm;而光源初始发散角增大导致的无衰落信道冲激响应时延扩展,即符号间干扰,则会严重降低此性能改善。

一类折叠Gamma分布的尖峰厚尾性质及应用

组合分布思想的出现及扩展为研究现实数据分布提供了优良方案。鉴于许多数据的尖峰后尾特征,文章从Gamma分布出发,构造了具有尖峰厚尾性质的折叠Gamma分布,进而讨论了折叠Gamma分布的性质,并在Newton-Raphson算法下给出了分布参数的矩估计和极大似然估计,同时以数值模拟证明了估计的可行性,最后以实际数据对比研究折叠Gamma分布和正态分布的拟合效果。结果表明:折叠Gamma分布能更好地拟合尖峰厚尾数据,且其拟合效果随着数据样本量的增大而变好。

基于Gamma混合模型的出租车落客行为

为了更好地理解枢纽送站坪出租车落客行为,提高落客区域通行效率,提出基于Gamma混合模型的出租车落客决策模型.应用精确的出租车轨迹数据,将出租车停车时间分解为主动停车时间、被迫停车时间和落客时间,基于被迫停车时间分析构建等待耐性混合分布模型,模型验证结果与真实数据相吻合.在此基础上,以潜在乘客耐心分布、停车位置、期望停车位和行程时间为落客决策模型的核心指标,提取相关因子为解释变量,以是否落客为被解释变量,构建二元面板Logit模型,并对模型进行检验.结果表明,乘客耐心对车辆落客起着决定性的作用,落客决策模型预测准确率超过81%,表明该模型能够较好地预测出租车落客行为,为研究缓堵策略提供基础.

Gamma-Gamma信道下基于并行交织极化码的误码性能研究

为了降低大气湍流引起的衰落影响,同时减少长片误码干扰,提出一种基于并行交织极化码(polar code)的编码方法。通过蒙特卡洛模拟Gamma-Gamma分布的随机数构建大气湍流信道,以成对差错概率(pairwise error probability, PEP)和极化谱确定极化信道的误差概率上限,采用乘积距离准则最小化差错概率,建立了并行交织的设计准则。对极化码在湍流信道中的误码率(bit error rate, BER)性能进行了评估,仿真结果表明,基于极化码的并行交织方法获得了一个量级的误码性能提升,在信噪比为5 dB时,误码率从5.11×10-6降低为2.13×10-7,有效缓解了湍流引起的长片误码问题。实验验证了所提准则的可靠性和适用性。

Gamma3髓内钉在股骨粗隆间骨折手术治疗中的应用效果评价

目的探讨Gamma3髓内钉应用于股骨粗隆间骨折手术治疗中的效果。方法选择2020年1月—2022年12月丹阳市中医院收治的82例股骨粗隆间骨折患者为研究对象,以随机数表法分为对照组(n=41,给予抗旋型股骨近端髓内钉手术治疗)与观察组(n=41,给予Gamma3髓内钉手术治疗),比较两组患者的手术治疗相关指标、髋关节功能与并发症。结果两组患者的手术用时、手术总失血量对比,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。观察组患者的住院时间(12.14±1.16)d、术后负重时间(5.63±1.07)周、骨折愈合时间(7.32±1.18)周均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=12.535、9.884、6.992,P均<0.05)。与术前比较,两组患者术后1、3、6个月时的Harris评分均升高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);但各时间段组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。两组髋关节功能优良率、并发症发生率对比,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论Gamma3髓内钉与抗旋型股骨近端髓内钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的效果、安全性均相当,但Gamma3髓内钉能加快患者术后功能恢复。

The 111-Years-Old Cosmic Ray Puzzle Has Been Solved?

