The Protective Effects of Flavonoids from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi Stems and Leaves on Oligodendrocyte Damage Induced by Aβ1-42

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of flavonoids from the stem and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SSFs) against Aβ1-42-induced oligodendrocytes (OL) damage. Methods: Immunofluorescence was used for the detection of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a characteristic protein of rat oligodendrocytes (OLN-93 cells). To evaluate the potential protective effects of SSFs on OLN-93 cells injured by Aβ1-42, an injury model was established by subjecting OLN-93 cells to Aβ1-42 exposed. Cell morphology was examined using an inverted microscope, while cell viability was assessed using the colorimetric method of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured using the pyruvic acid reduction assay. The Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) injection was used as a positive control. Results: A total of >95% of the MAG immunofluorescence-positive cells were identified as oligodendrocytes. Gradually increasing concentrations of SSFs impaired the cells, and the maximum nondetrimental dose for OLN-93 cells was 75 mg/L. This study assessed the effects of SSFs on OLN-93 cells damaged by Aβ1-42. The results indicated that SSFs significantly improved OLN-93 cell morphological abnormal changes, increased the OLN-93 cell survival rate, and reduced LDH release. Conclusion: SSFs can alleviate Aβ1-42-induced damage of OL.

Characters and Microscopic Identification of Stems and Leaves of Viburnum Sargenti Koehne

[Objective] This study aimed to study the pharmacognostical properties of medicinal parts of stems and leaves of Viburnum Sargenti Koehne to provide refer- ence for its identification and application. [Method] Methods of characters and micro- scopic identification were used. [Result] Characters, transaction and microscopic characteristics of stems and leaves of V. sargenti Koehne were analyzed systemati- cally. [Conclusion] The experimental results can provide reference for the pharma- cognostical identification, further exploitation and utilization of stems and leaves of V. Sargenti Koehne.

Pharmacological Activity and Application of Roots, Stems and Leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

The root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is traditionally used as medicine,and it has been confirmed that S.baicalensis Georgi has flavonoid chemical constituents,pharmacological activity and cosmetic efficacy.With the extensive application of S.baicalensis Georgi roots,the resource of S.baicalensis Georgi has been increasingly short.The above-ground part of stems and leaves of S.baicalensis Georgi has also been gradually recognized and developed.Studies have found that the chemical constituents from stems and leaves of S.baicalensis Georgi are also a group of flavonoids with a lot of pharmacological activity and have a great application value.Based on this,the present review will be reported on the chemical constituents and application of the roots,stems and leaves of S.baicalensis Georgi.

Ginsenoside-Rg_6, a Novel Triterpenoid Saponin from the Stem-Leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

A novel dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, named ginsenoside-Rg6 3, was isolated from the stem-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., together with two known ones, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg2 1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg2 2. On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence , the structure of ginsenoside-Rg6 have been elucidated as 6-O-(-L-rhamnosyl-(1?2)-(-D-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22), 24-diene-3(, 6(, 12(-triol.

Effects of Different Wall-breaking Methods on Extraction of Solanesol from Stems and Leaves of Potato

In order to extract solanesol from potato stems and leaves more effectively and improve the extraction rate of solanesol, the same batch of potato stems and leaves harvested from Guyuan, Ningxia was selected as a research object, cell wall of potato stems and leaves was broken by enzymolysis with cellulase and high- speed shearing, and then reflux-extracted with 95% ethanol. Solanesol content was determined by HPLC, and extract yield was calculated. Extract yield and solanesol extraction rate was used as an index for comparison of difference between the 2 wall-breaking methods, so as to select the optimal wall-breaking method. The results showed that enzymolysis with cellulase exhibited extraction rate and extract yield of solanesol of 91.38% and 8.02%, respectively, which were better than those under high-speed shear emulsification technique. The enzymolysis wall-breaking method has the advantages of simple operation and strong feasibility.

