The Beneficial Effects of Components of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in the Poultry Industry

Plant-based antimicrobial agents are readily available, cost-effective, and exhibit low toxicity, making them promising alternatives in combatting microbial infections. Among these plants, garlic (Allium sativum) stands out for its traditional medicinal use in effectively combating various microorganisms. In the poultry industry, preventing avian virus and bacterial infections is paramount for chicken husbandry. However, using conventional drugs poses potential risks to human health. Garlic, a widely used Asian plant in traditional medicine for various pathologies, has shown potential as an herbal prophylactic remedy against viral and bacterial infections. Recently, researchers explored garlic and its derivatives as a scientific strategy in veterinary practices for diverse purposes, such as improving poultry production characteristics and acting as antibiotic growth promoters. This comprehensive review delves into garlic and its derivatives as preventive and corrective treatments for viral diseases in laying hens and broilers. The paper highlights their potential effectiveness and safety as a natural means to enhance poultry health and welfare while mitigating the risks associated with conventional drug usage in the food industry.

Black Garlic as an Antiviral for Herpes Simplex Virus-2 in Lung Cells

Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-GloTM H2O2 assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.

GRADE: Deep learning and garlic routing-based secure data sharing framework for IIoT beyond 5G

The rise of automation with Machine-Type Communication(MTC)holds great potential in developing Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)-based applications such as smart cities,Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS),supply chains,and smart industries without any human intervention.However,MTC has to cope with significant security challenges due to heterogeneous data,public network connectivity,and inadequate security mechanism.To overcome the aforementioned issues,we have proposed a blockchain and garlic-routing-based secure data exchange framework,i.e.,GRADE,which alleviates the security constraints and maintains the stable connection in MTC.First,the Long-Short-Term Memory(LSTM)-based Nadam optimizer efficiently predicts the class label,i.e.,malicious and non-malicious,and forwards the non-malicious data requests of MTC to the Garlic Routing(GR)network.The GR network assigns a unique ElGamal encrypted session tag to each machine partaking in MTC.Then,an Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)is applied to encrypt the MTC data requests.Further,the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS)-based blockchain is employed to store the machine's session tags,which increases the scalability of the proposed GRADE framework.Additionally,the proposed framework has utilized the indispensable benefits of the 6G network to enhance the network performance of MTC.Lastly,the proposed GRADE framework is evaluated against different performance metrics such as scalability,packet loss,accuracy,and compromised rate of the MTC data request.The results show that the GRADE framework outperforms the baseline methods in terms of accuracy,i.e.,98.9%,compromised rate,i.e.,18.5%,scalability,i.e.,47.2%,and packet loss ratio,i.e.,24.3%.

Transcriptomic Responses of Garlic(Allium sativum L.)to Heat and Drought Stresses

Heat and drought are prominent abiotic stressors that limit crop productivity and yield,particularly concerning climate change;therefore,understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant stress responses is crucial for stress-tolerant crop production.This study conducted a transcriptomic analysis to elucidate how garlic(Allium sativum L.)responds to drought and heat stress conditions.Transcriptome libraries were generated to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)induced by drought and heat stresses.Functional classification and clustering analysis of DEGs revealed stress-specific gene expression patterns.Notably,cell wall-related genes were implicated in the drought response,whereas heat stress was associated with heat stress transcription factors and heat shock proteins.Our results provide essential information for future studies on stress tolerances in garlic.

Garlic extract addition for soil improvement at various temperatures using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method

Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging technique to improve the soil and most studies are carried out at room temperature. However, considering some foundations are in high-temperature environments (>40 ℃), the higher urease activity at high temperature results in the solidification inhomogeneity, limiting the application of EICP. The higher urease activity at high temperature hampers the application of EICP because of solidification inhomogeneity. The garlic extract has been used as a type of urease inhibitor in medical science and food engineering. Here, we propose to use it to control urease activity for sand solidification at high temperature. The effects of garlic extract addition on urease activity and precipitation rates for calcium carbonate (CaCO_(3)) were studied. Extra tests were conducted to study the effect of garlic extract addition on the solidification homogeneity. The results showed that the garlic extract addition significantly decreased urease activity. To reduce the rate of CaCO3 precipitation at different temperatures, a suitable concentration of garlic extract was necessary to obtain a suitable urease activity. In the sand solidification test, garlic extract addition resulted in a smaller difference in sonic time values or CaCO_(3) contents at different parts of samples. The improved solidification homogeneity can achieve higher strength. The correlation between sonic time values and CaCO_(3) content was higher than that between CaCO3 content and strength. Appropriate concentrations of garlic extract were obtained at 35 ℃, 40℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, and 55 ℃. The proposed garlic extract addition method was significant to improve the homogeneity of solidified soil in practical engineering applications.

