Effect of garlic and garlic-green tea mixture on serum lipids in MNNG-induced experimental gastriccarcinoma and precancerous lesion

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The Beneficial Effects of Components of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in the Poultry Industry

Plant-based antimicrobial agents are readily available, cost-effective, and exhibit low toxicity, making them promising alternatives in combatting microbial infections. Among these plants, garlic (Allium sativum) stands out for its traditional medicinal use in effectively combating various microorganisms. In the poultry industry, preventing avian virus and bacterial infections is paramount for chicken husbandry. However, using conventional drugs poses potential risks to human health. Garlic, a widely used Asian plant in traditional medicine for various pathologies, has shown potential as an herbal prophylactic remedy against viral and bacterial infections. Recently, researchers explored garlic and its derivatives as a scientific strategy in veterinary practices for diverse purposes, such as improving poultry production characteristics and acting as antibiotic growth promoters. This comprehensive review delves into garlic and its derivatives as preventive and corrective treatments for viral diseases in laying hens and broilers. The paper highlights their potential effectiveness and safety as a natural means to enhance poultry health and welfare while mitigating the risks associated with conventional drug usage in the food industry.

Black Garlic as an Antiviral for Herpes Simplex Virus-2 in Lung Cells

Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-GloTM H2O2 assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.

Structure, function, action mechanism and application prospect of black garlic peptide

Black garlic is a processed product derived from fresh garlic,retaining the original nutritional components of garlic while enhancing many of its biological activities.Black garlic peptides are a class of bioactive peptides extracted from fermented black garlic,which have gained considerable attention due to their unique health benefits.This article comprehensively discusses the extraction technologies,structural composition,biological functions,and application potential of black garlic peptides in agriculture,medicine,and the food industry.Extraction methods for black garlic peptides include ammonium sulfate precipitation,alkali-soluble acid-precipitation,enhanced hybrid supercritical fluid-assisted atomization(SAA-HCM),and others,which can efficiently separate bioactive peptides from black garlic.Structural and compositional analysis reveals the characteristics of black garlic peptides as small molecule peptides and the mechanisms of action of these peptides within the body.Black garlic peptides demonstrate health benefits such as antioxidation,anti-inflammatory effects,lipid-lowering properties,and immunomodulatory effects,providing scientific support for their applications in the medical field.In terms of application potential,black garlic peptides can be used as natural plant growth regulators and disease control agents in agriculture;in the medical field,their health benefits make them an important resource for developing new health supplements and drugs;in the food industry,black garlic peptides can serve as functional food additives to enhance the nutritional value and health benefits of foods.As a multifunctional bioactive substance,the optimization of extraction methods,in-depth studies of structure and function,and the development of applications in various fields will bring new opportunities for human health and industrial development.Future research should further explore the detailed mechanisms of action of black garlic peptides and their specific effects in different application domains to promote their wider use.

Effect of Garlic Straw on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Continuous Cropping Soil and Root Activity of Tomato in Solar Greenhouse

Taking tomato ＂Kate two＂ as the experimental material, the effects of different dosage of garlic straw on physical and chemical characteristics of continuous cropping soil and root activity of tomato in solar greenhouse were studied. The results showed that after applying with garlic straw, maximal and minimal temperatures in 0-15 cm soil layers were directly proportional to the amount of returned garlic straw, which were 2.39 ℃ and 1℃ higher than that of the control respectively. The unit weight was decreasing upon the amount of applied garlic straws of soils in different depths, but the porosity of soil was increasing. For example, unit weight and porosity changed the most significantly in soils in the depths of 0-10 cm, which went down by 6.71% and 6.18%, respectively. Besides, garlic straw returning to field improved soil pH, reduced soil conductivity and soil acidification and relieved soil secondary salinization, especially in 0-20 cm soil layers. In addition to that, the application of garlic straw increased the root activity of tomato （max 31.45%）, and delayed root system senescence in late stage. Therefore, garlic straw returning could improve the physical and chemical characteristics of soil by succession planting and root activity of tomato in solar greenhouse.

Exploration for a Natural Selenium Supplement——Characterization and Bioactivities of Se-containing Polysaccharide from Garlic

A Se—containing polysaccharide(Se-GPS),with average molecular weight of 1.5×10~4 was isolated from Hubei Enshi garlic(Allium sativum L.)and purified by means of Sephadex G25 to G200 chromatographies.Its chemical homogeneity and composition were studied by optical rotation,HPLC and paper chromatographical methods.The abilities of scavenging active oxygen free radicals and inhibiting the damage of erythrocyte membrane by SiO_2 were established by spin trapping ESR studies.Se-GPS was shown to inhibit human cytomegalovirus by plague reduction assays and cytopathogenic effect tests.

