Disasters of gas-coal spontaneous combustion in goaf of steeply inclined extra-thick coal seams

In light of the escalating global energy imperatives,mining of challenging-to-access resources,such as steeply inclined extra-thick coal seams(SIEC),has emerged as one of the future trends within the domain of energy advancement.However,there is a risk of gas and coal spontaneous combustion coupling disasters(GCC)within the goaf of SIEC due to the complex goaf structure engendered by the unique mining methodologies of SIEC.To ensure that SIEC is mined safely and efficiently,this study conducts research on the GCC within the goaf of SIEC using field observation,theoretical analysis,and numerical modeling.The results demonstrate that the dip angle,the structural dimensions in terms of width-to-length ratio,and compressive strength of the overlying rock are the key factors contributing to the goaf instability of SIEC.The gangue was asymmetrically filled,primarily accumulating within the central and lower portions of the goaf,and the filling height increased proportionally with the advancing caving height,the expansion coefficient,and the thickness of the surrounding rock formation.The GCC occurs in the goaf of SIEC,with an air-return side range of 41 m and an air-intake side range of 14 m,at the intersection area of the“<”-shaped oxygen concentration distribution(coal spontaneous combustion)and the“>”-shaped gas concentration distribution(gas explosion).The optimal nitrogen flow rate is 1000 m3/h with an injection port situated 25 m away from the working face for the highest nitrogen diffusion efficacy and lowest risk of gas explosion,coal spontaneous combustion,and GCC.It has significant engineering applications for ensuring the safe mining of SIEC threatened by the GCC.

Bifurcation characteristics of coal spontaneous combustion and analysis of critical state of gaseous reaction in a packed bed

The numerical model was presented for the coal combustion in the packed bed. The bifurcation characteristic of the ignition-extinction of solid-phase smoldering and tran- sition to flaming was studied for the packed bed of coal.One of the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter β_1 was selected as the control parameter.The computed results show that the bifurcation curve is obviously divided into two zones of solid-phase reaction and gas- phase reaction,and the total process of ignition-extinction presents twice bifurcation cha- racteristic.Moreover,the vanishing of critical state of ignition-extinction is studied.One of the transition points,ε_2=0.05,is numerically solved for the vanishing of critical state.The larger the value of ε_2 is,the easier the gas-phase can react.However,the combustion temperature will decrease with increasing ε_2.The other transition point α_2=0.53 is also ob- tained.With increasing the value of α_2,the combustion temperature of gas-phase reaction is close to the smoldering temperature of coal.When α_2 is infinite,the only reaction occur- ring is the smoldering combustion of solid-phase,and the gas-phase cannot react.

Numerical comparison of coal spontaneous combustion danger influenced by different methane drainage patterns in gob area

The influence of gas drainage on float coal spontaneous combustion in the work face with ＂U＂ style ventilation was studied. Numerical simulation was used to compare the mutative law of steady flow and density field in the gob area under different drainage conditions by solving the equation set, including mass, momentum, and component transition. Consequently, the sequence of drainage effect and safety was obtained. The result manifests that the more effective the drainage pattern is, the easier float coal spontaneous combustion is caused due to air being guided into the depth of the gob area when the drainage position is arranged in the gas accumulation area. If the widened scope of oxidation zone exceeds the upper limit of the work face advancing speed, nitrogen injection should be applied to decrease the probability of spontaneous combustion. Then, the pipe laying drainage in the upper angle is most economical and safe compared with other drainage patterns when only the situation of gas accumulation is controlled in the upper angle. Finally, drainage pressure must not be too great. Otherwise the drainage density will decrease even if hazard is caused by back flow possibly happening in the return outlet when the drainage position is arranged near the work face.

Critical Value of CO of Forecasting Coal Spontaneous Combustion

CO has been used widely in the production process of colliery as an index gas to predict spontaneous combustion of coal. But in some collieries there are CO gas in the upper corner of the face all the times, sometime CO gas even exceeds the regulated critical index. This phenomenon is much more obvious in the fully-mechanized longwall face and fully-mechanized longwall and top-coal caving face. Although many measures of fire-proof and fire-extinguishing have been adopted, the flowing amount of CO gas can be only decreasd, but can not be eliminated completely. Using the different kinds of coal, the experiment of coal oxidation was made at the low temperature. The experiment indicates that some kinds of coal can produce CO under the condition of normal temperature oxidation, sometime the CO consistency is very high, and the intension of CO can be decreased with oxidation time prolonging. Selecting rational critical value of CO is the kev to predicting spontaneous combustion of coal correctly and reliably. The problem of selecting retional critical value of CO was studied. Finally, the amount of CO gas released by different kinds of coal was obtained under normal temperature condition.

