Garlic extract addition for soil improvement at various temperatures using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method

Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging technique to improve the soil and most studies are carried out at room temperature. However, considering some foundations are in high-temperature environments (>40 ℃), the higher urease activity at high temperature results in the solidification inhomogeneity, limiting the application of EICP. The higher urease activity at high temperature hampers the application of EICP because of solidification inhomogeneity. The garlic extract has been used as a type of urease inhibitor in medical science and food engineering. Here, we propose to use it to control urease activity for sand solidification at high temperature. The effects of garlic extract addition on urease activity and precipitation rates for calcium carbonate (CaCO_(3)) were studied. Extra tests were conducted to study the effect of garlic extract addition on the solidification homogeneity. The results showed that the garlic extract addition significantly decreased urease activity. To reduce the rate of CaCO3 precipitation at different temperatures, a suitable concentration of garlic extract was necessary to obtain a suitable urease activity. In the sand solidification test, garlic extract addition resulted in a smaller difference in sonic time values or CaCO_(3) contents at different parts of samples. The improved solidification homogeneity can achieve higher strength. The correlation between sonic time values and CaCO_(3) content was higher than that between CaCO3 content and strength. Appropriate concentrations of garlic extract were obtained at 35 ℃, 40℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, and 55 ℃. The proposed garlic extract addition method was significant to improve the homogeneity of solidified soil in practical engineering applications.

Aged Garlic Extract and One of the Constituent, (+)-(2S,3R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl Alcohol, Inhibits Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Induced by Inflammation Factors in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Previous clinical study showed that aged garlic extract (AGE) has a preventive effect of vascular calcification in patients with coronary artery diseases. It has been reported that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and inflammatory cells including macrophages and lymphocytes migrate to sub-intimal region where atherosclerotic plaques are formed, and VSMC can differentiate into osteoblast-like cells, which are represented by the induction of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). We found that primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) showed the increased ALP activity, when cultured in the medium containing ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate, dexamethasone (IM), and supplemented with conditioned medium from macrophages (MCM). Then we tested the effect of AGE subdivided fractions and several compounds found in AGE, and then found that ((+)-(2S,3R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, a dilignol compound existed in hydrophobic fraction of AGE, inhibited ALP activity in HCASMC.

Influence of Polyphenolic Contents on the Antioxidant Properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract (HSE), Aged Garlic Extract (AGE) and Garlic Tablet (GT) in Vitro

This study compared the antioxidant properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (HSE), commercial aged garlic extract (AGE, Kyolic) and garlic tablet (GT). The results indicate that HSE, AGE and GT are effective antioxidant as xanthine/xanthine oxidase generated superoxide ions are significantly inhibited in the presence of 20% (v/v) diethyl ether extract of HSE, AGE and GT by 100%, 66.39% and 18.61% respectively, while uric acid production is not affected byAGEand GT. However, at 2.5% and 5.0% (v/v) reaction volumes,HSEsignificantly inhibits uric acid production by 9.5% and 33.0% respectively, and this suggests that components ofHSEinhibit xanthine oxidase activity while AGE and GT scavenge superoxide. In addition, it is also found that the three extracts scavenge ABTS radical cations in dose-dependent manner. In all cell free assays, HSE is found to be more effective as an antioxidant when compared with AGE and GT under the same experimental conditions. Chromatographic and colorimetric analyses suggest thatHSEhas numerous different types of phenolic compounds with higher amount of phenolic compounds (14.9 mg/g) when compared withAGE(2.8 mg/g) and GT (3.6 mg/g) catechin equivalent respectively. Therefore, the effectiveness of antioxidant activities of these three extracts may be related to their phenolic content.

Enhancing Effect of Aged Garlic Extract on Induction of Morphological Differentiation with Neurite Outgrowth in NGF-treated PC12 Cells

Background: We have been searching effective compounds that can stimulate the growth and differentiation of nerve cells. We found previously that fulleren derivatives enhanced induction of morphological differentiation with neurite outgrowth in nerve growth factor (NGF)-treated PC12 cells. In the course of our further search for other effective compounds, we found the aged garlic extract (AGE) has the activity similar to fulleren. Methods: PC12 cells were used to examine the effectiveness of test compound. Results: AGE enhanced the stimulating effect of NGF to induce morphological differentiation with neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. In order to examine the active constituents of AGE, it was fractionated into several components. The activity was mainly localized in the F1 fraction that contains low molecular weight polar compounds. S-Allymercaptocysteine (SAMC) is one of the sulfur components of AGE present in F1 fraction and found to exhibit the enhancing effect similar to AGE. Conclusion: AGE had the ability to induce morphological differentiation with neurite outgrowth in NGF-treated PC12 cell and SAMC was one of its active constituents.

