Numerical simulation and experimental verification of plasma jet development in gas gap switch

Plasma jet triggered gas gap switch has obvious advantages in fast control switch.The development of the plasma in the ambient medium is the key factor affecting the triggering conduction of the gas switch.However,the plasma jet process and its characteristic parameters are complicated and the existing test methods cannot fully characterize its development laws.In this work,a two-dimensional transient fluid calculation model of the plasma jet process of the gas gap switch is established based on the renormalization-group k-εturbulence equation.The results show that the characteristic parameters and morphological evolution of the plasma jet are basically consistent with the experimental results,which verifies the accuracy of the simulation model calculation.The plasma jet is a long strip with an initial velocity of 1.0 km·s-1and develops in both axial and radial directions.The jet velocity fluctuates significantly with axial height.As the plasma jet enters the main gap,the pressure inside the trigger cavity drops by80%,resulting in a rapid drop in the jet velocity.When the plasma jet head interacts with the atmosphere,the two-phase fluid compresses each other,generating a forward-propelled pressure wave.The plasma jet heads flow at high velocity,a negative pressure zone is formed in the middle part of the jet,and the pressure peak decreases gradually with height.As the value of the inlet pressure increases,the characteristic parameters of the plasma jet increase.The entrainment phenomenon is evident,which leads to an increase in the pressure imbalance of the atmospheric gas medium,leading to a significant Coanda effect.Compared with air,the characteristic parameters of a plasma jet in SF6are lower,and the morphological evolution is significantly suppressed.The results of this study can provide some insight into the mechanism of action of the switch jet plasma development process.

Electrode Erosion of a High Energy Impulse Spark Gap Switch

Based on the principle of thermal conduction, three metal alloys （stainless steel, copper-tungsten and graphite） were chosen as the material of the high impulse current discharging switch. Experimental results indicate that the mass loss and surface erosion morphology of the electrode are related with the electrode material （conductivity σ, melting point Tin, density p and thermal capacity c） and the impulse transferred charge （or energy） per impulse for the same total impulse transferred charge. The experimental results indicate that the mass loss of stainless steel, copper-tungsten and graphite are 380.10 μg/C, 118.10 μg/C and 81.90 μg/C respectively under the condition of a total impulse transferred charge of 525 C and a transferred charge per impulse of 10.5 C. Under the same impulse transferred charge, the mass loss of copper-tungsten（118.10 μg/C） with the transferred charge per impulse at 10.5 C is far larger than the mass loss （38.61μg/C） at a 1.48 C transferred charge per impulse. The electrode erosion mechanism under high energy impulse arcs is analyzed briefly and it is suggested that by selecting high conductive metal or metal alloy as the electrode material of a high energy impulse spark gap switch and setting high erosion resistance material at the top of the electrode, the mass loss of the electrode can be reduced and the life of the switch prolonged.

Optical Diagnostics of Multi-Gap Gas Switches for Linear Transformer Drivers

The trigger characteristics of a multi-gap gas switch with double insulating layers,a square-groove electrode supporter and a UV pre-ionizing structure are investigated aided by a high sensitivity fiber-bundle array detector, a UV fiber detector, and a framing camera, in addition to standard electrical diagnostics. The fiber-bundle-array detector is used to track the turn-on sequence of each electrode gap at a timing precision of 0.6 ns. Each fiber bundle, including five fibers with different azimuth angles, aims at the whole emitting area of each electrode gap and is fed to a photomultiplier tube. The UV fiber detector with a spectrum response of 260-320 nm,including a fused-quartz fiber of 200 μm in diameter and a solar-blinded photomultiplier tube, is adopted to study the effect of UV pre-ionizing on trigger characteristics. The framing camera,with a capacity of 4 frames per shot and an exposure time of 5 ns, is employed to capture the evolution of channel arcs. Based on the turn-on light signal of each electrode gap, the breakdown delay is divided into statistical delay and formative delay. A decrease in both of them, a smaller switch jitter and more channel arcs are observed with lower gas pressure. An increase in trigger voltage can reduce the statistical delay and its jitter, while higher trigger voltage has a relatively small influence on the formative delay and the number of channel arcs. With the UV pre-ionizing structure at 0.24 MPa gas pressure and 60 kV trigger voltage, the statistical delay and its jitter can be reduced by 1.8 ns and 0.67 ns, while the formative delay and its jitter can only be reduced by 0.5 ns and 0.25 ns.

