The Influence of Aesthetic Ideology of TAO Yuan-ming on Classical Gardens in South China

Based on the contents and temperament of pastoral poetries written by TAO Yuan-ming,by centering on respecting the nature,indifference and optimism,and plainness and authenticity,the paper had analyzed aesthetic ideologies contained in his poetries.On this basis,it had discussed the influence of aesthetic ideology of TAO Yuan-ming on the style of classical gardens in South China,which were quiet and natural,elegant and fresh,simple and plain,and far-reaching in artistic conception.By combining with cases,it pointed out that the poetic prose had been directly quoted as the names of gardens or scenic spots of classical gardens in South China,and showed that the aesthetic ideology of TAO Yuan-ming had set up a successful ideal model for cultural landscapes,producing far-reaching influence on the aesthetic state of mind of gardeners or owners of gardens,further instilling humanistic spirit into classical gardens in South China.

Opportunities and Challenges for the Development of China's Community Gardens

Since the 1970s,community gardens have played an important role in promoting the development of sustainable communities and improving urban environments in the United States. Despite the popularity of spontaneous urban farming activities in China,community gardens have not caught on as an ecologically and socially sustainable urban development strategy. Based on a comparison of community garden development in China and the U.S.,the authors of this article fi nd that the development of community gardens in China will require close collaboration between city planning officials,real estate agencies,urban citizens,and landscape architects.

Bioavailability of heavy metals in soil of the Tieguanyin tea garden, southeastern China

The bioavailability of 22 heavy metals was investigated at 19 sampling sites in Tieguanyin tea garden in Anxi County,Fujian Province,southeastern China.Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)and evaluated by geo-accumulation index(I_(geo)).Dilute nitric acid extraction was used to evaluate biological activity.Cu,Pb,and Cd were highly bioavailable and most easily absorbed by tea trees.Heavy metal bioavailability in the surface soil was as the ratio of the effective state to the total amount.Cd had the highest I_(geo)values,and the respective samples and sites were classified as moderately/strongly contaminated.Cd element is considered the main factor of heavy metal pollution in the tea garden in Anxi.The other heavy metals studied were present in lower concentrations;thus,the samples were classified as uncontaminated or slightly contaminated.

Research on Design and Manifestation of Seclusion Sentiment in Classical Gardens in South China

After the illustration of the concept of landscape seclusion sentiment and the source of seclusion sentiment of classical gardens in South China, the paper has summarized the influence of Confucian, Taoist and Buddhist thoughts on the creation of seclusion sentiment of classical gardens, and further explored methods to create seclusion sentiment. It considers that seclusion sentiment of landscape is generally created through rockeries, waters, plants disposition, landscaping buildings and pavements, paintings and carvings.

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

Brief History of Xu-style Garden: Private Gardens in Xuzhou during the Republic of China

Through literature review and fi eld investigation,famous private gardens in Xuzhou city and countryside during the Republic of China period were investigated.According to the main uses,the private gardens in this period were divided into 4 types:house garden,library garden,restaurant garden and for-profi t(fl owers,trees and vegetables)garden.In addition,this paper sorted out the owner of each private garden,the construction process,the scale of the garden and the general situation of the garden,and analyzed the idea,site selection,layout,the characteristics of the key private garden elements and style of these gardens.

Brief History of Xu-style Garden in the Middle Ancient Times of China

According to ancient books and documents,this paper collected and sorted out the people and things related to Xu-style gardens in the middle ancient period of Chinese history,during the 400 years from the division of“Three Kingdoms”to the unifi cation of Sui Dynasty.For the frequent war chaos,gardening constructions in Xuzhou were hardly seen in this period,but the gardening fruits of Xu-style garden had spread all over the country with a large number of Xu people moving south.While inheriting the splendid and rough style of Qin and Han Dynasties,Xu-style garden attached more importance to“spectacular”,summarized and put forward the ideas of“master nature”and“artistic conception”,and raised the gardening technique to a theoretical height,thus pioneered the idea of“master nature”in Chinese classical gardens.

中国叠石掇山与日本枯山水的对比研究

中国假山与日本枯山水同属于东方园林体系,但其山石造园艺术各有特色。文章通过历史渊源、主导思想、古籍著作、法式原则、营造技法、使用功能等六个维度探讨了中国假山和日本枯山水的异同点,并通过中国环秀山庄叠石掇山与日本龙安寺方丈庭园枯山水进行案例分析,期望通过文章的研究对东方体系中假山造园艺术的分类有一定借鉴意义。

回归建筑实践的初心——读《建筑与园林的对话:缪朴建筑设计作品集》

文章评述缪朴先生新作《建筑与园林的对话:缪朴建筑设计作品集》,介绍中国建筑实践中的另类经验。缪朴先生在近30年的建筑实践中,努力追求建筑与自然、园林的结合,创造俯仰高低的丰富空间,以普通材料构筑令人耳目一新的细部,使得普通居民可以在有限的投资和小规模的社区建筑中,享受到符合中国人民生活和审美习惯的居住环境。缪朴的建筑设计走本土化的现代主义之路,以此回归了建筑学的初心。