Aged Garlic Extract Reduces ROS Production and Cell Death Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine through Activation of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway in SH-SY5Y Cells

Many degenerative or pathological processes, such as aging, cancer and coronary heart disease, are related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and radical-mediated reactions. We examined the effectiveness of aged garlic extract (AGE), a garlic preparation rich in water-soluble cysteinyl moieties, for protection of cells from ROS produced by 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Concomitant treatment of cells with AGE (2 and 4 mg/ml) showed the dose-dependent protective effect on the cell death induced by 6-OHDA. In addition, the AGE treatment significantly suppressed the increase of ROS generation by 6-OHDA. Furthermore, the protective effect of AGE was accompanied by activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway and the increase of mRNAs of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1. These two enzymes are important in the cellular antioxidant system. These results indicated that AGE protected cells from ROS damage by not only capturing ROS directly but also activating the cellular antioxidant system by stimulating antioxidant gene expression via the Nrf2-ARE pathway. The present study suggested that AGE may be useful for prevention and treatment of cell damage caused by ROS.

Immunomodulatory effect of garlic oil extract on Schistosoma mansoni infected mice

Objective:To assess the effect potency,and the immunomodulatory response of garlic oil extract in enhancing the host's immune system against the disorders caused by Schistosoma mamoni(S.mamoni) in mice at different stages of worm maturation.Methods:A total of 70 male CD-I Swiss albino mice were divided into 7 groups.Group Ⅰ:healthy control.Group Ⅱ:garlic oil group orally administrating 100 mg garlic oil extract /kg b.wt.3 d a week for 6 weeks.Group Ⅲ:infected with S.inansoni cercariae and left untreated for 42 d.Group Ⅳ:treated with garlic oil extract from day 1 to day 7 post infection(PI).Group Ⅴ:treated with garlic oil extract from day 14 till day 21 PI.Group Ⅵ:administrating garlic oil extract from day 35 until day 42 PI.Group Ⅶ received oil extract from the first day of infection for 42 d.Results:Garlic oil extract showed changes in the parasite tegument with a significant decrease in worm burden,hepatic and intestinal ova count with a decline in granuloma number and diameter.These alterations were accompanied with a reduction in serum TNF- α,ICAM-1,IgG and IgM after 7 and 42 d post S.mamoni cercarial infection.Conclusions:Results obtained confirmed the effect of garlic oil extract on the larval and mature stage of the parasite and in enhancing the host's immune system against the disorders caused by 5.mansoni in mice.

Foliar spraying of aqueous garlic bulb extract stimulates growth and antioxidant enzyme activity in eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)

Recently,botanical extracts are gaining popularity as biostimulants in vegetable production.In present study,the effect of aqueous garlic bulb extract(AGE)was studied on the growth and physiology of eggplant grown in plastic tunnel.AGE was foliage sprayed with various frequencies,i.e.,0,S1(once),S2(twice)and S3(three times)at two independent growth stages,pre-and post-transplant.The results showed that the treated plants exhibited stimulatory responses in growth and physiology in accord with the repetition of AGE spray and growth stages of the plants,respectively.A single foliage sprayed pre-transplant resulted in improved growth,i.e.,plant morphology and biomass,and enhanced antioxidants enzymes(superoxide dismutase,SOD;peroxidase,POD),photosynthesis and chlorophyll abundance observed at vegetative,first flowering and fruit setting stages,respectively.However,thrice application inhibited the plant growth and development and resulted in lipid peroxidation,i.e.,increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content.In addition,the post-transplant application also showed growth stimulation and interestingly,an overall positive influence was observed with respect to the AGE application and no significant increase in the MDA content indicated the post-transplant seedlings responded well.Our findings demonstrate that AGE can act as a biostimulant to enhance the eggplant growth in plastic tunnel production.

Survival Rate and Biochemical Parameters in Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Fed Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Extract

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentrations of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract in fish diet on survival rate, digestive enzymes and some biochemical parameters of Mugil cephalus larvae. Three hundred and sixty fish with mean weight 0.45 g were randomly divided into equal four groups;each one contained 3 replicates. Fish was fed with diets containing 0% (control), 0.5%, 1% and 3% concentrations of garlic extract (GE) in diet. 30 days after feeding, survival rate, different biochemical (larvae extract total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride) parameters and digestive enzyme activity (lipase, protease and amylase) were evaluated. There was a significant increase in survival rate of all groups fed with GE as compared to the control diet (P < 0.05). The administration of A. sativum in all levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the content of cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose in larvae extract. Also total protein, albumin and globulin levels had significantly increased in all groups fed GE (P < 0.05). The highest total protein (2.13 ± 0.12 g/dL), albumin (0.37 ± 0 g/dL), globulin (1.76 ± 0.12 g/dL), amylase (9.25 ± 0.14 U/mg protein), protease (4.20 ± 0.08 U/mg protein) and lipase (2.62 ± 0.14 U/mg protein) and the lowest serum triglyceride (22.78 ± 0.20 mg/dL), glucose (8.76 ± 0.09 mg/dL), cholesterol (3.69 ± 0.07 mg/dL) levels were observed in fish fed 3% GE in diet. Garlic inclusion in fish diet at 3% concentration is therefore beneficial for use in aquaculture to improve the general health and digestive enzyme activity of M. cephalus larvae.