A Multi-Gap Multi-Channel Gas Switch for the Linear Transformer Driver

A multi-gap and multi-channel gas switch with convexo-convex discal planet electrodes was designed and investigated. Eight gaps are formed in series by a trigger electrode, six intermediate electrodes and two high voltage electrodes with a uniform gap length of 5 ram. The self breakdown and triggered breakdown performance of the switch are reported. Both the delay time and jitter decrease with the increase in the trigger voltage, switching coefficient and the decrease in the trigger isolating resistor. The delay time of the switch is about 40 ns, and the jitter is less than 2 ns when charged with 4-85 kV and triggered by a voltage pule of -75 kV. The inductance of the switch is about 30 nH.

Comparative study on breakdown characteristics of trigger gap and overvoltage gap in a gas pressurized closing switch

Gas pressurized closing switches are one of the most important elements in FLTD-based systems. Improving the trigger performance of gas switches is useful for optimizing the output parameters and the reliability of the FLTD. In this paper, the breakdown characteristics of the trigger gap and the overvoltage gap are studied experimentally. The reasons for the different breakdown performance of the two gaps are also investigated. The results show that the breakdown delay of the trigger gap is more influenced by the trigger voltage, while the breakdown delay of the overvoltage gap is more influenced by the working coefficient and always higher than that of the trigger gap. The jitter of the trigger gap is more influenced by the trigger voltage and accounts more than 60% of the total switch jitter, while the jitter of the overvoltage gap is hardly changed with the trigger voltage as well as the working coefficient and maintains less than 1.4 ns. It is proved that the discharging product from the trigger gap can effectively reduce the breakdown delay and jitter of the overvoltage gap. Based on that, the effect and improvement of pre-ionization on the two gaps are also studied. It is concluded that the jitter of the trigger gap reduces obviously when the pre-ionization is added, while the pre-ionization almost has no effect on the jitter of the overvoltage gap. The jitter of the overvoltage gap is about two times higher than the trigger gap in the pre-ionizing switch.

Experimental Study of Reversely Switched Dynistor Discharge Based on Gap Breakdown Load

Breakdown characteristics of a gap breakdown load was investigated in this paper, and a reversely switched dynistor （RSD） discharge circuit was designed based on the load. Based on the characteristics of the load, the RSD discharge circuit was improved and optimized. The volume of the magnetic switch was reduced. To protect the thyristor and RSD, a diode was anti- parallely connected with the thyristor, which reduced the time requirement when a power voltage was applied to RSD. Experimental results show the circuit designed in this paper can switch a high voltage and high current smoothly, and allows the power voltage to change in a wider range.

Characteristics of SF_6 Switch with a Small Gap under High Pressure and Nanosecond Pulse

Structural design and tests on the characteristics of the SF6 gas switch with a small gap are presented. This kind of switch often works under high pressure and nanosecond pulse for getting pulse with faster risetime. The breakdown voltage and breakdown delay of a number of switches with different geometries, gas pressures and pulse waveforms were investigated. Experimental results suggested that the breakdown voltage increases linearly with the gas pressure, and the breakdown delay decreases with an increase in the gas pressure and a reduction in the gap distance of the switch under the same applied pulse. By using this kind of switch with a gap of 3 mm as a peaking switch, a pulse generator can provide an output voltage with a peak voltage of 300 kV and a risetime of 3 ns on a resistance load of 150Ω.