We show that recently multi-messenger astronomy has provided compelling evidence that the bulk of high energy cosmic rays (CRs) are produced by highly relativistic narrow jets of plasmoids launched in core collapse of stripped-envelope massive stars to neutron stars and stellar mass black holes. Such events produce also a visible GRB if the jet happens to point in our direction. This has been long advocated by the cannon ball (CB) model of high energy CRs and GRBs, but the evidence has been provided only recently by what were widely believed to be unrelated discoveries. They include the very recent discovery of a knee around TeV in the energy spectrum of high energy CR electrons, the peak photon energy in the “brightest of all time” GRB221009A, and the failure of IceCube to detect high energy neutrinos from GRBs, including GRB221009A. They were all predicted by the cannonball (CB) model of high energy CRs and GRBs long before they were discovered in observations, despite a negligible probability to occur by chance.

Meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy of the Gamma3 nail vs Gamma3U-blade system in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures

BACKGROUND The traditional Gamma3 nail is a mainstream treatment for femoral intertrochanteric fractures.Literature reports that the Gamma3U-blade system can increase the stability of the Gamma3 nail and reduce complication incidence.However,comparative studies between the Gamma3U-blade and Gamma3 systems are limited;hence,this meta-analysis was performed to explore the clinical efficacy of these two surgical methods.AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy of Gamma3 and Gamma3 U-blade for intertrochanteric fractures.METHODS A computerized search for Chinese and English literature published from 2010 to 2022 was conducted in PubMed,Cochrane,CNKI,Wanfang,and VIP databases.The search keywords were gamma 3,gamma 3 U blade,and intertrochanteric fracture.Additionally,literature tracking was performed on the references of published literature.The data were analyzed using Revman 5.3 software.Two individuals checked the inputs for accuracy.Continuous variables were described using mean difference and standard deviation,and outcome effect sizes were expressed using ratio OR and 95%confidence interval(CI).High heterogeneity was considered at(P<0.05,I2>50%),moderate heterogeneity at I2 from 25%to 50%,and low heterogeneity at(P≥0.05,I2<50%).RESULTS Following a comprehensive literature search,review,and analysis,six articles were selected for inclusion in this study.This selection comprised five articles in English and one in Chinese,with publication years spanning from 2016 to 2022.The study with the largest sample size,conducted by Seungbae in 2021,included a total of 304 cases.Statistical analysis:A total of 1063 patients were included in this meta-analysis.The main outcome indicators were:Surgical time:The Gamma3U blade system had a longer surgical time compared to Gamma3 nails(P=0.006,I2=76%).Tip-apex distance:No statistical significance or heterogeneity was observed(P=0.65,I2=0%).Harris Hip score:No statistical significance was found,and low heterogeneity was detected(P=0.26,I2=22%).Union time:No statistical significance was found,and high heterogeneity was detected(P=0.05,I2=75%).CONCLUSION Our study indicated that the Gamma3 system reduces operative time compared to the Gamma3 U-blade system in treating intertrochanteric fractures.Both surgical methods proved to be safe and effective for this patient group.These findings may offer valuable insights and guidance for future surgical protocols in hip fracture patients.

Probability Laws Derived from the Gamma Function

Several densities or probability laws of continuous random variables derive from the Euler Gamma function. These laws form the basis of sampling theory, namely hypothesis testing and estimation. Namely the gamma, beta, and Student law, through the chi-square law and the normal law are all distributions resulting from applications of Euleur functions.

Study on the Performance of the GRANDProto300 Particle Detector Array by Simulation

The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection(GRAND)is a proposed large-scale observatory designed to detect cosmic rays,gamma-rays,and neutrinos with energies exceeding 100 Pe V.The GRANDProto300 experiment is proposed as the early stage of the GRAND project,consisting of a hybrid array of radio antennas and scintillator detectors.The latter,as a mature and traditional detector,is used to cross-check the nature of the candidate events selected from radio observations.In this study,we developed a simulation software called G4GRANDProto300,based on the Geant4 software package,to optimize the spacing of the scintillator detector array and to investigate its effective area.The analysis was conducted at various zenith angles under different detector spacings,including 300,500,600,700,and 900 m.Our results indicate that,for large zenith angles used to search for cosmic-ray in the GRAND project,the optimized effective area is with a detector spacing of 500 m.The G4GRANDProto300 software that we developed could be used to further optimize the layout of the particle detector array in future work.