Preliminary Study on Garlic Root Exudates Influences to the Growth of Pomegranate Wilt Pathogen(Ceratocystis fimbriata)and Bacillus subtilis

[Objectives] This paper aims to explore the possibility to intercrop garlic with pomegranate tree to control pomegranate wilt.[Methods] Root exudates of garlic is cultivated in 1/5 concentration of MS solution and distilled water is examined in lab to test their effect to growth of mycelia of pomegranate wilt pathogen（Ceratocystis fimbriata）and multiplication of Bacillus subtilis.[Results] The result shows that garlic root exudates whatever cultivated in MS solution or distilled water could not inhibit or promote mycelia growth of C.fimbriata.However,garlic root exudates cultivated in both methods effectively promote multiplication of B.subtilis.[Conclusions] It is suggested that intercropping garlic with pomegranate tree by combining application B.subtilis could be a promising way to prevent pomegranate wilt spread in practice.

Effects of Two Kinds of Heavy Metals Including Cr^(6+) and Pb^(2+) on Garlic Germination

[Objective] This study aimed to revealing the effects of two kinds of heavy metals including Cr6＋ and Pb2＋ on garlic germination.[Method] Root length,enzyme（SOD and CAT）activity and soluble protein content during garlic germination were determined under the stress of two kinds of heavy metals including Cr6＋ and Pb2＋.[Result] During garlic germination,there was an obvious inhibition on buds and seedlings when the concentration of heavy metals including Cr6＋ and Pb2＋ was more than 20 mg/L,while SOD and CAT had certain buffering ability to the heavy metal toxicity with low concentration.With the stress of Cr6＋ in low concentration,SOD activity increased with the increase of metal ion concentration,and then reached maximum when the treatment concentration was 50 mg/L,while CAT activity gradually increased when Cr6＋ concentration was lower than 20 mg/L.With the high concentration of Cr6＋（more than 50 mg/L）or the Pb2＋ stress,SOD and CAT activity continued to decrease with the increase of concentration of heavy metal ions.With various concentrations of heavy metal（Cr6＋ and Pb2＋）solution,soluble protein content showed the decreasing trend with time prolong,and the decreasing trend was obvious with the increase of concentration.Moreover,the tolerance of garlic on Cr6＋ toxicity was much higher than that on Pb2＋.[Conclusion] Two kinds of heavy metals including Cr6＋ and Pb2＋ have impacts on four factors mentioned above during garlic germination,and this study provides a theoretical basis for further discussion of the toxic mechanism of heavy metals on plants.

ADJUSTING EFFECTS OF APPLICATION OF GARLIC PASTE AT SHNQU (神阙 CV8) ON THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF BODY TEMPERATURE INDUCED BY SLEEP DEPRIVATION

Objective To observe the effect of application of garlic paste at Shenque （神阙 CV8） on the circadian rhythm in sleep deprivation young students. Metheds Twenty healthy volunteer young male students from Southern Medical University were randomly divided into three groups： normal group （A）, sleep deprivation group （B） and treatment group （C）. Volunteers in group B and C received 48 h sleep deprivation （SD）, and in the mean time volunteers in group C were treated by garlic paste at Shenque （神阙 CV8）, while those in group A had no any treatment. The body temperature of all the volunteers was detected at 6：00 am, 12：00 am, 6：00 pm and 0：00 am, respectively, after the treatment. Results The mean body temperature values in group A and C both were highest at 6： 00 pm and lowest at 6： 00 am which had a significant difference in each group （P〈0.01）; in group B, the mean body temperature was highest at 0：00 am and lowestat 6：00 am, no significant difference was found between them （P〉0.05）. Results of cosine analysis showed that in subjects of group B the circadian rhythm of body temperature still kept going well after SD, but the peak amplitude and amplitude of vibration were higher than those of group A, and the acrophase of group B was obviously lower than that of group C and A. The 3 indexes of group C were similar to those of group A, denoting that garlic paste application of Shenque （神阙 CV8） could prevent disorders of circadian rhythm of the body temperature. Conclusion The garlic paste application at Shenque （神阙 CV8） can adjust circadian rhythm and accelerate the recovery processes of circadian rhythm in SD young students.