气体火花间隙开关通道电阻及热效应特性研究

针对一种应用于高功率重复频率Marx型脉冲功率源的两电极火花间隙气体开关,开展了火花通道电阻及其热效应特性研究,分析了火花间隙通道电阻热效应的影响因素,研究了重复频率连续工作条件下开关腔体内温度及气压变化。研究结果表明,开关腔体内气压和温度随着工作时间增长呈现先快速增加然后缓慢增长趋于稳定的趋势,脉冲电流幅值的增长对热量沉积的增加效果非常明显。研制的两电极火花间隙开关,在导通峰值电流14.7 kA、脉冲宽度160 ns的条件下连续运行9000个脉冲时,开关通道产生热量约36.6 kJ,在电流导通时间内,通过焦耳热效应计算得到开关导通时间内火花通道电阻平均值约0.12Ω。

低抖动大气压空气电晕均压多间隙气体火花开关

为了发展结构简单、便于维护的大功率气体火花开关,研制了大气压空气电晕均压多间隙气体火花开关,该开关采用电晕放电均压方式,由9个相同的间隙构成。利用有限元分析方法对9间隙电晕均压气体火花开关的电场进行了分析,发现适合长度的电晕针对开关主间隙的电场影响很小,且加载触发脉冲时可在中间间隙形成了强烈的畸变电场。在理论分析的基础上,开展了开关击穿特性研究,实验结果表明电晕均压有利于提升开关的稳定性,开关自击穿电压分散性降低,自击穿电压略微增大;同时多间隙开关实现了良好的触发导通,在工作电压60~85 kV(工作欠压比56.8%~80%)范围内,开关的击穿延时抖动均小于20 ns,当工作电压达到80 kV以上时,抖动可小于10 ns。文中设计的大气压空气电晕均压多间隙气体火花开关可用于直线脉冲变压器等脉冲功率系统,使用的基于电场模拟对电极结构进行优化的方法对设计其他类型的开关具有借鉴意义。

特高压混合直流工程快速旁路保护用兆伏级SF_6间隙等离子体喷射触发特性及工程设计

在江苏白鹤滩±800 kV特高压混合直流工程中,受端交流侧三相接地故障穿越失败时,会在±400 kV柔直母线上产生高幅值过电压,严重威胁柔直阀组安全,而基于等离子体喷射的超快速旁路开关1 ms内将柔直母线快速接地保护柔直阀组是一种全新的解决方案。DC 400 kV触发间隙需满足高耐压(>1.2 MV)、低工作系数(<5%)、短延时(<1 ms)、大通流等严苛要求,而如何实现高气压、长间隙的可靠触发导通,并提出工程化设计方案是关键难题。为此搭建了增强型等离子体喷射触发间隙导通研究平台,重点研究触发电压、气压、间隙长度以及工作系数等关键影响因素对SF_(6)触发间隙导通特性的影响规律。结果表明,提升触发电压可显著提升触发导通概率、降低触发延时,但存在一定的饱和现象;在固定的工作电压下,随气压或间隙长度的增加,工作系数显著减小,导致触发延时骤增且导通概率急剧减小;在相同工作系数下,高气压短间隙的触发导通性能更强。据此提出满足特高压混合直流工程400 kV柔直母线快速接地用DC 400 kV间隙开关,间隙采用复合外套单间隙结构,轮转型触发腔设计实现多次触发。研制了触发间隙试验样机(间隙距离为10 cm、压强为0.5 MPa的SF_(6)),其雷电耐压>1250kV,临界可触发电压<50 kV,导通时延<0.5 ms。该研究结果为特高压混合直流输电系统中柔直阀组快速保护用兆伏级SF_6触发间隙工程应用提供了理论支持和工程初步设计方案。

新型高速道岔结构研发及列车过岔安全性分析

为了减小尖轨对列车高速运行安全性的影响,研发了一种新型高速道岔转辙器结构。新型转辙器去掉了既有结构中的尖轨,全部采用标准60 kg/m钢轨的轨头断面;转辙轨一端固定,另一端可左右转动,从而实现转向。基于车辆-道岔耦合动力学理论,分别建立标准18号道岔、新型道岔模型以及CRH_(2)型车的单车模型;通过与标准道岔对比,分析列车侧逆向通过新型道岔的安全性。结果表明:与标准道岔相比,列车侧逆向通过新型道岔时,在转辙器区域脱轨系数由0.49降为0.32,降低34.69%;轮轨横向力峰值由40.24 kN降为26.51 kN,降低34.12%;轮轨垂向力峰值由90.71 kN降到84.66 kN,降低6.67%。列车通过新型道岔时轮重减载率在跟端轨缝位置出现突变,在转辙器区域优于标准道岔。

