Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered “dark galaxy” is, in fa...Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered “dark galaxy” is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth’s rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge;2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents of the charged Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by a huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.展开更多
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTIONIt has been established for some time that introduction of nitrogen in the surface and near surface regions of metal alloys can make important modifications in surface properties of the alloys such as ...Ⅰ. INTRODUCTIONIt has been established for some time that introduction of nitrogen in the surface and near surface regions of metal alloys can make important modifications in surface properties of the alloys such as hardness, wear and friction, corrosion resistance and fatigue time. Proton induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) analysis provides a useful method for direct determination of nitrogen concentration in the surface of nitrided samples and also for its quality test and the investigation of new nitriding technology.The aims of the present work are to study the optimum conditions of展开更多
We re-study the one-dimensional electric field structure of an outer gap accelerator by considering the physical limit of trans-field height. Inside the outer gap, the charge depletion creates a large electric field a...We re-study the one-dimensional electric field structure of an outer gap accelerator by considering the physical limit of trans-field height. Inside the outer gap, the charge depletion creates a large electric field along the magnetic field lines. Electrons and/or positrons are accelerated to ultra-relativistic energies by this longitudinal electric field, and then radiate γ-ray photons by curvature radiation. The collision of these γ-rays and ambient x-ray photons further produce radiating particles, resulting in a stationary gap. We solve the structure of this longitudinal electric field together with the distributions of electrons and positrons and γ-ray photons for an aligned rotator. Our results indicate that the outer gap can extend to the light cylinder using reasonable parameters.展开更多
In this paper we present solutions with the superstar scenario for the problems of singularity and the relativistic jet in AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei) based on supermassive black hole with singularity. The five-zone ...In this paper we present solutions with the superstar scenario for the problems of singularity and the relativistic jet in AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei) based on supermassive black hole with singularity. The five-zone structure of superstar from inside to outside consists of the Singularity-Free Superstar Core (SC), the short-range repulsive super force field (SFF) near the event horizon, the superstar lepton sphere (SLS) containing infalling leptons (electron-positron pairs), the superstar ergosphere (SE), and the superstar accretion disk (SAD). As in the Meissner effect in superconductor, the short-range SFF repulses leptons in the SLS preventing singularity, while infalling leptons from the SAD and the SE continue to enter the SLS through the strong gravity of the SC. When the density at the bottom of the SLS reaches the critical density, leptons fall into the SC with the corresponding size increase of the SC to prevent singularity. Without further infalling leptons, the short-range repulsive force from the SFF disintegrates the SLS into the SLS plasma fragments (electron-positron pair plasma), detaching from the SC. Some SLS plasma fragments in the SAD generate the broad relativistic SAD jet, and some SLS plasma fragments in the SE generate the coincident narrow relativistic SE jet. In this two-jet model (the origin of the spine-sheath jet structure), protected by the SAD jet, the fast and narrow SE jet inside the slow and broad SAD jet generates the VHE (very high energy ≥ 100 GeV) Synchrotron Self Compton (SSC) gamma-ray emission without the attenuation by the photons in the BLR (broad line region) of flat spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ). In conclusion, AGN based on supermassive superstar provide the solutions for singularity, VHE gamma-ray emissions in FSRQs and FR1 type radio galaxies, AGN jet structure, and AGN jet type.展开更多
Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes(TGFs)are high-energy emissions in thunderstorms that were discovered first by satellite-based and then by ground-based gamma-ray detectors with photon energy up to tens of Me V.TGFs are a...Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes(TGFs)are high-energy emissions in thunderstorms that were discovered first by satellite-based and then by ground-based gamma-ray detectors with photon energy up to tens of Me V.TGFs are a natural highenergy phenomenon associated with lightning discharges that frequently occur during thunderstorms.However,their production mechanisms and associated processes are still unclear.TGF studies have already been a research spotlight in the atmospheric electricity and high-energy atmosphere research areas.In this paper,we review recent research progresses on TGF studies in the past decade,including TGF detection,the relationship between TGFs and lightning processes,and thunderstorm activities.Several unsolved important scientific questions are discussed.Results suggest that upward TGFs observed by satellite-based detectors are closely connected with the development of in-cloud upward negative leaders.They are usually generated in milliseconds of the initiation of upward negative leaders and may produce a kind of distinct radio emissions because of the generation and propagation of huge amounts of high-energy electrons.By contrast,its counterpart,i.e.,downward TGFs observed by ground-based gamma-ray detectors,is associated with different types of lightning processes,such as downward negative or upward positive leaders,the initial continuing current stage of rocket-triggered lightning flashes return stroke processes.Because of limited observations,how these downward TGFs are generated is still unclear.Benefiting from the development of state-of-the-art instruments with high temporal and spatial resolutions,new insights into the processes and mechanisms of TGFs will be achieved with coordinated observations from satellite-based and ground-based measurements.展开更多
Monochromatic y-rays are thought to be the smoking gun signal for identifying dark matter annihilation. However, the flux of monochromatic y-rays is usually suppressed by virtual quantum effects since dark matter shou...Monochromatic y-rays are thought to be the smoking gun signal for identifying dark matter annihilation. However, the flux of monochromatic y-rays is usually suppressed by virtual quantum effects since dark matter should be neutral and does not couple with y-rays directly. In this work, we study the detection strategy of the monochromatic y-rays in a future space-based detector. The flux of monochromatic y-rays between 50 GeV and several TeV is calculated by assuming the supersymmetric neutralino as a typical dark matter candidate. The detection both by focusing on the Galactic center and in a scan mode that detects y-rays from the whole Galactic halo are compared. The detector performance for the purpose of monochromatic y-ray detection, with different energy and angular resolution, field of view, and background rejection efficiencies, is carefully studied with both analytical and fast Monte-Carlo methods.展开更多
文摘Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered “dark galaxy” is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth’s rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge;2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents of the charged Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by a huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.