Evaluation of Interferon-Gamma Release Assay Testing and Tuberculin Skin Test for Early Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), a sensitive microbiological diagnostic method, in children and adolescents with suspected tuberculosis in a country with a high burden of tuberculosis. Method: This study included 581 children and adolescents aged 4 - 19 years who were suspected of having tuberculosis, were latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and had received at least one dose of BCG vaccine between April 17, 2019, and February 24, 2021. The study evaluated the TST results of 106 patients who had a positive Quantiferon test and were suspected of having tuberculosis. Results: The study included 581 patients aged between 4 and 19 years. Of these, 106 patients tested positive for the Quantiferon test, while 19 were indeterminate and 456 were negative. The Quantiferon test positivity rate was 18.24%. Among the 106 QFT-Plus-positive cases, 23 patients also tested positive for TST. The difference in distribution was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The QFT-Plus test is considered an alternative to TST and other microbiological diagnostic methods for early tuberculosis diagnosis, particularly in children and adolescents.

Gamma-Ray Bursts and Fermi Bubbles

According to a recent calculation, 1058 erg of radiant energy was released by Sgr A*, when it formed the Fermi bubbles. Here, it is argued that this explosion constituted a long gamma-ray burst. .

Constraining Lorentz Invariance Violation Using Short Gamma-Ray Bursts

Lorentz Invariance is a foundational principle in modern physics, but some recent quantum gravity theories have hinted that it may be violated at extremely high energies. Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) provide a promising tool for checking and constraining any deviations from Lorentz Invariance due to their huge energies and cosmological distances. Gamma-ray bursts, which are the most intense and powerful explosions in the universe, are traditionally divided into long bursts whose observed duration exceeds 2 s, and short bursts whose observed duration is less than 2 s. In this study, we employ a recent sample of 46 short GRBs to check for any deviation from Lorentz Invariance. We analyze the spectral lag of the bursts in our data sample and check for any redshift dependence in the GRB rest frame, which would indicate a violation of Lorentz Invariance. Our results are consistent, to within 1σ, with no deviation from Lorentz Invariance.

基于Gamma-Gamma湍流信道下的卷积码性能研究

为了研究不同码型的卷积码在水下湍流信道中的误码率(BER)性能,采用接受-拒绝采样模拟湍流信道乘性干扰,并选择二进制相移键控(BPSK)调制方式,建立Gamma-Gamma湍流信道通信系统仿真模型。仿真结果表明:在不同强度的湍流信道中,采用卷积码编码均能提升系统的BER性能;卷积码的码率越小,系统BER性能提升越显著;随着信噪比(SNR)增大,记忆深度越长,系统BER下降速度越快;采用软译码比采用硬译码时增益至少提升2.82 d B;卷积码的解码不仅受当前信息的影响,还与之前的码元信息有关。

Comparison of efficacy of lung ultrasound and chest X-ray in diagnosing pulmonary edema and pleural effusion in ICU patients: A single centre, prospective, observational study

Background and Aims While chest X-ray (CXR) has been a conventional tool in intensive care units (ICUs) to identify lung pathologies, computed tomography (CT) scan remains the gold standard. Use of lung ultrasound (LUS) in resource-rich ICUs is still under investigation. The present study compares the utility of LUS to that of CXR in identifying pulmonary edema and pleural effusion in ICU patients. In addition, consolidation and pneumothorax were analyzed as secondary outcome measures. Material and Methods This is a prospective, single centric, observational study. Patients admitted in ICU were examined for lung pathologies, using LUS by a trained intensivist;and CXR done within 4 hours of each other. The final diagnosis was ascertained by an independent senior radiologist, based on the complete medical chart including clinical findings and the results of thoracic CT, if available. The results were compared and analyzed. Results Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of LUS was 95%, 94.4%, 94.67% for pleural effusion;and 98.33%, 97.78%, 98.00% for pulmonary edema respectively. Corresponding values with CXR were 48.33%, 76.67%, 65.33% for pleural effusion;and 36.67%, 82.22% and 64.00% for pulmonary edema respectively. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of LUS was 91.30%, 96.85%, 96.00% for consolidation;and 100.00%, 79.02%, 80.00% for pneumothorax respectively. Corresponding values with CXR were 60.87%, 81.10%, 78.00% for consolidation;and 71.3%, 97.20%, 96.00% for pneumothorax respectively. Conclusion LUS has better diagnostic accuracy in diagnosis of pleural effusion and pulmonary edema when compared with CXR and is thus recommended as an effective alternative for diagnosis of these conditions in acute care settings. Our study recommends that a thoracic CT scan can be avoided in most of such cases.