Inhibition of Flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Stems and Leaves against Abnormal Formation of PHF and Regulation of PP in OA Induced Brain Injury in Rats

[Objectives] To explore the inhibitory effects of flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi stems and leaves against abnormal formation of PHF and regulation mechanism of protein phosphatase(PP) in okadaic acid(OA) induced brain injury in rats.[Methods]Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with OA(200 ng/kg) in the lateral ventricle to establish a memory impairment model,and Morris water maze was used to screen the memory impairment model.Rats were intragastrically administered with 25,50 and 100 mg/kg SSF daily for 36 d.The protein expressions of PHF,PP1,PP2A-Cα,PP2A-Cβ,PP2 CA and PP2 CB in rat cortex and hippocampus were determined by Western blot.Ginkgo biloba leaf flavonoids were used as positive control drugs.[Results]Compared with the sham-operated rats,the expression of PHF protein in the cortex and hippocampus of the model group was significantly increased(P < 0.01);protein expression of PP2A-Cα and PP2A-Cβin the cortex and hippocampus,and PP2 CB in the hippocampus were significantly decreased(P < 0.05);protein expression of PP2 CA and PP2 CB in the cortex was significantly increased(P < 0.01);protein expression of PP1 in the cortex was significantly decreased(P < 0.01).Compared with the model rats,25,50 and 100 mg/kg SSF 36 d reversed the protein expression of PHF,PP2A-Cα and PP2ACβ in rat cortex and hippocampus and expression of PP1 in rat cortex induced by OA,but had no significant effect on the protein expression of PP2 CA and PP2 CB,G.biloba flavonoids also showed similar results to SSF.[Conclusions] SSF can significantly inhibit the abnormal formation of PHF in rat brain induced by OA.The inhibitory effect may be related to the regulation of PP1,PP2A-Cα and PP2A-Cβ protein expression in cerebral cortex and hippocampus by SSF,but less related to the regulation of PP2 CA and PP2 CB.

A NEW TRITERPENE SAPONIN FROM THE STEMS AND LEAVES OF PANAX GINSENG

a new triterpene compound was isolated from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and established as 3β, 6α, 12β-trihydroxy-dammar-20(21), 24-diene-6-0-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence.

Pharmacognostical Study on Stems and Leaves of Campsis grandiflora(Thunb.) Schum.

[Objectives] To provide basis for identification,development and use of Campsis grandiflora( Thunb.) Schum. [Methods]Original plants,traits,microstructures and UV spectra were used for identification. [Results]For the first time,the pharmacognostical characteristics were elaborated about stems and leaves of Campsis grandiflora( Thunb.) Schum. [Conclusions] This study is expected to provide basis for pharmacognostical quality standard of stems and leaves of Campsis grandiflora( Thunb.) Schum.

The pharmacokinetics of aspirin in combination with total ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of total ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves (TGSL) on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin in rats.Methods:Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups (n =6),a combined group that received TGSL (625 mg/kg body weight) and aspirin (10 mg/kg body weight) by gavage,and an aspirin group that received aspirin (10 mg/kg body weight) by gavage.The concentration of salicylic acid,an important metabolite of aspirin,was determined by highperformance liquid chromatography in supernatant from blood obtained from the orbital sinus at various time points to examine the effect of TGSL on aspirin.Results:The results showed that the Tmax of salicylic acid was [0.92 (0.58)] hours in the aspirin group and [2.50 (1.22)] hours in the combined group,and was statistically significantly different between the groups (p <.05).Conclusions:TGSL can affect the pharmacokinetics of aspirin at Tmax in rats.

Multielemental Microanalysis in Root and Leaves, Growth and Biomass in Tomato Seedling in Response to Ca Levels and Induction of Stress: Non-Destructive Spectroscopy

Tomatoes are one of the main vegetables in the food industry that are consumed fresh and processed. A multi-element microanalysis was performed with the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), to see changes in nutrient concentration in roots and leaves, as well as fresh and dry biomass in tomato seedlings. Exposed in nutrient solution (NS) with different levels of Ca (control, 25, 50 and 100 mM). The root was put in also to H2O2 for 8 hours to observe the changes that occurred. It was observed that NS with 100 mM Ca in fresh stem biomass and fresh leaf biomass increased by 25% and 38% compared to the control. It was observed that the NS with 100 and 50 mM of Ca, the content of Ca and Cl in foliar tissue increased by 34.50% and 13.15% compared to the control. Treatment with H2O2 and with 25 and 100 mM of Ca at NS increased the height of the seedling and fresh leaf bio-mass by 19.75% and 60.80% compared to the control. The treatment with H2O2 and with the different levels of Ca in the NS increased the content of C, P, K, Ca and Cl in the leaf tissue. Only S was significant for the control. Treatment with H2O2 and 100 mM Ca in the NS increased Ca and Mg by 83.48% and 40.47% for the root compared to the control. The K and Cl in the root was higher in the control treatment by 47.61% and 55% respect to the highest level of Ca. It is concluded that multielemental microanalysis is a powerful, non-destructive, fast and accurate tool for the determination of plant nutrients. Also, it is applicable for the areas like horticulture, physiology and agronomy.