适用于光导开关触发的V/N气体开关设计与验证

为了满足多路精确同步触发开关要求,将光导开关(PCSS)与V/N气体开关结合,可充分发挥PCSS低触发阈值、低抖动和光电隔离以及V/N气体开关工作电压高、带载能力强等优势。两种开关结合的核心是V/N气体开关结构参数与PCSS触发回路的参数匹配。分析计算了V/N气体开关的结构电容、触发回路振荡参数、开关电场分布等,研究了V/N气体开关的结构电容与PCSS、串联电感等构成的振荡回路的匹配关系,通过实验获得了V/N气体开关自击穿电压曲线、导通延迟时间以及不同欠压比下的延迟时间抖动等,初步验证了适用于PCSS触发的V/N气体开关设计。

海拔2500 m地区±800 k V特高压阀厅空气间隙操作冲击放电特性

为准确获得2 500 m海拔以上的±800 kV特高压直流工程送端阀厅的内部设计尺寸(汉语是半句话,用句号不太合适,请作者检查)。本文在2 500 m海拔的西宁高海拔试验基地,采用升降法开展了相间和相对地间隙的放电特性试验,得到了典型间隙的操作冲击放电电压U50,并给出了放电电压与间隙距离的拟合公式。试验结果表明:空气间隙类型决定其放电特性曲线的增长率的不同,电极上均压球电极曲率半径的增大可以显著提高间隙的操作耐受能力,而针对同一种空气间隙来说,正向操作冲击电压施加的电极部位不同会直接导致放电特性曲线的不同。

Analysis of Light Load Efficiency Characteristics of a Dual Active Bridge Converter Using Wide Band-Gap Devices

In this paper, the zero voltage switching (ZVS) region of a dual active bridge (DAB) converter with wide band-gap (WBG) power semiconductor device is analyzed. The ZVS region of a DAB converter varies depending on output power and voltage ratio. The DAB converters operate with hard switching at light loads, it is difficult to achieve high efficiency. Fortunately, WBG power semiconductor devices have excellent hard switching characteristics and can increase efficiency compared to silicon (Si) devices. In particular, WBG devices can achieve ZVS at low load currents due to their low parasitic output capacitance (Co,tr) characteristics. Therefore, in this paper, the ZVS operating resion is analyzed based on the characteristics of Si, silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). Power semiconductor devices. WBG devices with low Co,tr operate at ZVS at lower load currents compared to Si devices. To verify this, experiments are conducted and the results are analyzed using a 3 kW DAB converter. For Si devices, ZVS is achieved above 1.4 kW. For WBG devices, ZVS is achieved at 700 W. Due to the ZVS conditions depending on the switching device, the DAB converter using Si devices achieves a power conversion efficiency of 91% at 1.1 kW output. On the other hand, in the case of WBG devices, power conversion efficiency of more than 98% is achieved under 11 kW conditions. In conclusion, it is confirmed that the WBG device operates in ZVS at a lower load compared to the Si device, which is advantageous in increasing light load efficiency.

高静压下两间隙气体开关结构及电场优化设计

为解决可控冲击波设备的两间隙气体火花开关在非常规页岩油开发中结构强度不够的问题,提出了一种适用于高静压、有限空间中的气体火花开关结构强度与电场分布同步优化的设计方法。基于有限元模拟与理论分析,评估了50 MPa外部高静压对气体火花开关结构强度的影响,针对结构强度足够的气体火花开关模型,通过高斯定理对开关内部的电场分布进行了优化分析,给出了两电极气体火花开关结构强度与电场分布同步优化的设计方案。研究结果表明:开关结构强度主要与腔室壁厚正相关,而壁厚的增加会提高开关异常放电概率,在特定的壁厚参数下,电极半径存在最佳值使得绝缘子表面电场强度最低。在保证结构强度的前提下,对现有开关电场分布进行了优化分析,优化后的开关间隙电场的不均匀度有轻微提高,而高压绝缘子内、外表面电场强度分别衰减了59.6%与31.0%。通过先增加结构强度、后优化电场分布的方法,实现了对冲击波设备的两电极气体火花开关结构强度与电场分布的同步优化。