The Involvement of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Regulation of Cell Content Redistribution in the Excised Garlic Scape of Allium sativum

During long term storage at 25℃ in the dark,a large number of cell content were transferred from the senescing scape to the developing cloves,and the transfer from the basal part of scape was earlier than that from the apical part in the excised garlic scape ( Allium sativum var Taichang).Levels of H 2O 2 decreased in the cloves and significantly increased up to 10 folds and then declined quickly in the scape.Levels of H 2O 2 were enhanced early in the basal part of scape.In the treatment of GA 3 at the cloves,levels of H 2O 2 were strongly enhanced in the cloves and inhibited in the scape,coinciding with the distinct inhibition of cell content tansfer.The results indicated that H 2O 2 may be involved in cell content redistribution and its regulation.3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT) is a specific inhibitor of catalase.Effects of AT on cell content redistribution and levels of H 2O 2 were almost similar to those of GA 3,It further proved the above concept.According to the changes of H 2O 2 leves and activities of peroxidase and catalase in the cloves and in the scape,we suggest that the accumulation of H 2O 2 in the scape was transducted from the cloves,and the decline of H 2O 2 level in the scape with GA 3 or AT at the cloves was mainly through the inhibition of H 2O 2 synthesis in the cloves.

Influence of Garlic Intercropping or Active Emitted Volatiles in Releasers on Aphid and Related Beneficial in Wheat Fields in China

In order to develop biological control of aphids by a ＂push-pull＂ approach, intercropping using repellent emitting plants was developed in different crop and associated plant models. Garlic is one of the potential plant that could be inserted in crops to decrease the pest occurrence in neighboring crop plots. In this study, field works were conducted in wheat fields in Langfang Experimental Station, Hebei Province in China from October 2009 to July 2010 during wheat developmental season. The effect of wheat intercropping with garlic but also the volatiles emission on the incidence of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius （Homoptera： Aphididae） was assessed. Natural beneficial occurrence and global yields in two winter wheat varieties that were susceptible or resistant to cereal aphid were also determined comparing to control plots without the use of garlic plant intercrop nor semiochemical releaser in the fields. S. avenae was found to be lower in garlic oil blend treatment （GOB）, diallyl disulfide treatment （DD） and wheat-garlic intercropping treatment （WGI） when compared to the control plots for both two varieties （P〈0.01）. Both intercropping and application of volatile chemicals emitted by garlic could improve the population densities of natural enemies of cereal aphid, including ladybeetles and mummified aphids. Ladybeetle population density in WGI, GOB and mummified aphids densities in WGI, DD were significantly higher than those in control fields for both two varieties （P〈0.05）. There were significant interactions between cultivars and treatments to the population densities of S. avenae. The 1 000-grain weight and yield of wheat were also increased compared to the control. Due to their potential alternatives as a biological control agent against cereal aphid, garlic intercropping and related emitted volatiles are expected to contribute to the further improvement of integrated pest management systems and to potentially reduce the amount of traditional synthetic pesticides applied in wheat fields.

Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Fistular Onion (Allium fistulosum) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Rust Leaves

[ Objective] Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study fistular onion （Alliumfistulosum） and garlic （Allium sativum） rust leaves, so as to explore the application potential of mid-infrared spectroscopy in the diagnosis of crop disease. [ Method] The normal green leaves and rust leaves of fistular onion and garlic were tested using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their spectral differences were analyzed. [ Result] The infrared spectra of green leaves of fistular onion and garlic are mainly composed of the vibrational bands of polysaccharides, protein and ester. Normal and rust leaves exhibited differences in the fin- gerprint interval of 1 800 -900 cm-1 , in which the band at 1 640 cm-1 in the spectrum of flstular onion rust leaf became stronger, and the band at 1 103 cm-1 was not obvious compared with the spectrum of normal leaf. The absorbance ratios A1640/A1063, A1640/A1736, A1640/A2924, and A1063/A2924 of onion rust leaf were larger than the corresponding ratios A1638/A1 059, A1738/A1 38, A2921/A1638, and A2 92l/A1059 in the spectrum of normal leaf. The band of polysaccharides at 1 056 cm-1 in the spectrmn of garlic normal leaf was the strongest in fingerprint area, while the band at 1 634 cm-1 in the spectrum of garlic rust leaf was the strongest in that are- a. The absorbance ratios A1634/A1069 , A1634/A1099 , A1409/A2923 , and A1634/A737 of garlic rust leaf were larger than the corresponding ratios A1627/A1056 , A1623/A1104 , A1411/A2920 and A1627/A1740 of normal leaves. While the ratios A1634/A2923, A1059/A2923, and A1737/A2923 of garlic rust leaf were less than the corresponding values of A1627/A2920, A1056/A2920, and A1 740/A2920 of normal leaf. [ Conclusion] Rust leaf and normal leaf could be distinguished according to the differences in infrared spectra, and infrared spectroscopy could be developed as the detection method for crop diseases.

