The Protective Effects of Flavonoids from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi Stems and Leaves on Oligodendrocyte Damage Induced by Aβ1-42

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of flavonoids from the stem and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SSFs) against Aβ1-42-induced oligodendrocytes (OL) damage. Methods: Immunofluorescence was used for the detection of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a characteristic protein of rat oligodendrocytes (OLN-93 cells). To evaluate the potential protective effects of SSFs on OLN-93 cells injured by Aβ1-42, an injury model was established by subjecting OLN-93 cells to Aβ1-42 exposed. Cell morphology was examined using an inverted microscope, while cell viability was assessed using the colorimetric method of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured using the pyruvic acid reduction assay. The Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) injection was used as a positive control. Results: A total of >95% of the MAG immunofluorescence-positive cells were identified as oligodendrocytes. Gradually increasing concentrations of SSFs impaired the cells, and the maximum nondetrimental dose for OLN-93 cells was 75 mg/L. This study assessed the effects of SSFs on OLN-93 cells damaged by Aβ1-42. The results indicated that SSFs significantly improved OLN-93 cell morphological abnormal changes, increased the OLN-93 cell survival rate, and reduced LDH release. Conclusion: SSFs can alleviate Aβ1-42-induced damage of OL.

Characters and Microscopic Identification of Stems and Leaves of Viburnum Sargenti Koehne

[Objective] This study aimed to study the pharmacognostical properties of medicinal parts of stems and leaves of Viburnum Sargenti Koehne to provide refer- ence for its identification and application. [Method] Methods of characters and micro- scopic identification were used. [Result] Characters, transaction and microscopic characteristics of stems and leaves of V. sargenti Koehne were analyzed systemati- cally. [Conclusion] The experimental results can provide reference for the pharma- cognostical identification, further exploitation and utilization of stems and leaves of V. Sargenti Koehne.

Pharmacological Activity and Application of Roots, Stems and Leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

The root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is traditionally used as medicine,and it has been confirmed that S.baicalensis Georgi has flavonoid chemical constituents,pharmacological activity and cosmetic efficacy.With the extensive application of S.baicalensis Georgi roots,the resource of S.baicalensis Georgi has been increasingly short.The above-ground part of stems and leaves of S.baicalensis Georgi has also been gradually recognized and developed.Studies have found that the chemical constituents from stems and leaves of S.baicalensis Georgi are also a group of flavonoids with a lot of pharmacological activity and have a great application value.Based on this,the present review will be reported on the chemical constituents and application of the roots,stems and leaves of S.baicalensis Georgi.

Ginsenoside-Rg_6, a Novel Triterpenoid Saponin from the Stem-Leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

A novel dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, named ginsenoside-Rg6 3, was isolated from the stem-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., together with two known ones, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg2 1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg2 2. On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence , the structure of ginsenoside-Rg6 have been elucidated as 6-O-(-L-rhamnosyl-(1?2)-(-D-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22), 24-diene-3(, 6(, 12(-triol.

Effects of Different Wall-breaking Methods on Extraction of Solanesol from Stems and Leaves of Potato

In order to extract solanesol from potato stems and leaves more effectively and improve the extraction rate of solanesol, the same batch of potato stems and leaves harvested from Guyuan, Ningxia was selected as a research object, cell wall of potato stems and leaves was broken by enzymolysis with cellulase and high- speed shearing, and then reflux-extracted with 95% ethanol. Solanesol content was determined by HPLC, and extract yield was calculated. Extract yield and solanesol extraction rate was used as an index for comparison of difference between the 2 wall-breaking methods, so as to select the optimal wall-breaking method. The results showed that enzymolysis with cellulase exhibited extraction rate and extract yield of solanesol of 91.38% and 8.02%, respectively, which were better than those under high-speed shear emulsification technique. The enzymolysis wall-breaking method has the advantages of simple operation and strong feasibility.