配电网用气体间隙开关触发腔性能劣化进程及剩余寿命预测方法

气体间隙开关重复触发动作导致其触发腔的机械性能、电气性能降低,在配电网快速控制与保护应用场景中的影响或将更加显著,亟须开展触发腔性能劣化及其寿命预测研究,为此搭建了气体间隙开关触发放电研究平台。研究结果表明,随着触发放电次数的累积,触发腔针电极处内径、喷口直径与内壁表面粗糙度均逐渐增大,喷口内壁出现凹坑、凸起点,针电极处的烧蚀孔洞由“点—线—面”发展,引起气体开关触通过程中的等离子体喷射特性参数(喷射高度、喷射直径、喷射面积)逐渐减小,触通时延、击穿时延均明显增大。在强绝缘、强电负性SF6触发环境中,计及放电烧蚀分解产物的电负性效应,致其喷射等离子体发展过程受到明显抑制,显著制约了触发寿命。选取喷射高度为预测因子,建立基于长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)的气体开关剩余触发寿命预测模型,模型预测值与试验值间的方均根误差、平均绝对百分比误差分别低至0.063、0.055,剩余触发寿命预测误差在10%以内。研究结果可为气体开关运行稳定性及寿命预测提供参考。

诱导触发型气体间隙开关快速绝缘恢复特性

气体间隙开关动作迅速、结构简单,在电力系统中应用前景良好,但对其绝缘恢复特性研究尚少。为此,文中采用双脉冲法研究开关间隙距离、触发介质气压及其种类对气体开关绝缘恢复特性的影响规律。结果表明:诱导触发型气体间隙开关绝缘恢复经历过渡期、快速恢复期和饱和期3个阶段,饱和期的持续时间远大于前两阶段之和,且在快速恢复期无“平台现象”出现。减小开关间隙距离,气体开关绝缘恢复速率渐进增大,其绝缘基本恢复时间(绝缘恢复系数R_(U)>90%)可降低50%。触发介质气压对气体开关绝缘恢复特性影响显著,对绝缘恢复过程的影响特性存在差异。增大触发介质气压会减缓气体开关的绝缘恢复过程,0.1~0.3 MPa压缩干燥空气中,气体间隙开关绝缘基本恢复时间对应为11~40 ms。强电负性SF_(6)对气体开关绝缘恢复具有明显增强作用,其绝缘恢复速率接近于空气中的4倍。研究结果可为气体间隙开关快速绝缘恢复技术提供理论指导。

Fabrication and Testing of Metal Foil Planar Switch

A metal foil spark gap switch is fabricated by using magnetron sputtering deposition technology and standard microelectronic technology. The switch has two main electrodes and a trigger electrode. Stylus profiler is employed to measure the distance between the main electrodes and the dimensions of the trigger electrode. The discharge characteristics of the metal foil spark gap switch are discussed. The switch has short delay time and low time jitter. When it is fired by a conventional capacitive discharge unit (CDU), the firing circuit has low inductance and resistance. Because of its low profile structure, it can be easily integrated with the bridge foil used in a conventional exploding foil initiator system (EFIS).

气体间隙开关喷射等离子体触发性能劣化及剩余触发寿命预测研究

喷射等离子体诱导型气体间隙开关用于电力系统过电压防护具有明显优势,但高注入触发能量下多次放电累积效应引起的触发失效问题严重,极限可触发次数具有不确定性,亟须开展触发寿命与触发有效参数的关联规律以及剩余触发寿命预测研究。为此该文搭建了气体间隙开关触发寿命研究平台。结果表明,低容值触发电路可迅速建立触发放电主通道,电弧电流可达3.7kA;高容值触发电路提高了用于解离产气材料而形成喷射等离子体的能量,显著提升了触发腔等离子体喷射触发能力。触发回路电容C_(1)距C_(2)放电时延Δt_(0)、击穿时延Δt_(1)、触通时延Δt_(2)可分别用于表征触发一级腔、二级腔、气体开关导通性能的劣化程度,其变化过程可用于表征气体开关触发失效的阈值范围。以等离子体喷射高度作为预测因子,建立了气体开关剩余触发寿命预测模型ARIMA(1,1,2),预测值与试验结果基本吻合,剩余触发寿命预测误差在10%以内。研究结果可为气体间隙开关实现稳定触通及触发寿命预测提供理论参考和工程应用指导。