Effect of garlic on isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatic injury in rats

AIM： To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of garlic on liver injury induced by isoniazid （INH） and rifarnpicin （RIF）. METHODS： Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were treated orally with 50 mg/kg of INH and RIF daily each for 28 d. For hepatoprotective studies, 0.25 g/kg per day of freshly prepared garlic hornogenate was administered orally half an hour before the INH＋RIF doses. Serum alanine arninotransferase （AIT）, aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and bilirubin were estimated on d 0, 14, 21, and 28 in all the rats. Histological analysis was carried out to assess the injury to the liver. Lipid peroxidation （1PO） as a marker of oxidative stress and non-protein thiols （glutathione） for antioxidant levels were measured in liver hornogenate. RESULTS： The treatment of rats with INH＋RIF （50 mg/kg per day each） induced hepatotoxicity in all the treated animals as judged by elevated serum ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels, presence of focal hepatocytic necrosis （6/8） and portal triaditis （8/8）. Garlic simultaneously administered at a dose of 0.25 g/kg per day prevented the induction of histopathological injuries in INH＋RIF co-treated animals, except in 4 animals, which showed only moderate portal triaditis. The histological changes correlated with oxidative stress in INH＋RIF treated animals. The group which received 0.25 g/kg per day garlic hornogenate along with INH＋RIF showed higher levels of glutathione （P〈0.05） and low levels of 1PO （P〈 0.05） as compared to INH＋RIF treated group. CONCLUSION： Freshly prepared garlic homogenate protects against INH＋RIF-induced liver injury in experimental animal model.

Consumption of garlic and risk of colorectal cancer:An updated meta-analysis of prospective studies

AIM: To conduct an updated meta-analysis of prospective studies addressing the association between garlic consumption and colorectal cancer.

Research of Pyrolysis Oil and Catalysts of Garlic Stalks

We undertook a pyrolysis research on garlic stalks to solve its difficulty in use. We found that the inorganic salts in biomass played an important role in catalytic pyrolysis. Moreover, we studied the pyrolysis behavior under catalyst and catalyst-free conditions. The results showed that the weightlessness rate of garlic stalks was the highest at 550 ℃ under catalyst-free condition. The oil production rate increased with the increase of temperature and reached the peak at 550 ℃. Subsequently, as the temperature increased, the secondary cracking was intensified and oil production rate was decreased. The oil production rate increased significantly （almost 15%） under catalysis of KOH. However, the oil production rate was the highest at 500-600℃. What＇s more, we found that KOH played a major role in promoting decomposition of surface skin cells and subcutaneous fibrous layer of garlic stalks.

Combined antibacterial activity of stingless bee(Apis mellipodae)honey and garlic(Allium sativum)extracts against standard and clinical pathogenic bacteria

Objective:To investigate the synergic antibacterial activity of garlic and tazma honey against standard and clinical pathogenic bacteria.Methods:Antimicrobial activity of tazma honey,garlic and mixture of them against pathogenic bacteria were determined.Chloramphenicol and water were used as positive and negative controls,respectively.Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration of antimicrobial samples were determined using standard methods.Results:Inhibition zone of mixture of garlic and tazma honey against all tested pathogens was significantly(P≤0.05)greater than garlic and tazma honey alone.The diameter zone of inhibition ranged from(18±1)to(35±1)mm for mixture of garlic and tazma honey,(12±1)to(20±1)nun for tazma honey and(14±1)to(22±1)mm for garlic as compared with(10±1)to(30±1)mm for chloramphenicol.The combination of garlic and tazma honey(30-35 mm)was more significantly(P≤0.05)effective against Salmonella(NCTC 8385),Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923),Lyesria moncytogenes(ATCC 19116)and Streptococcus pneumonia(ATCC 63).Results also showed considerable antimicrobial activity of garlic and tazma honey.MIC of mixture of garlic and tazma honey at 6.25%against total test bacteria was 88.9%.MIC of mixture of garlic and tazma honey at6.25%against Gram positive and negative were 100%and 83.33%,respectively.The bactericidal activities of garlic,tazma honey,and mixture of garlic and tazma honey against all pathogenic bacteria at 6.25%concentration were 66.6%,55.6%and 55.6%,respectively.Conclusions:This finding strongly supports the claim of the local community to use the combination of tazma honey and garlic for the treatment of different pathogenic bacterial infections.Therefore,garlic in combination with tazma honey can serve as an alternative natural antimicrobial drug for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections.Further in vivo study is recommended to come up with a comprehensive conclusion.