Inhibition of Flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Stems and Leaves against Abnormal Formation of PHF and Regulation of PP in OA Induced Brain Injury in Rats

[Objectives] To explore the inhibitory effects of flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi stems and leaves against abnormal formation of PHF and regulation mechanism of protein phosphatase(PP) in okadaic acid(OA) induced brain injury in rats.[Methods]Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with OA(200 ng/kg) in the lateral ventricle to establish a memory impairment model,and Morris water maze was used to screen the memory impairment model.Rats were intragastrically administered with 25,50 and 100 mg/kg SSF daily for 36 d.The protein expressions of PHF,PP1,PP2A-Cα,PP2A-Cβ,PP2 CA and PP2 CB in rat cortex and hippocampus were determined by Western blot.Ginkgo biloba leaf flavonoids were used as positive control drugs.[Results]Compared with the sham-operated rats,the expression of PHF protein in the cortex and hippocampus of the model group was significantly increased(P < 0.01);protein expression of PP2A-Cα and PP2A-Cβin the cortex and hippocampus,and PP2 CB in the hippocampus were significantly decreased(P < 0.05);protein expression of PP2 CA and PP2 CB in the cortex was significantly increased(P < 0.01);protein expression of PP1 in the cortex was significantly decreased(P < 0.01).Compared with the model rats,25,50 and 100 mg/kg SSF 36 d reversed the protein expression of PHF,PP2A-Cα and PP2ACβ in rat cortex and hippocampus and expression of PP1 in rat cortex induced by OA,but had no significant effect on the protein expression of PP2 CA and PP2 CB,G.biloba flavonoids also showed similar results to SSF.[Conclusions] SSF can significantly inhibit the abnormal formation of PHF in rat brain induced by OA.The inhibitory effect may be related to the regulation of PP1,PP2A-Cα and PP2A-Cβ protein expression in cerebral cortex and hippocampus by SSF,but less related to the regulation of PP2 CA and PP2 CB.

A NEW TRITERPENE SAPONIN FROM THE STEMS AND LEAVES OF PANAX GINSENG

a new triterpene compound was isolated from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and established as 3β, 6α, 12β-trihydroxy-dammar-20(21), 24-diene-6-0-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence.

Pharmacognostical Study on Stems and Leaves of Campsis grandiflora(Thunb.) Schum.

[Objectives] To provide basis for identification,development and use of Campsis grandiflora( Thunb.) Schum. [Methods]Original plants,traits,microstructures and UV spectra were used for identification. [Results]For the first time,the pharmacognostical characteristics were elaborated about stems and leaves of Campsis grandiflora( Thunb.) Schum. [Conclusions] This study is expected to provide basis for pharmacognostical quality standard of stems and leaves of Campsis grandiflora( Thunb.) Schum.

The pharmacokinetics of aspirin in combination with total ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of total ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves (TGSL) on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin in rats.Methods:Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups (n =6),a combined group that received TGSL (625 mg/kg body weight) and aspirin (10 mg/kg body weight) by gavage,and an aspirin group that received aspirin (10 mg/kg body weight) by gavage.The concentration of salicylic acid,an important metabolite of aspirin,was determined by highperformance liquid chromatography in supernatant from blood obtained from the orbital sinus at various time points to examine the effect of TGSL on aspirin.Results:The results showed that the Tmax of salicylic acid was [0.92 (0.58)] hours in the aspirin group and [2.50 (1.22)] hours in the combined group,and was statistically significantly different between the groups (p <.05).Conclusions:TGSL can affect the pharmacokinetics of aspirin at Tmax in rats.

Multielemental Microanalysis in Root and Leaves, Growth and Biomass in Tomato Seedling in Response to Ca Levels and Induction of Stress: Non-Destructive Spectroscopy