文摘Ⅰ. INTRODUCTIONIt has been established for some time that introduction of nitrogen in the surface and near surface regions of metal alloys can make important modifications in surface properties of the alloys such as hardness, wear and friction, corrosion resistance and fatigue time. Proton induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) analysis provides a useful method for direct determination of nitrogen concentration in the surface of nitrided samples and also for its quality test and the investigation of new nitriding technology.The aims of the present work are to study the optimum conditions of
基金Supported by the Hundred Talents Programme of Ghinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Natural Science Foundation of Ghina under Grant Nos 10425314 and 10463002.
文摘We re-study the one-dimensional electric field structure of an outer gap accelerator by considering the physical limit of trans-field height. Inside the outer gap, the charge depletion creates a large electric field along the magnetic field lines. Electrons and/or positrons are accelerated to ultra-relativistic energies by this longitudinal electric field, and then radiate γ-ray photons by curvature radiation. The collision of these γ-rays and ambient x-ray photons further produce radiating particles, resulting in a stationary gap. We solve the structure of this longitudinal electric field together with the distributions of electrons and positrons and γ-ray photons for an aligned rotator. Our results indicate that the outer gap can extend to the light cylinder using reasonable parameters.
文摘In this paper we present solutions with the superstar scenario for the problems of singularity and the relativistic jet in AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei) based on supermassive black hole with singularity. The five-zone structure of superstar from inside to outside consists of the Singularity-Free Superstar Core (SC), the short-range repulsive super force field (SFF) near the event horizon, the superstar lepton sphere (SLS) containing infalling leptons (electron-positron pairs), the superstar ergosphere (SE), and the superstar accretion disk (SAD). As in the Meissner effect in superconductor, the short-range SFF repulses leptons in the SLS preventing singularity, while infalling leptons from the SAD and the SE continue to enter the SLS through the strong gravity of the SC. When the density at the bottom of the SLS reaches the critical density, leptons fall into the SC with the corresponding size increase of the SC to prevent singularity. Without further infalling leptons, the short-range repulsive force from the SFF disintegrates the SLS into the SLS plasma fragments (electron-positron pair plasma), detaching from the SC. Some SLS plasma fragments in the SAD generate the broad relativistic SAD jet, and some SLS plasma fragments in the SE generate the coincident narrow relativistic SE jet. In this two-jet model (the origin of the spine-sheath jet structure), protected by the SAD jet, the fast and narrow SE jet inside the slow and broad SAD jet generates the VHE (very high energy ≥ 100 GeV) Synchrotron Self Compton (SSC) gamma-ray emission without the attenuation by the photons in the BLR (broad line region) of flat spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ). In conclusion, AGN based on supermassive superstar provide the solutions for singularity, VHE gamma-ray emissions in FSRQs and FR1 type radio galaxies, AGN jet structure, and AGN jet type.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC1501500)the Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(Grants Nos.2020R004&2021Z003)the Chinese Meridian Project and the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.183311KYSB20200003)。
文摘Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes(TGFs)are high-energy emissions in thunderstorms that were discovered first by satellite-based and then by ground-based gamma-ray detectors with photon energy up to tens of Me V.TGFs are a natural highenergy phenomenon associated with lightning discharges that frequently occur during thunderstorms.However,their production mechanisms and associated processes are still unclear.TGF studies have already been a research spotlight in the atmospheric electricity and high-energy atmosphere research areas.In this paper,we review recent research progresses on TGF studies in the past decade,including TGF detection,the relationship between TGFs and lightning processes,and thunderstorm activities.Several unsolved important scientific questions are discussed.Results suggest that upward TGFs observed by satellite-based detectors are closely connected with the development of in-cloud upward negative leaders.They are usually generated in milliseconds of the initiation of upward negative leaders and may produce a kind of distinct radio emissions because of the generation and propagation of huge amounts of high-energy electrons.By contrast,its counterpart,i.e.,downward TGFs observed by ground-based gamma-ray detectors,is associated with different types of lightning processes,such as downward negative or upward positive leaders,the initial continuing current stage of rocket-triggered lightning flashes return stroke processes.Because of limited observations,how these downward TGFs are generated is still unclear.Benefiting from the development of state-of-the-art instruments with high temporal and spatial resolutions,new insights into the processes and mechanisms of TGFs will be achieved with coordinated observations from satellite-based and ground-based measurements.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (10435070,10773011,10721140381,10099630)China Ministry of Science and Technology (2007CB16101,2010CB833000)
文摘Monochromatic y-rays are thought to be the smoking gun signal for identifying dark matter annihilation. However, the flux of monochromatic y-rays is usually suppressed by virtual quantum effects since dark matter should be neutral and does not couple with y-rays directly. In this work, we study the detection strategy of the monochromatic y-rays in a future space-based detector. The flux of monochromatic y-rays between 50 GeV and several TeV is calculated by assuming the supersymmetric neutralino as a typical dark matter candidate. The detection both by focusing on the Galactic center and in a scan mode that detects y-rays from the whole Galactic halo are compared. The detector performance for the purpose of monochromatic y-ray detection, with different energy and angular resolution, field of view, and background rejection efficiencies, is carefully studied with both analytical and fast Monte-Carlo methods.