The inhibitory effects on adult male reproductive functions of crude garlic （Allium sativum） feeding

Aim： To investigate the effects of crude garlic on adult male rat reproductive functions. Methods： Thirty male rats were divided into five groups： group 1 （untreated） and groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed for 30 days with 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% crude garlic, respectively. Testes and accessory organs were weighed and some markers were assessed. Light and electron microscopy observations were also performed. Results： A significant decrease was observed in the body weight of groups 4 （14%; P 〈 0.01） and 5 （20%; P 〈 0.01）; of the prostate weight in group 5 （29.1%; P 〈 0.05） and of seminal vesicle weight in groups 3 （14.4%; P 〈 0.01）, 4 （18.3%; P 〈 0.01） and 5 （27.3%; P 〈 0.01）. In contrast, testis and epididymis weights were unchanged. In epididymis tissue, the alpha glucosidase activity and the spermatozoa density were unchanged. The treatment resulted in a significant decrease in testosterone serum levels in groups 3 （77.3%; P 〈 0.01）, 4 （77.3%; P 〈 0.01） and 5 （90.9%; P 〈 0.01）, associated with a significant increase in LH serum levels （P 〈 0.01）. Testicular histology showed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of empty seminiferous tubules. Moreover, testicular function was affected; a significant decrease in phosphatase acid activity （P 〈 0.01） and testosterone （P 〈 0.05） contents were observed. Conclusion： Crude garlic consumption during 1 month reduced testosterone secretion and altered spermatogenesis at 10%, 15% and 30% doses.

Suppressive action of garlic oil on growth and differentiation of human gastric cancer cell line BGC-823

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Effect of oral garlic on arterial oxygen pressure in children with hepatopulmonary syndrome

AIM： To study the effect of oral garlic on arterial oxygen pressure in children with hepatopulmonary syndrome, METHODS： Garlic powder in a capsule form was given to 15 children with hepatopulmonary syndrome （confirmed by contrast echocardiography） at the dosage of 1 g/1.73 m^2 per day. Patients were evaluated clinically and by arterial blood gas every four weeks. RESULTS： The garlic capsule was administered to 15 patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome. There were 10 boys and 5 girls with a mean age of 9.4 ± 3.9 years. The underlying problems were biliary tract atresia （4 patients）, autoimmune hepatitis （4 patients）, cryptogenic cirrhosis （4 patients） and presinusoidal portal hypertension （3 patients）. Eight patients （53.3%） showed an increase of 10 mmHg in their mean arterial oxygen pressure. The baseline PaO2 was 65.6 ± 12.1 mmHg in the responder group and 47.1 ± 11.2 mmHg in nonresponder group. At the end of treatment the mean PaO2 in responders and non-responders was 92.2 ± 7.75 mmHg and 47.5 ± 11.87 mmHg, respectively （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Garlic may increase oxygenation and improve dyspnea in children with hepatopulmonary syndrome.

Preparation of Garlic Powder with High Allicin Content

Garlic powder with high allicin content was prepared using microwave-vacuum and vacuum drying as well as microencapsulation to protect alliinase activity throughout the stomach and improve the ratio of alliin transforming into allicin. The results showed that the optimal drying condition was 376.1 W for 3 min, 282.1 W for 3 min, 188 W for 9 min, and 94 W for 3 min. The thiosulfinates retention after drying was 90.2%. Following drying, the garlic powder was microencapsulated by modified fluidized bed technique. Scanning electron microscope revealed good integrity and core materials that were embedded in the microcapsules. Studies on the release kinetics of microencapsulated garlic granulates in vitro using simulated intestinal fluid indicated that release of garlic powder could be controlled in the intestine by passing stomach conditions.