Salinity Stress Alleviation by Foliar Bio-Stimulant, Proline and Potassium Nutrition Promotes Growth and Yield Quality of Garlic Plant

Soil salinity is one of the major yield-limiting factors for crop production in many agricultural regions all over the world. Besides following efficient management practices at the field scale to reduce accumulation of salts in the effective root-zone, the effective use of treatments to alleviate the effects of salinity stress and improve crop salt tolerance is a promising solution to ensure crop production in such adverse conditions. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of foliar spray with plant-based biostimulant (i.e. with and/or without 3% yeast extract), three levels of proline (0, 25, and 50 mM), and combined with potassium fertilizers, as potassium sulfate, 48% K2O (0, 50, and 100 kg/fed.) on growth promotion, chemical composition of garlic leaves, bulb quality parameters as well as yield and its components of garlic plant grown under moderate saline soil. Results revealed that the interaction between foliar spray with yeast extract at 3% and proline at 50 mM combined with proper K level at 100 kg/fed., was the best interaction treatment for increasing vegetative growth parameters, i.e. plant height, number of leaves per plant, and mineral contents (N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg in leaves), and proline content of garlic leaves after 135 days from planting time, total yield/fed., and garlic yield quality parameters at harvesting time. In conclusion, the detrimental effects of salinity stress can be alleviated by stress tolerance-inducing compounds, such as yeast extract and proline with proper application rate of K fertilization during the growing season of garlic crop.

黑蒜多酚的提取方法及应用研究进展

在国家经济高速发展的今天,人们对食物的需求也在逐步提高,对健康和保健的认识也在逐渐增强。目前,黑蒜的食用价值与经济价值被逐渐挖掘,黑蒜多酚在食品行业的研究提取已成为诸多研究热点。对黑蒜多酚的功效、提取方法及未来的市场发展进行了综述,为提高人们对黑蒜多酚的认识,以及在各领域黑蒜多酚物质的创新开发和利用提供参考和思路。

大蒜挥发油的提取工艺研究

主要对大蒜挥发油的提取工艺进行了研究。研究结果显示:当大蒜量、水量和蒸馏时间均为相同定值时,大蒜粉碎程度好,出油率会增加;当料液比、蒸馏时间和粉碎程度为定值时,大蒜浸泡后,挥发油出油率高;当料液比、蒸馏时间、浸泡时间和粉碎程度为定值时,大蒜去皮与带皮,大蒜挥发油出油率无明显差别,可以带皮提取,省时省力;浸泡时间达到25 h,蒸馏时间可大大缩短。这就为挥发油的大规模生产提供了依据。

大蒜有机硫化物的提取及其在食用油中的应用研究进展

大蒜是一种药食两用植物,其根茎具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗高血压、抗肿瘤、降血脂等功效。大蒜的功能活性主要归因于其含有的多种有机硫化物。本文对大蒜有机硫化物的提取方法进行了综述,分析了其在食用油中的应用,并预测了其发展前景,为含有有机硫化物的功能性食品的开发提供了新的发展方向。

大蒜挥发油提取方法与应用研究

挥发油是大蒜的一种主要活性成分,水蒸气蒸馏法、有机溶剂萃取法、超临界二氧化碳流体萃取法、植物油萃取法、超声波辅助提取法和微波辅助提取法为6种常用的大蒜挥发油提取方法。本文综述了大蒜挥发油的提取方法及影响因素,并对其应用进行了探讨研究。

大蒜多糖提取、结构测定、化学修饰及生物活性研究进展

作为大蒜的主要活性成分之一,大蒜多糖具有增强免疫力、抗菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、保肝、降血脂、降血糖等多种生物活性,应用前景广阔。大蒜多糖的提取方法以热水法、酶法和超声辅助法最为常见,大蒜多糖是由果糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸等组成的杂多糖,乙酰化、硒化和磷酸化等化学修饰可以增加大蒜多糖抗氧化等生物活性。本文从大蒜多糖的提取、结构测定、化学修饰及生物活性的角度出发,系统总结了大蒜多糖的研究现状,未来应关注多糖结构与生物活性的构效关系,深入探讨大蒜多糖的功效机理,以期为大蒜多糖作为功能性产品的开发利用提供理论参考。