Comparative Analysis of Various Strains of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on the Physiology of Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic is a most important medicinal herb belonging to the family Liliaceae. Both its leaves and bulb are edible. The current study was based on evaluating the growth promoting potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and biochemical contents. Garlic cloves were inoculated with 3 kinds of PGPRs, Pseudomonas putida (KX574857), Pseudomonas stutzeri (Kx574858) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC14579) at 108 cells/mL prior to sowing. Under natural conditions, plants were grown in the net house. The PGPR significantly enhanced % germination, leaf and root growth and their biomass also increased the diameter of bulb and fresh and dry weight. The flavonoids, phenolics, chlorophyll, protein and sugar content were also significantly increased due to PGPR inoculation. The Pseudomonas stutzeri was found most effective for producing longer leaves with moderate sugar, high flavonoids (129%) and phenolics (263%) in bulb over control (Tap). The Pseudomonas putida exhibited a maximum increase in bulb diameter and bulb biomass with maximum phenolics and flavonoid contents.

Effects of Different Levels of Garlic Powder Incorporated in the Feed Enriched with Stylosanthes guianensis on Reproduction and Pre-Weaning Growth Performances of Cavies (Cavia porcellus)

In order to increase the productivity of the local cavies as a meat animal, a study was carried out between November 2021 and March 2022 at the Research and Experimental Farm, Animal Nutrition and Production Research Unit of the Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences (FAAS) and the Microbiology and Anti-Microbial Research Unite of the University of Dschang on 72 cavies aged between 4 and 5 months and weighing an average of 450 ± 50 g produced on the farm, including 60 females and 12 males. The females were distributed according to a completely randomized factorial design in twelve (12) rearing boxes numbered G1 to G12, with 15 females per group distributed in 03 boxes and receiving iso-nitrogenated experimental diet (18% protein) R0 enriched with 20% of Stylosanthes guianensis (0% garlic powder), R0.25 (0.25% garlic powder), R0.50 (0.50% garlic powder) and R0.75 (0.75% garlic powder). Females were identified by numbered ear tags and mated with a sex ratio of 5 females for 1 male. Drinking water enriched with vitamin C (01 tablet of 240 mg in 1.5 liters of water) was served ad libitum and renewed daily. The males were removed after 31 days. A form was established to record the weight of each pregnant female, any abortions during gestation, the date of parturition and the date of birth of each newborn, as well as the number of live-born or stillborn pups. After parturition, the weights of female and newborn cavies were recorded weekly until the 3rd week. The number of cavies that died before weaning and the number of live weaned cavies were also recorded. Reproductive performance significantly increased (p 0.05) fertility rate and net fertility rate, litter size, birth viability rate, and pre-weaning viability rate with rations containing garlic powder, compared to the control ration, especially with the R0.50 ration. In addition, birth mortality and pre-weaning mortality were significantly lower (p 0.05) with rations containing the additive, compared to those of the control ration (R0). However, the R0.50 ration showed the lowest rates, followed by the R0.25 ration, and finally the R0.75 ration. Weight development of young cavies increased with all rations but was more marked with the R0.50 ration. Only total weight gain (TG) and average daily weight gain (ADG) in the pre-weaning phase were significantly increased (p < 0.05) with rations R0.25 and R0.50.