Cortico-striatal gamma oscillations are modulated by dopamine D3 receptors in dyskinetic rats

Long-term levodopa administration can lead to the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Gamma oscillations are a widely recognized hallmark of abnormal neural electrical activity in levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Currently,studies have reported increased oscillation power in cases of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.However,little is known about how the other electrophysiological parameters of gamma oscillations are altered in levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Furthermore,the role of the dopamine D3 receptor,which is implicated in levodopa-induced dyskinesia,in movement disorder-related changes in neural oscillations is unclear.We found that the cortico-striatal functional connectivity of beta oscillations was enhanced in a model of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore,levodopa application enhanced cortical gamma oscillations in cortico-striatal projections and cortical gamma aperiodic components,as well as bidirectional primary motor cortex(M1)↔dorsolateral striatum gamma flow.Administration of PD128907(a selective dopamine D3 receptor agonist)induced dyskinesia and excessive gamma oscillations with a bidirectional M1↔dorsolateral striatum flow.However,administration of PG01037(a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist)attenuated dyskinesia,suppressed gamma oscillations and cortical gamma aperiodic components,and decreased gamma causality in the M1→dorsolateral striatum direction.These findings suggest that the dopamine D3 receptor plays a role in dyskinesia-related oscillatory activity,and that it has potential as a therapeutic target for levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

Correlation in Gamma Ray Burst Time Delays between Pairs of Radio Photons

We present a pilot study of time delays Δt in four GRB Radio Afterglow emissions, i.e., delays in the arrival times of radio waves of different frequencies emanating from eight GRB Radio Afterglows. Unlike in most studies on this phenomenon, we do not assume that this time delay is due to the Photon being endowed with a non-zero mass, but that this may very well be due to the interstellar space being a cold rarefied cosmic plasma, which medium’s Electrons interact with the electric component of the Photon, thus generating tiny currents that lead to dispersion, hence, a frequency (v) dependent speed of Light where this speed scales off as v-1. The said interaction is such that, lower frequency Photons will propagate at lower speeds than higher frequency Photons thus leading to the observed time delays in the arrivals times of Photons of different frequencies. In reasonable accord with the proposed model, we find that for four of these GRB afterglows, there is a strong unsolicited correlation between the observed time delays and the frequency. If this model can be corroborated by a large enough data set, there is hope that this same model might lead to a better understanding of the observed time delays in GRBs.

The Implementation of Ray Tracing Algorithm with OpenMP Parallelization

Ray tracing is a computer graphics method that renders images realistically. As the name suggests, this technique primarily traces the path of light rays interacting with objects in a scene [1], permitting the calculation of lighting and reflecting impact [2]. As ray tracing is a time-consuming process, the need for parallelization to solve this problem arises. One downside of this solution is the existence of race conditions. In this work, we explore and experiment with a different, well-known solution for this race condition. Starting with the introduction and the background section, a brief overview of the topic is followed by a detailed part of how the race conditions may occur in the case of the ray tracing algorithm. Continuing with the methods and results section, we have used OpenMP to parallelize the Ray tracing algorithm with the different compiler directives critical, atomic, and first-private. Hence, it concluded that both critical and atomic are not efficient solutions to produce a good-quality picture, but first-private succeeded in producing a high-quality picture.

Transport in Astrophysics: VI. Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays

Two new solutions of the homogeneous diffusion equation in 1D are derived in the presence of losses and a trigonometric profile for a profile of density. A simulation for the ankle in the energy distribution of cosmic rays (CRs) is provided in the framework of the fine tuning of the involved parameters. A theoretical image for the overall diffusion of CRs in galactic coordinates is provided.