Tomatoes are one of the main vegetables in the food industry that are consumed fresh and processed. A multi-element microanalysis was performed with the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), to see changes in nutrient concentration in roots and leaves, as well as fresh and dry biomass in tomato seedlings. Exposed in nutrient solution (NS) with different levels of Ca (control, 25, 50 and 100 mM). The root was put in also to H2O2 for 8 hours to observe the changes that occurred. It was observed that NS with 100 mM Ca in fresh stem biomass and fresh leaf biomass increased by 25% and 38% compared to the control. It was observed that the NS with 100 and 50 mM of Ca, the content of Ca and Cl in foliar tissue increased by 34.50% and 13.15% compared to the control. Treatment with H2O2 and with 25 and 100 mM of Ca at NS increased the height of the seedling and fresh leaf bio-mass by 19.75% and 60.80% compared to the control. The treatment with H2O2 and with the different levels of Ca in the NS increased the content of C, P, K, Ca and Cl in the leaf tissue. Only S was significant for the control. Treatment with H2O2 and 100 mM Ca in the NS increased Ca and Mg by 83.48% and 40.47% for the root compared to the control. The K and Cl in the root was higher in the control treatment by 47.61% and 55% respect to the highest level of Ca. It is concluded that multielemental microanalysis is a powerful, non-destructive, fast and accurate tool for the determination of plant nutrients. Also, it is applicable for the areas like horticulture, physiology and agronomy.

山银花茎叶化学成分及其抗炎活性研究

目的对山银花茎叶化学成分进行分离和结构鉴定,并进行体外抗炎活性评价。方法山银花茎叶80%甲醇提取物采用Diaion HP20SS、Sephadex LH-20、高速逆流色谱、反相半制备液相色谱等进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。通过测定单体化合物抑制LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7释放NO水平评价其抗炎活性。结果从山银花茎叶中分离得到13个化合物,分别鉴定为苄醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、獐牙菜苷(2)、表断马钱子苷半缩醛内酯(3)、马钱子苷半缩醛内酯(4)、裂环马钱苷(5)、断氧化马钱苷(6)、裂马钱素二甲基乙缩醛(7)、绿原酸甲酯(8)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、野漆树苷(11)、木犀草素-7-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(12)、忍冬苷(13);化合物2~8、11~13可抑制LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞释放NO。结论化合物1首次从忍冬属植物中分离得到,化合物3、5、7、9、11~12首次从山银花茎叶中发现。化合物2~8、11~13具有一定的抗炎活性。

芦笋茎叶青贮品质、微生物及挥发物质的特征分析

为了解析芦笋茎叶青贮后品质、微生物和挥发物质的特征,试验采用两种商品添加剂分别对芦笋茎叶进行青贮,50 d后测定青贮芦笋茎叶的品质、微生物、挥发性气味物质种类和含量。结果表明:加入添加剂青贮后提高了芦笋青贮料中乳酸的含量,降低了pH和氨态氮占总氮的比例。与青贮前相比,青贮后的芦笋茎叶中粗蛋白含量提高,粗纤维含量显著降低(P<0.05)。青贮后芦笋茎叶的细菌主要以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria-Chloroplast)为主;真菌主要以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为主。芦笋茎叶青贮前、后分别鉴定出19种和22种挥发性物质(匹配度80%以上),青贮芦笋茎叶的主要挥发性物质是醛类,其次是烃类和酯类。青贮后芳香醛和有益烃类化合物角鲨烯含量明显增加,改善了风味及适口性。青贮后芦笋茎叶产生大量有益菌群,尤其是蓝细菌。芦笋茎叶加入添加剂青贮后改善了营养品质、微生物结构和风味物质。

烹调方式对山芋茎叶抗氧化能力的影响

为探究不同烹调方式对山芋茎叶抗氧化能力的影响,以总酚含量、黄酮类物质含量以及DPPH·清除能力作为抗氧化能力的评价指标,分别采用漂烫、油炒和微波3种不同的烹调方法处理山芋茎叶,测定不同烹调方式及条件下其抗氧化能力的变化情况。结果显示:山芋茎叶抗氧化能力与漂烫时间、漂烫温度呈负相关,且当温度大于70℃后,其抗氧化能力的衰减趋势更显著(P<0.05);油炒时间、油用量对山芋茎叶的抗氧化能力有正向调节功效;其抗氧化能力随微波时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,且在3 min时最强,而当微波功率增大时,山芋茎叶黄酮含量、总酚含量先下降后上升,且差异显著(P<0.05),DPPH·清除率则呈负相关趋势。