硫酸钙与腐植酸配施对大蒜产量及土壤性质的影响

为明确河南蒜区大蒜生产和碱性潮土改良最佳措施,设常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥+硫酸钙(T1)、常规施肥+腐植酸(T2)、常规施肥+硫酸钙+腐植酸(T3)的处理,研究了不同施肥方式对大蒜产量、叶片抗氧化能力、土壤酶活性、土壤结构的影响,分析了不同施肥方式对大蒜产量和碱性潮土改良的效果。结果表明,在常规施肥的基础上配合施用硫酸钙与腐植酸,能显著提高叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,增强土壤酶活性,对团粒直径>0.25mm土壤水稳性团聚体的形成有促进作用,效果优于CK、T1、T2;T3大蒜产量达15620.95 kg·hm^(-2),比当地常规施肥极显著增产11.97%。综上所述,硫酸钙与腐植酸配施对河南蒜区的大蒜产量和土壤性质的改善具有较好的效果。

7个大蒜品种对葱蝇的抗性及与大蒜素含量的相关性分析

葱蝇是危害大蒜的重要的根蛆类害虫,长期依赖化学杀虫剂导致害虫田间抗药性水平逐年积累,并严重威胁环境安全和人类健康。为了明确大蒜品种对葱蝇的抗性差异并探讨其抗虫机制,本研究分析了取食不同品种大蒜对葱蝇生命参数的影响,调查了田间大蒜品种间葱蝇发生危害差异,测定并分析了不同品种大蒜素含量与抗虫性的相关性。结果表明,取食杞县蒜和苍山蒜对葱蝇生命参数的抑制效果显著高于取食四六瓣蒜和宝坻蒜,表现为幼虫发育历期延长,蛹重减轻,幼虫存活率下降,成虫寿命缩短并伴随繁殖力下降;田间调查发现葱蝇对杞县蒜和苍山蒜的危害程度显著低于四六瓣蒜和宝坻蒜;此外,杞县蒜和苍山蒜的大蒜素含量显著的高于四六瓣蒜和宝坻蒜,且不同品种间大蒜素含量差异与抗虫性差异表现为显著的正相关。综上所述,大蒜素含量较高的大蒜品种对葱蝇的抗性较强,选育并栽培高大蒜素含量的大蒜品种对于提高大蒜品质和减轻根蛆危害有重要作用。

基于电子鼻和气质联用分析萌芽大蒜挥发性物质差异

为探究萌芽期大蒜挥发性物质的差异,采用电子鼻、捕集阱顶空-气质联用仪(Trap head space-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-Trap-GC-MS)结合正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)、香气活度值、差异性热图、相关性分析分析大蒜萌芽在0、24、48、72、96 h挥发性物质的差异。电子鼻结合OPLS-DA建立预测模型其预测能力达96.00%。GC-MS分析表明:含硫化合物是不同萌芽期大蒜的主要共有挥发性物质,含硫化合物的相对含量随萌芽时间的延长而呈递减趋势,而种类呈现出递增趋势;二烯丙基二硫醚是样品在萌芽过程中含量降低最多的物质。二烯丙基四硫醚、烯丙硫醇是样品共有关键化合物。差异性热图分析显示:除共有物质含量差异外,硫化丙烯、己醛、叠氮二羧酸二叔丁酯、丙烯醇、6-甲基-2-庚炔、5-甲基噻二唑、2-亚乙基-1,3-二硫烷、2-丙-2-炔基磺酰基丙烷、2,5-二甲基噻吩、2,5-二甲基呋喃、1-戊烯-3-醇、1,3-二噻烷的缺失进一步加大了未萌芽和萌芽大蒜气味的差异。萌芽大蒜主要共有挥发性物质的种类随萌芽时间的延长呈现递增趋势。大蒜主要挥发性物质与电子鼻大多数传感器存在显著相关性。大蒜的气味强度会随萌芽时间的延长而逐步减弱。