芦笋茎叶青贮品质、微生物及挥发物质的特征分析

为了解析芦笋茎叶青贮后品质、微生物和挥发物质的特征,试验采用两种商品添加剂分别对芦笋茎叶进行青贮,50 d后测定青贮芦笋茎叶的品质、微生物、挥发性气味物质种类和含量。结果表明:加入添加剂青贮后提高了芦笋青贮料中乳酸的含量,降低了pH和氨态氮占总氮的比例。与青贮前相比,青贮后的芦笋茎叶中粗蛋白含量提高,粗纤维含量显著降低(P<0.05)。青贮后芦笋茎叶的细菌主要以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria-Chloroplast)为主;真菌主要以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为主。芦笋茎叶青贮前、后分别鉴定出19种和22种挥发性物质(匹配度80%以上),青贮芦笋茎叶的主要挥发性物质是醛类,其次是烃类和酯类。青贮后芳香醛和有益烃类化合物角鲨烯含量明显增加,改善了风味及适口性。青贮后芦笋茎叶产生大量有益菌群,尤其是蓝细菌。芦笋茎叶加入添加剂青贮后改善了营养品质、微生物结构和风味物质。

山银花茎叶化学成分及其抗炎活性研究

目的对山银花茎叶化学成分进行分离和结构鉴定,并进行体外抗炎活性评价。方法山银花茎叶80%甲醇提取物采用Diaion HP20SS、Sephadex LH-20、高速逆流色谱、反相半制备液相色谱等进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。通过测定单体化合物抑制LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7释放NO水平评价其抗炎活性。结果从山银花茎叶中分离得到13个化合物,分别鉴定为苄醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、獐牙菜苷(2)、表断马钱子苷半缩醛内酯(3)、马钱子苷半缩醛内酯(4)、裂环马钱苷(5)、断氧化马钱苷(6)、裂马钱素二甲基乙缩醛(7)、绿原酸甲酯(8)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、野漆树苷(11)、木犀草素-7-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(12)、忍冬苷(13);化合物2~8、11~13可抑制LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞释放NO。结论化合物1首次从忍冬属植物中分离得到,化合物3、5、7、9、11~12首次从山银花茎叶中发现。化合物2~8、11~13具有一定的抗炎活性。

纤维素降解菌的筛选及其对西兰花废弃茎叶品质的改善

本试验旨在筛选纤维素降解菌,并探究其用于废弃西兰花茎叶发酵的可行性。以西兰花种植土壤和实验室保藏菌种为筛选源,采用羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC)-刚果红染色法进行初筛,以CMC活性和滤纸酶(FPA)活性为指标进行复筛,获得一株高产纤维素酶的菌株,编号XLG2-1。对其进行16S rRNA基因序列分析,通过形态学及生理生化分析,确定其为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。将菌株接种于废弃西兰花茎叶中进行发酵,发现粗蛋白、小肽和粗多糖含量分别比发酵前提高了0.41、11.5和10.4百分点;粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗灰分含量分别比发酵前降低了0.21、0.25和0.02百分点。扫描电镜结果显示,发酵后的样品结构疏松,表面有大量孔洞,并有菌附着,表明该菌能分解利用西兰花废弃茎叶,有助于解决其资源化利用的难题。