纤维素降解菌的筛选及其对西兰花废弃茎叶品质的改善

本试验旨在筛选纤维素降解菌,并探究其用于废弃西兰花茎叶发酵的可行性。以西兰花种植土壤和实验室保藏菌种为筛选源,采用羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC)-刚果红染色法进行初筛,以CMC活性和滤纸酶(FPA)活性为指标进行复筛,获得一株高产纤维素酶的菌株,编号XLG2-1。对其进行16S rRNA基因序列分析,通过形态学及生理生化分析,确定其为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。将菌株接种于废弃西兰花茎叶中进行发酵,发现粗蛋白、小肽和粗多糖含量分别比发酵前提高了0.41、11.5和10.4百分点;粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗灰分含量分别比发酵前降低了0.21、0.25和0.02百分点。扫描电镜结果显示,发酵后的样品结构疏松,表面有大量孔洞,并有菌附着,表明该菌能分解利用西兰花废弃茎叶,有助于解决其资源化利用的难题。

氮添加对燕麦/豌豆间作体系碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响

为分析无机氮肥对燕麦(Avena sativa)/豌豆(Pisum sativum)间作体系主要营养元素吸收的影响,本研究以燕麦和豌豆为试验材料,设置单播、隔行间作、同行混合间作3种种植方式和对照(0 kg·ha^(-1))、低氮(50 kg·ha^(-1))、高氮(200 kg·ha^(-1))3个氮添加水平,探究不同间作种植方式和氮添加水平对燕麦、豌豆茎叶及根系碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量和C/N、C/P、N/P的影响。结果表明:豌豆和燕麦茎叶、根系碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比在不同种植方式和氮添加水平下均表现不同;不同种植方式和氮添加水平下,豌豆和燕麦生长受N和P共同限制;RDA分析表明,间作种植方式和氮添加水平与二者茎叶、根系碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比存在正负相关。因此,可通过植物组织养分含量变化特征揭示其养分利用状况,进而为高寒区草地退化修复和畜牧业可持续发展提供理论基础。

基于谱-效关系筛选菊茎叶总黄酮抗氧化物质基础及其机制探讨

为探讨菊茎叶总黄酮(total flavonoids from stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium,TFCSL)抗氧化应激的活性成分,阐明其药效物质基础和作用机制。采用HPLC建立不同批次TFCSL指纹图谱;以高浓度葡萄糖诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞建立氧化损伤模型,将丙二醛含量、乳酸脱氢酶含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性作为药效指标;采用灰色关联度和偏最小二乘法分析其谱-效关系确定抗氧化药效物质基础;基于网络药理学结合分子对接探究核心靶点及作用通路。从12批次TFCSL指纹图谱中确定12个共有峰,指认其中9个化学成分;各批次总黄酮样品均可减少细胞凋亡、降低丙二醛及乳酸脱氢酶含量、提高超氧化物歧化酶活性;综合2种数学模型确定峰5(芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)、峰6(异绿原酸C)、峰7(香叶木素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)为抗氧化物质基础;筛选出的3个活性成分作用于抗氧化应激的33个靶点;关键靶点为TNF、CASP3、EDNRA、XDH、PTGS2、MMP2,主要涉及脂质和动脉粥样硬化信号通路、IL-17信号通路、糖尿病并发症AGE-RAGE信号通路、TNF通路、MPKA通路等信号通路;分子对接结果显示活性成分与关键靶点之间均有较好的结合力。表明TFCSL抗氧化应激的物质基础可能为芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、异绿原酸C、香叶木素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷,推测通过TNF、CASP3等靶点作用动脉粥样硬化信号通路、IL17信号通路发挥作用,体现菊茎叶多成分、多靶点抗氧化的作用特点。

三七茎叶提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道健康的影响

试验旨在研究三七茎叶提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道健康的影响。选取26日龄断奶仔猪24头随机分为3组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,低剂量组、高剂量组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.2%和0.4%的三七茎叶提取物。试验期21 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,高剂量组断奶仔猪平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),低剂量组和高剂量组血清乳酸脱氢酶活性、谷草转氨酶活性和谷草/谷丙的比值显著降低(P<0.05);高剂量组断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠的绒毛高度显著增加(P<0.05),十二指肠和回肠的绒隐比显著升高(P<0.05);低剂量组和高剂量组结肠白细胞介素-12 p35(IL-12 p35)、白细胞介素-12 p40(IL-12 p40)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)的mRNA表达量显著降低(P<0.05)。研究表明,在饲粮中添加三七茎叶提取物可以改善断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道健康,添加0.4%三七茎叶提取物较为适宜。