多重扰动清种式大蒜单粒取种排种器设计与试验

针对勺链式大蒜播种机取种过程中常出现的漏种、重种问题,设计了一种多重扰动清种式大蒜单粒取种排种器。取种勺在充种阶段获取多粒蒜种,经多重扰动清种,最终取种勺内仅余1粒蒜种。本文以金乡蒜种为研究对象,阐述了排种器的工作原理,确定了排种器的各项参数和多重扰动装置的最佳安装位置。通过DEM-MBD耦合仿真试验,分析了倾斜角、取种勺线速度对充种成功率的影响,以及凹槽形状对单粒取种率的影响。运用Box-Behnken中心组合试验方法,以第2弧形突出部分坡度、倾斜角、取种勺线速度为试验因素,以单粒取种率和漏种率作为评价指标,开展了三因素三水平正交试验。利用Design-Expert 8.0.6数据分析软件,分析了各因素对单粒取种率与漏种率的影响,对试验因素进行优化,确定了多重扰动装置最佳结构参数。设计试验台对仿真结果进行验证,倾斜角、取种勺线速度分别为15°、0.07 m/s的条件下,通过调节多重扰动装置与取种勺凹槽顶端距离适配不同级别蒜种,当Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级蒜种距离分别为0、6.1、12.1 mm时,单粒取种成功率分别为92.2%、97.2%、95.6%,具有良好的取种性能。

大蒜^(60)Co-γ射线辐射育种适宜剂量的研究

研究以不同外皮颜色、不同熟期的大蒜品种为试验材料,研究不同辐射剂量对大蒜生长发育影响,以期明确大蒜辐射育种的最佳剂量。试验设置6~11Gy共计6个辐照梯度,分别对金乡紫皮蒜、金乡白皮蒜、苍山白皮蒜和广东紫皮晚熟蒜进行了辐射处理,研究发现辐射剂量9Gy处理的紫皮蒜田间表现优良,辐射剂量6Gy和9Gy处理的广东紫皮晚熟蒜大蒜田间长势较好,辐射剂量6Gy和9Gy处理后的苍山白皮蒜蒜薹综合性状优于对照,辐射剂量9Gy处理的金乡白皮蒜鳞茎性状优异。不同辐射剂量对大蒜的影响集中在大蒜的鳞茎重、株高、株幅、叶长等数量性状上,质量性状不受影响。研究结果表明,辐射剂量6GY和9Gy处理大蒜的适应效果较强,有利于筛选更多的优异突变株,进一步丰富大蒜种质资源。

不同发酵时期对黑蒜调味粉品质的影响

黑蒜富含微量元素与营养物质,作为一种食品或保健品在市面上流行。黑蒜的品质也引起了人们的广泛关注。普通黑蒜是用新鲜完整的带皮生蒜在高温高湿的发酵箱中自然发酵90~120 d后制成的。然而生蒜是如何在发酵过程中逐渐变黑、黑蒜与生蒜极大的口感差别以及两者营养价值的变化基于什么成为人们疑惑的问题。该研究选取品相完好的紫皮独头蒜,在专业的黑蒜发酵锅中发酵10 d,获得发酵成功的黑蒜,并在发酵过程中对不同发酵时期的黑蒜进行质构测定,经过干燥破碎,制成调味蒜粉,并对其中的还原糖含量、总酸含量、总酚含量、水分含量、粗脂肪含量、蛋白质含量进行测定,由此探寻蒜在发酵过程中产生的变化,从而对不同发酵时期黑蒜调味粉的品质进行综合评价。该研究可拓展关于调味品发酵方面的知识,为提高新型功能性调味粉的营养价值提供更多的数据资源。

SBR处理大蒜废水影响因素和微生物群落特征

采用AO工艺,利用SBR反应器,以高浓度大蒜废水(COD>7 000 mg/L)为对象,基于控制变量法探究曝气量、进水pH、搅拌速度对污染物去除效果的影响,明确微生物功能菌群和多样性对污染物降解的作用。曝气量和进水pH对污染物去除效果影响显著。系统中以具有脱氮除磷降解有机物功能的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主,两者总体细菌相对丰度分别达到了97.82%和98.41%,明显高于接种污泥的56.48%。科水平A2、A3和A1的样本间距离分别为0.894 05和0.875 83,说明其在物种丰度分布上有较大差异,A2、A3中的优势菌科与A1中的优势菌科相差甚大。A2和A3前9类优势菌科基本一致,但其样本间距离为0.233 72,说明物种丰度分布略有差异,两个反应器处理效果会略有不同。A2和A3具有多种功能,其中化能异养和需氧化能异养作用的功能丰度均大于30%。SBR反应器在曝气量为0.3 L/min,进水pH为7.0,搅拌速度为70 r/min的条件下,污染物去除率达到92%以上。