一种林分水平结构多样性新参数及其在北京国家植物园的应用

【目的】研究构建了一种基于相邻木关系的林分水平空间结构多样性的新指数,首次全面评价和比较北京国家植物园内典型林分的水平空间结构多样性。【方法】描述林分水平空间结构的4个参数可以分别表达林木及其最近相邻木的格局、大小、树种和竞争等空间结构的多样性。将参数组合,则可以全面描述林分的水平结构多样性。用修正的遗传绝对距离表达林分结构单元类型的均匀性,用林分结构参数组合数与最大类型数的比值表达林分空间结构的复杂性,构造林分水平结构多样性指数(FSDN)。以北京国家植物园两个典型林分为分析对象,以同地区和南方地区的其他人工林为比较林分,采用FSDN指数分析不同结构参数组合类型个数的多少及其占比,评价林分水平空间结构的多样性。【结果】北京国家植物园内两种典型林分虽然在林分类型、树种多少、林分密度等多个方面都有差异,但其水平结构多样性非常相似。同地区的侧柏人工林结构多样性更低,但以等级划分时,其等级和国家植物园两个林分的等级相同,均为中等。【结论】北京国家植物园典型林分类型的水平格局多样性处于中等的水平,这与中国同地区或南方地区的人工林相似。新的水平格局多样性指数由结构种类分布的均匀性和结构的复杂性两部分组成,可量化林分水平不同方面的多样性,也方便综合描述,并明确阐释多样性高低的原因,以及均匀性和复杂性的贡献程度。这将为森林经营,尤其是致力于提升和优化森林结构多样性的经营目标提供更多工具。

美丽中国建设目标下植物园规划创新路径研究

植物园作为美丽中国的建设核心和城市生态文明的重要载体,其规划质量与建设水平直接影响区域的生态资源形象、生物保护水平、植物科普效果、景观游赏质量等。本文耦合美丽中国的时代语境,探讨如何在传承传统植物园规划的基础上,创新生态文明新阶段植物园规划路径。1)梳理我国植物园规划的历史脉络,阐明改革开放后植物园不同阶段的规划理念特征—“服务科研,功能单一、理念丰富,功能多元、生态相融,万物和谐”;2)结合美丽中国建设背景,从国家植物园及地方植物两个层次阐述新时期我国植物园高质量发展思路及目标;3)从“创新传统文化理念、深化植物布局体系、依托新型分类系统、展示多元功能属性”四大维度出发,探索美丽中国建设目标下植物园创新发展路径。耦合时代背景,创新规划理念,落实人与自然和谐共生思想及城市生物多样性保护命题,以期为我国未来植物园的高质量发展提供有益参考。

权力、场域与公私之变:民国无锡园林转型的社会学解读

民国时期,无锡开创私人建园向公众免费开放之先河,是中国近代园林史上一个极具代表性的缩影。而作为园主的民族资产阶级,也以园林搭建了一个复杂的社会关系网。为了研究园林转型背后的权力斗争,以布尔迪厄的场域理论进行分析,链接了以往被忽视的零散非体系性史料。发现在权力、经济与园林场域的交叠下,无锡的民族资产阶级对自我身份认知发生变化,从而顺应时势而调整自身的位置。园林作为场域,以争夺景观资本为中心,以交换经济与政治资本为目的,使场域内的行动者形成了文人、社会教化者与商人3个方面取向的惯习,从而促成了无锡民国园林中多样的布局与风格。

绿色发展背景下“竹&园&艺”的有机融合——以第十届中国花卉博览会竹藤园建造为例

竹是极具中国传统文化内涵的植物,是中国古典园林及当代景观规划应用的重要造园元素;园是中国人从古至今通过艺术和工程手段,利用自然因素和人文因素所营造的追求自然和艺术的理想人居环境空间;艺术是一种表达和交流方式,可以是独立的创作,也可以是一种社会和文化现象,旨在实现美的创造、欣赏乃至升华,引发人的共鸣和思考。在全球绿色变革的背景下,如何实现从植物到植物景观再到艺术审美的升华,以及从竹材料到其材料应用再到材料美学诠释的升华,是当代景观规划与应用领域值得思考和探索的问题。文章以在中国上海崇明岛举办的中国第十届花卉博览会竹藤园的建造为例,从建造背景、植物—植物景观—艺术审美、竹材料—竹材运用—竹材审美诠释3个方面详细阐述了“竹&园&艺”有机融合的实践探索,诠释了竹类植物所蕴含的自然科学与文化艺术的丰富内涵,以期为景观园艺的绿色可持续发展提供创新思路。

民国时期苏州古典园林之“识”

近代的苏州古典园林在开放性上越来越高,与苏州社会的联系也更为紧密。在民国时期的苏州社会变迁中,不同群体如文人、学者和政府对苏州古典园林越来越重视,在文学品评、学术研究、市政建设的不同方面将古典园林作为一部分的话语中心,从文本撰写和实践操作中可以反映出其在这一阶段的演变,以及如何影响到苏州城市的发展方向。古典园林的文化价值和实用功能进一步得到传承和开发,各界对古典园林的认识尤为关键,使得苏州的古典园林不断丰富文化内涵,也对新中国成立后的园林保护工作提供思想基础和指导作用,为苏州此后的城市建设奠定了基调。