不同发酵剂对木薯茎叶青贮品质的影响

试验探究了不同发酵剂对木薯茎叶青贮品质的影响。试验分为对照组(CK组)和3个处理组(A组、B组、C组)。CK组中不添加任何发酵剂,3个处理组在木薯茎叶原料中分别添加0.02%的发酵剂A、发酵剂B、发酵剂C,每组3个重复,发酵90 d后取样分析。结果表明,各处理组的干物质、Ca、P含量与CK组无明显变化;C组粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量均最高,分别较CK组升高8.06%、17.84%、2.01%;A组木质素含量最低,较CK组降低14.43%;C组中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量均最低,分别较CK组降低11.40%、16.62%、14.96%。各处理组的所有饲喂价值指标均高于CK组,C组的所有饲喂价值指标均最高。B组pH值、氨态氮、丁酸和氨态氮/总氮的数值均最低,较CK组分别降低8.88%、20.90%、99.48%和26.82%;C组乳酸含量最高,较CK组升高26.03%;A组乙酸含量最低,较CK组降低5.85%。对发酵品质进行综合评分可知,各处理组得分均高于CK组。利用平均隶属函数值对木薯茎叶青贮品质进行综合比较,B组的青贮品质最佳。研究表明,添加微生物发酵剂在一定程度上能够改善木薯茎叶的青贮品质。

黄芩茎叶葡萄糖醛酸水解酶提取工艺、酶学性质、实际应用研究

目的研究黄芩茎叶葡萄糖醛酸水解酶(sbslGUS)提取工艺、酶学性质、实际应用。方法在单因素试验基础上,以粒度、加水量、提取时间、提取次数为影响因素,酶活性为评价指标,正交试验优化提取工艺。分析底物(黄芩苷)浓度与酶解速度的关系,计算V_(max)、K_(m),考察pH值、温度、金属离子对酶活性的影响,评价pH稳定性、热稳定性。sbslGUS酶解黄芩苷以制备黄芩素,考察pH值、温度、反应时间、底物初始浓度、加酶量对转化率的影响。结果最优提取工艺为粒度40目,加水量10倍,提取时间15 min,提取次数3次。酶解符合酶促反应动力学,K_(m)为0.0063 mol/L,V_(max)为70.42μmol/h,在pH值6.0、温度45℃、金属离子100 mmol/L Cu2+下酶活性最强,sbslGUS在pH值4.0~7.0、温度4~30℃范围内稳定性良好。最优制备工艺为pH值6.0,温度45℃,反应时间12 h以上,底物初始浓度67.2 mmol/L,加酶量1 mL/0.269 mmol黄芩苷,转化率为97.83%。结论sbslGUS酶解效率高,条件温和,可为获取黄芩素提供简便的制备方法,并且拓展了黄芩茎叶应用途径。

辣木茎叶、籽、果荚营养成分及提取物抗氧化活性研究

以辣木茎叶、辣木籽、辣木果荚为原料,分析三种原料营养成分含量。以乙醇为提取溶剂,超声辅助法提取得到三种辣木粗提物,测定此三种辣木粗提物的总酚、类黄酮、可溶性糖的含量,以DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基、羟自由基清除率以及亚铁还原能力等指标评价三种辣木提取物的体外抗氧化能力。结果表明:(1)辣木茎叶和辣木果荚的类黄酮、总酚、还原糖、碳水化合物、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维的含量明显高于辣木籽,辣木籽拥有较高的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量;(2)辣木茎叶和辣木果荚粗提物的类黄酮和总酚含量明显高于辣木籽,辣木茎叶提取物的可溶性糖含量显著高于辣木籽和辣木果荚;(3)辣木茎叶粗提物表现出了较强的抗氧化活性。