免疫增强剂三七茎叶皂苷口服液的质量控制研究

本研究从性状、pH、相对密度、装量差异、微生物限度、鉴别、含量测定等方面对三七茎叶皂苷口服液(Oral liquid of saponins of stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng,LSPN)进行质量控制研究。利用薄层色谱(thin layer chromatography,TLC)法,鉴定其主要成分;利用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射(high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector,HPLC-ELSD)法,建立LSPN中人参皂苷Rb1和Rb3含量的同步分析方法。HPLC-ELSD的色谱条件:色谱柱为GL,InertSustain C18柱(5μm,250×4.6 mm Column);流动相为乙腈(A)-水(B),采用梯度洗脱;进样量:10 L;人参皂苷Rb1和Rb3保留时间分别为13.264 min和15.415 min。ELSD运行参数:氮气流速为1.64 slpm,气化温度为48℃,蒸发温度为80℃。结果表明,LSPN为黄绿色的澄清液体,味苦,pH、相对密度和微生物限度均符合标准要求。人参皂苷Rb1和Rb3的检出限(limit of detection,LOD)均为10 g/mL,定量限(limit of quantitation,LOQ)均为20 g/mL,均在20~500 g/mL内线性关系良好;回归方程分别为Y=1.58X+1.72(r=0.999904)和Y=1.60X+1.64(r=0.999628)。人参皂苷Rb1和Rb3的平均加样回收率分别为101.25%和100.42%,RSD分别为2.71%和1.12%。该法准确,精密度、重现性好,可用于LSPN中人参皂苷Rb1和Rb3的含量测定。

怀菊花茎叶中聚炔类化合物对ox-LDL诱导的HUVECs细胞损伤的保护作用

研究怀菊花茎叶中分离得到的聚炔类化合物对氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)损伤的保护作用及初步探讨作用机制。采用ox-LDL(200μg/mL)处理HUVECs细胞建立内皮细胞损伤模型,同时给予聚炔类化合物1~10(100μg/mL)干预;通过CCK-8法检测细胞生存率,筛选出有细胞保护作用的目标化合物;采用目标化合物5和9(12.5、25、50、100μg/mL)干预细胞24 h,CCK-8检测细胞生存率,采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成率,酶联免疫(ELISA)检测细胞上清液中白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)含量;细胞免疫印迹法(In-Cell Western)检测细胞中核转录因子-κB(nuclear transcription factor-κB,NF-κB)2p100/p52与NF-κBp65蛋白的相对表达水平。结果显示:与正常对照组(Con)相比,模型组(ox-LDL)中的细胞生存率明显下降,细胞凋亡率、ROS生成,炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α明显升高(P<0.01);与ox-LDL组相比,聚炔类化合物5和9可以明显提高HUVECs细胞的生存率、降低细胞凋亡率、ROS生成率,炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α的分泌(P<0.05或P<0.01),下调NF-κB2 p100/p52、NF-κB p65蛋白的表达(P<0.05或P<0.01)。综上所述,怀菊花茎叶中聚炔苷类成分可以改善ox-LDL诱导的HUVECs细胞损伤与功能障碍,其作用机制可能与NF-κB信号通路相关。

烹调方式对山芋茎叶抗氧化能力的影响

为探究不同烹调方式对山芋茎叶抗氧化能力的影响,以总酚含量、黄酮类物质含量以及DPPH·清除能力作为抗氧化能力的评价指标,分别采用漂烫、油炒和微波3种不同的烹调方法处理山芋茎叶,测定不同烹调方式及条件下其抗氧化能力的变化情况。结果显示:山芋茎叶抗氧化能力与漂烫时间、漂烫温度呈负相关,且当温度大于70℃后,其抗氧化能力的衰减趋势更显著(P<0.05);油炒时间、油用量对山芋茎叶的抗氧化能力有正向调节功效;其抗氧化能力随微波时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,且在3 min时最强,而当微波功率增大时,山芋茎叶黄酮含量、总酚含量先下降后上升,且差异显著(P<0.05),DPPH·清除率则呈负相关趋势。

偏最小二乘法和近红外光谱技术快速测定发酵黄芪茎叶中黄酮含量及抗氧化活性

试验测定发酵前、后黄芪茎叶黄酮含量和抗氧化活性,并应用近红外光谱技术(NIR)结合化学计量学法快速预测发酵黄芪茎叶黄酮含量,为定量检测发酵黄芪茎叶黄酮含量提供理论依据以及为黄芪茎叶深加工利用提供技术支持。试验采用硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠比色法测定发酵黄芪茎叶黄酮的含量,测定黄酮对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力和羟基自由基的清除能力,利用偏最小二乘方法构建发酵黄芪茎叶黄酮的快速预测模型。结果表明,发酵黄芪茎叶黄酮抗氧化能力强于发酵前,构建快速预测模型采用了二阶导数(SD)+正态变量变换(SNV)+去趋势算法(Detred)的方法对全谱图进行预处理的效果较好,优化后的模型决定系数(R^(2))、校正均方根误差(RMSEC)、校准标准差(SEC)分别为0.92、0.24、0.24,其相对分析误差(PRD)为3.46,外部验证R2为0.88。研究表明,构建的NIR模型校正和交互验证决定系数均较大,PRD均大于2,说明模型预测性能较好,建立的模型有助于检测发酵黄芪茎叶黄酮含量活性成分。