黑蒜多酚联合多奈哌齐治疗早期阿尔茨海默病的疗效观察

目的 探讨黑蒜多酚联合西药治疗早期阿尔茨海默病(AD)的疗效。方法 选取2019年3月至2020年3月本院收治的120例早期AD患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各60例,观察组予黑蒜多酚联合多奈哌齐治疗,对照组予多奈哌齐单药治疗,持续治疗12周。采用简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)、长谷川痴呆量表(HDS)、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)等对两组患者认知功能、日常生活能力和精神状况进行评定,同时检测血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)水平,并记录治疗期间的不良反应。结果 观察组治疗有效率80.00%,对照组有效率61.67%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后的MMSE评分和HDS评分高于对照组,而ADL评分和BPRS评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05),且血清SOD和GSH-PX活性明显升高(P<0.05),MDA水平明显下降(P<0.05)。结论 黑蒜多酚联合多奈哌齐治疗早期AD患者有明显疗效,可减缓认知功能衰退,改善精神行为症状。

饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数及血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数及血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响。选择3.5月龄左右、健康且体重[(23.85±0.41)kg]相近的湖羊公羔32只,随机分为2个组,每组16只。对照组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,大蒜皮组(GAP组)用3%的大蒜皮替代基础饲粮中全部小麦秸秆。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)与CON组相比,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能极显著提高湖羊试验第1~28天的体重和胸围平均生长速度(P<0.01)。2)与CON组相比,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能够显著提高瘤胃丁酸(BA)比例(P<0.05),显著降低瘤胃异丁酸(IBA)比例(P<0.05),极显著降低瘤胃异戊酸(IVA)比例(P<0.01)。3)与CON组相比,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能够极显著降低血清总胆固醇(TC)含量(P<0.01),显著降低血清甘油三酯(TG)含量(P<0.05),极显著提高血清总蛋白(TP)含量(P<0.01)。4)与CON组相比,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能够显著提高血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量(P<0.05),极显著提高血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量(P<0.01)。5)与CON组相比,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能够极显著降低血清丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.01),极显著提高血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性(P<0.01)。综上所述,饲粮中添加3%的大蒜皮能够改善血清生化指标,增强机体免疫力和抗氧化能力,提高瘤胃丁酸比例,进而改善湖羊的生长性能。

大蒜有机硫化物的提取及其在食用油中的应用研究进展

大蒜是一种药食两用植物,其根茎具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗高血压、抗肿瘤、降血脂等功效。大蒜的功能活性主要归因于其含有的多种有机硫化物。本文对大蒜有机硫化物的提取方法进行了综述,分析了其在食用油中的应用,并预测了其发展前景,为含有有机硫化物的功能性食品的开发提供了新的发展方向。

大蒜加工废水处理研究进展

我国是世界上最大的大蒜生产国和出口国,蒜片是主要的出口品种之一。每生产1 t蒜片会产生20 t以上的大蒜加工废水。大蒜加工废水具有强烈的杀菌作用,给其生物法处理带来了困难。文章围绕大蒜加工废水的特点和组成、大蒜素抑菌机理、大蒜加工废水的生物法处理、膜分离、高级氧化等工艺展开综述,以期为改进现有大蒜加工废水处理工艺提供借鉴。

一种大蒜收获机的设计

大蒜收获是种植的重要作业环节,目前多采用人工挖掘,劳动强度大、生产效率低。为此,研制一种大蒜收获机,介绍其整体结构及工作原理,简述主要零部件设计。该机具采用左右对称式异动振动筛结构,结构简单、作业阻力小、机具运转平稳、动力消耗小、工作效率高,具有良好的大蒜收获效果。

黑蒜多酚的提取方法及应用研究进展

在国家经济高速发展的今天,人们对食物的需求也在逐步提高,对健康和保健的认识也在逐渐增强。目前,黑蒜的食用价值与经济价值被逐渐挖掘,黑蒜多酚在食品行业的研究提取已成为诸多研究热点。对黑蒜多酚的功效、提取方法及未来的市场发展进行了综述,为提高人们对黑蒜多酚的认识,以及在各领域黑蒜多酚物质的创新开发和利用提供参考和思路。