软枣猕猴桃腐烂病病原菌的分离鉴定及蒜瓣粗提物的抑菌研究

以患病的软枣猕猴桃果实为试材,采用组织分离法和形态学、分子生物学鉴定法进行病原菌的分离鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定蒜瓣粗提物对病原菌的抑制效果,研究了佳木斯地区软枣猕猴桃果实腐烂病病原菌的种类和不同浓度(0、10、20、30 mg·mL^(-1))蒜瓣粗提物对分离得到的病原菌的控制效果,以期为病害的科学防控提供参考依据。结果表明:从感病的软枣猕猴桃果实上共分离得到7种致病菌,结合形态特征和分子生物学鉴定分别确定为层出镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)、青霉属(Penicillium sp.)、篮状菌属(Talaromyces sp.)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis sp.)、葡萄孢属(Botrytis sp.)和新拟盘多毛孢属(Neopestalotiopsis sp.),其中新拟盘多毛孢属(Neopestalotiopsis sp.)致病力最强,篮状菌属(Talaromyces sp.)引起软枣猕猴桃果实腐烂在国内尚属首次报道;蒜瓣粗提物对12株软枣猕猴桃腐烂病病原真菌均表现出良好的抑菌活性,且浓度越高抑制效果越明显。当蒜瓣粗提物浓度为30 mg·mL^(-1)时,对12株致病菌的抑制率均达到60%以上,对篮状菌属的抑制率最高可达100%。

大蒜提取液及食醋抑菌作用的研究

通过滤纸片法和液体培养比浊法对食醋、蒜醋提取液、蒜水提取液的抑菌作用进行研究,结果表明:食醋对细菌具有较强的抑制作用,对真菌的抑制作用较弱,低浓度(3.2×10-4)食醋无抑菌作用。蒜水提取液和蒜醋提取液对细菌、真菌都有较强的抑制作用,但蒜醋提取液抑菌活性略逊于蒜水提取液。

大蒜粗提物对烟草黑胫病菌的室内抑制作用

采用平板抑菌法测定了大蒜乙醇和水提取物对烟草黑胫病菌的抑菌效果。结果表明:大蒜提取物对烟草黑胫病菌有显著抑制作用,且随大蒜提取物浓度的增大而增强;大蒜乙醇提取物对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制作用优于水提取物。0.2g/mL和0.3g/mL浓度大蒜乙醇提取物对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制率均为100.00%;而0.3g/mL浓度的大蒜水提取物的抑制率亦为100.00%;大蒜水提取物与乙醇提取物的有效抑制中浓度分别为0.04g/mL和0.03g/mL。因此,可尝试以大蒜为原料研制植物保护剂来防治烟草黑胫病。

大蒜提取物防治黄瓜黑星病的初步研究

测定了大蒜提取物对黄瓜黑星病菌(C lad osp orium cucum erinum)的抑制作用和对苗期黄瓜黑星病的防治效果,并对黑星病菌在经大蒜提取物处理后的黄瓜叶片上的侵染过程进行了组织病理学观察。结果表明,0.3 g/mL的大蒜提取物可以完全抑制病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发,该浓度大蒜提取物能有效预防病菌的侵染,作用效果优于多菌灵,但其治疗作用较差。组织病理学研究表明,大蒜提取物可以有效阻止病菌在叶片上的萌发和附着孢的形成,从而阻断病菌的侵入过程。

大蒜提取物对冷藏蔬菜鱼丸品质的影响

研究蔬菜鱼丸中添加不同量的大蒜提取物(0、100、150、200mg/kg)后在4℃冷藏条件下的品质变化。每5d取鱼丸样品的分析感官特性(感官评分、质构和白度)、微生物(细菌总数)和理化(pH值、TVB-N值和TBA值)等指标。结果表明:添加大蒜提取物的处理组保鲜效果明显优于对照组,其中大蒜提取物添加量在200mg/kg时,保鲜效果最佳,其货架期延长了7～8d。通过处理组与对照组细菌总数、pH值、TBA、TVB-N等品质指标的比较可知,大蒜提取物在鱼丸冷藏保鲜过程中能有效地抑制细菌生长,并减缓蛋白质、脂肪等氧化变质,从而延长了鱼丸的货架期。

大蒜轮作与瓜类枯萎病发病的关系

2000～2001年在嘉兴的试验研究表明大蒜与瓜类轮作辅以休闲明显地减轻了瓜类枯萎病的危害,发病率由瓜类连作时的50%下降到10%。土壤中(干土)病原菌孢子的存活量也由瓜类连作时的14.1×104cfu/g降低到1.2×104cfu/g。同时室内抑菌试验表明,大蒜能够明显抑制病原菌菌丝的生长,5种浓度3种浸提时间的大蒜浸提液中以浸提时间为1d浓度在25g/L的浸提液对菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,达72%;浸提7d浓度为1.56g/L的浸提液抑菌效果仅为20%。因此为减轻瓜类枯萎病的损失,提倡瓜类与大蒜作物轮作并适时休闲。