3种地榆属植物叶片和茎结构的比较研究

为充分揭示不同地榆属(Sanguisorba)植物对环境的适应性,以地榆(S.officinalis)、细叶地榆(S.tenuifolia)和宽蕊地榆(S.applanata)的叶片和茎为材料,采用常规石蜡切片技术对其进行解剖学比较研究。结果表明,3种地榆属植物叶片形态表现出同一性和差异性,其显微结构呈现典型的双子叶植物特征,上表皮细胞均大于下表皮细胞;细叶地榆、宽蕊地榆与地榆相比在叶脉厚度、栅栏组织厚度上差异显著,在维管束长度、上下角质层厚度、下表皮细胞厚度上无显著差异;茎解剖结构显示地榆维管束数量多于细叶地榆与宽蕊地榆,维管束面积表现为宽蕊地榆>细叶地榆>地榆。上述研究明确了地榆属植物的生物学特性,可为地榆属植物的栽培和高效开发利用提供理论依据。

氮添加对燕麦/豌豆间作体系碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响

为分析无机氮肥对燕麦(Avena sativa)/豌豆(Pisum sativum)间作体系主要营养元素吸收的影响,本研究以燕麦和豌豆为试验材料,设置单播、隔行间作、同行混合间作3种种植方式和对照(0 kg·ha^(-1))、低氮(50 kg·ha^(-1))、高氮(200 kg·ha^(-1))3个氮添加水平,探究不同间作种植方式和氮添加水平对燕麦、豌豆茎叶及根系碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量和C/N、C/P、N/P的影响。结果表明:豌豆和燕麦茎叶、根系碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比在不同种植方式和氮添加水平下均表现不同;不同种植方式和氮添加水平下,豌豆和燕麦生长受N和P共同限制;RDA分析表明,间作种植方式和氮添加水平与二者茎叶、根系碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比存在正负相关。因此,可通过植物组织养分含量变化特征揭示其养分利用状况,进而为高寒区草地退化修复和畜牧业可持续发展提供理论基础。

基于谱-效关系筛选菊茎叶总黄酮抗氧化物质基础及其机制探讨

为探讨菊茎叶总黄酮(total flavonoids from stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium,TFCSL)抗氧化应激的活性成分,阐明其药效物质基础和作用机制。采用HPLC建立不同批次TFCSL指纹图谱;以高浓度葡萄糖诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞建立氧化损伤模型,将丙二醛含量、乳酸脱氢酶含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性作为药效指标;采用灰色关联度和偏最小二乘法分析其谱-效关系确定抗氧化药效物质基础;基于网络药理学结合分子对接探究核心靶点及作用通路。从12批次TFCSL指纹图谱中确定12个共有峰,指认其中9个化学成分;各批次总黄酮样品均可减少细胞凋亡、降低丙二醛及乳酸脱氢酶含量、提高超氧化物歧化酶活性;综合2种数学模型确定峰5(芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)、峰6(异绿原酸C)、峰7(香叶木素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)为抗氧化物质基础;筛选出的3个活性成分作用于抗氧化应激的33个靶点;关键靶点为TNF、CASP3、EDNRA、XDH、PTGS2、MMP2,主要涉及脂质和动脉粥样硬化信号通路、IL-17信号通路、糖尿病并发症AGE-RAGE信号通路、TNF通路、MPKA通路等信号通路;分子对接结果显示活性成分与关键靶点之间均有较好的结合力。表明TFCSL抗氧化应激的物质基础可能为芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、异绿原酸C、香叶木素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷,推测通过TNF、CASP3等靶点作用动脉粥样硬化信号通路、IL17信号通路发挥作用,体现菊茎叶多成分、多靶点抗氧化的作用特点。