民国时期造园教材的发展脉络研究

以民国时期造园教材为对象,运用文本分析法,从历史的角度审视和研究风景园林学教材在建构中国风景园林学学科中的重要视角。依据民国时期造园学者对现代造园学的认知历程及主要表征,梳理造园教材在民国时期建构中的呈现要点,辨析其从“单一”到“多学科”的特征衍变,并观照现代转型之下从“LA”到“造园学”的转译。结果发现,中国风景园林学首先是在民国初期接受了作为园艺学的概念,其次在探索本质的过程中接受了作为森林及建筑学的概念,并在三个学科中与传统中国文化相结合,奠定了当今风景园林学的基础。旨在从本源探析中国现代风景园林学的特征,对重新审视中国风景园林学的源流与建构具有重要价值。

改革开放初期中国古典园林的当代解译(1978—1992年)

改革开放初期(1978—1992年),在对外开放的政策和1985年兴起的“文化热”背景下,中国传统文化和古典园林研究经历了显著复兴,古典园林作为文化现代化的载体发挥着重要作用,并促进了学术共同体的形成与发展。通过对这一特殊历史时段公开发表的论文、著作等学术文献的全面梳理,从知识产生的背景动力、途径方式和传播应用等方面对社会文化背景下古典园林学术理论的产生、学术范式转变的机制以及知识如何被应用于实践等内容进行分析。揭示了多学科视角及方法的借鉴与融合是推动古典园林学术理论转型的重要机制,现代功能需求及西方建筑思潮的引入是古典园林“古为今用”设计思想革新的重要推手。

Statistical Downscaling Prediction of Summer Precipitation in Southeastern China

A statistical downscaling approach based on multiple-linear-regression(MLR) for the prediction of summer precipitation anomaly in southeastern China was established,which was based on the outputs of seven operational dynamical models of Development of a European Multi-model Ensemble System for Seasonal to Interannual Prediction(DEMETER) and observed data.It was found that the anomaly correlation coefficients(ACCs) spatial pattern of June-July-August(JJA) precipitation over southeastern China between the seven models and the observation were increased significantly;especially in the central and the northeastern areas,the ACCs were all larger than 0.42(above 95% level) and 0.53(above 99% level).Meanwhile,the root-mean-square errors(RMSE) were reduced in each model along with the multi-model ensemble(MME) for some of the stations in the northeastern area;additionally,the value of RMSE difference between before and after downscaling at some stations were larger than 1 mm d-1.Regionally averaged JJA rainfall anomaly temporal series of the downscaling scheme can capture the main characteristics of observation,while the correlation coefficients(CCs) between the temporal variations of the observation and downscaling results varied from 0.52 to 0.69 with corresponding variations from-0.27 to 0.22 for CCs between the observation and outputs of the models.

Manifestation of Traditional Cultures in Classical Chinese and Korean Gardens

Classical garden as a kind of comprehensive art embodies a nation's culture and spirit, and culture has a direct impact on the style of classical gardens in the same period. Traditional Chinese and Korean gardens have intimate connection with each other and have their own unique systems. Also it is no exception in culture, that is, similar traditional cultures have different manifestations in their respective classical gardens. This study analyzes different manifestations of yin and yang and Five Elements Theory, thought of immortals and Confucianism in classical gardens of China and Korea.

傲雪凌霜学者脊梁——孙筱祥先生对当代公园和植物园建设发展的开创性、前瞻性贡献及深远国际影响

【意义】随着国家植物园和华南国家植物园于2022年相继揭牌成立,当代公园和植物园的发展历程引起了更加广泛的关注。孙筱祥先生是中国现代风景园林领域的先驱和开拓者,其风景园林作品包括花港观鱼公园、杭州植物园、北京林业大学教学植物园、北京植物园(现国家植物园)、中国科学院华南植物园(现华南国家植物园)、海南植物园、厦门市园林植物园、深圳市仙湖植物园、中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园和云南景东亚热带植物园。纵观这些作品的诞生、演变及创作时代背景,系统性地总结孙先生的理论、实践和职业生涯,对于当代公园和植物园建设发展史的研究至关重要。【评论】孙筱祥先生集教育家、园林家、花卉家、画家、建筑师和大地规划师于一身,他的风景园林作品在时代洪流中脱颖而出,成为永恒的经典和传世之作。通过对孙先生70年风景园林史料的分析和研究,从聚焦时代背景的视角,阐述他为当代建设科学与艺术、东方与西方、古典与现代、自然与人文、抽象与现实相结合的世界一流公园和植物园开辟了道路、引领了方向、奠定了基础、树立了典范。【展望】孙筱祥先生的风景园林作品,遍布中国大江南北的不同气候带,他为促进植物多样性物种保存和迁地保护、人类生存环境的可持续发展,以及发挥公园和植物园的生态、社会、美学和经济效应,均做出了不朽的贡献。他的理论思想和园林创作艺术将通过他的杰作代代传扬,持续推动中国和世界风景园林事业的发展。