Characteristics of coal re-oxidation based on microstructural and spectral observation

In order to investigate the characteristics of re-oxidation of residual coal in goafs in close coal seam mining,scanning electron microscope and infrared spectrometer are used to study the changes of coal microstructure and chemical reaction of functional groups of eight coal samples at different ranks.Result shows that after initial oxidation,the surface morphology of pore are different,and the porosity of coal is increased and the oxygen adsorption capacity of coal is improved.The change of coal molecular structure and presence of a large amount of active oxygen-containing functional groups lead to increasing tendency of coal to further oxidation.In addition,the higher lever of the initial oxidation is,the easier the re-oxidation occurs.

Application of a novel detection approach based on non-dispersive infrared theory to the in-situ analysis on indicator gases from underground coal fire

Coal mine fires,which can cause heavy casualties,environmental damages and a waste of coal resources,have become a worldwide problem.Aiming at overcoming the drawbacks,such as a low analysis efficiency,poor stability and large monitoring error,of the existing underground coal fire monitoring technology,a novel monitoring system based on non-dispersive infrared(NDIR)spectroscopy is developed.In this study,first,the measurement principle of NDIR sensor,the gas concentration calculation and its temperature compensation algorithms were expounded.Next,taking CO and CH_(4) as examples,the liner correlation coefficients of absorbance and the temperature correction factors of the two indicator gases were calculated,and then the errors of concentration measurement for CO,CO_(2),CH_(4) and C_(2)H_(4) were further analyzed.The results disclose that the designed NDIR sensors can satisfy the requirements of industrial standards for monitoring the indicator gases for coal fire hazards.For the established NDIR-based monitoring system,the NDIRbased spectrum analyzer and its auxiliary equipment boast intrinsically safe and explosion-proof performances and can achieve real-time and in-situ detection of indicator gases when installed close to the coal fire risk area underground.Furthermore,a field application of the NDIR-based monitoring system in a coal mine shows that the NDIR-based spectrum analyzer has a permissible difference from the chromatography in measuring the concentrations of various indicator gases.Besides,the advantages of high accuracy,quick analysis and excellent security of the NDIR-based monitoring system have promoted its application in many coal mines.

Comparative Experimental Analysis on Coal Spontaneous Combustion

The goal of this study was to investigate coal quality features and their relationship to coal spontaneous combustion characteristics in multi-seam coal mines to better predict when coal spontaneous combustion is likely to occur.To that end,coal samples of various particle sizes were obtained from five coal seams(Nos.6,8,9,12 and 20)in the Shuangyashan City Xin’an Coal Mine.The samples were then respectively heated using a temperature programming system to observe and compare similarities and differences in the sponta-neous combustion process of different particle sizes in response to rising temperature.The experimental results show,that in all five coal seams,the concentration of CO,C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(6) increased with a certain degree of regularity as a function of rising temperature.However,of these three gasses,only CO and C_(2)H_(4) can be used as indicators to predict coal mine spontaneous combustion.The critical temperature for samples from all five coal seams ranged from 50–85℃,while the dry cracking temperature of coal seams 8 and 12(80–100℃)were lower than those of 6,9,and 20(100–120℃).Furthermore,the production rate of CO,C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(6) is related to both coal particle size and temperature.The smaller the particle size,the faster the production rate;and the higher the temperature,the more gas that gets produced.All five coal seems are mainly com-posed of long flame coal.However,they differ in that the No.12 coal seam contains weak cohesive coal;the No.8 coal seam contains lean and gas coal;and the Nos.6,9,and 20 coal seams contain a certain amount of anthracite.During the programmed coal heating,the CO,C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(6) release trend for the coal seams was No.12>No.8>Nos.6,9,and 20.These results demonstrate that the presence of weak cohesive coal and anthracite highly influence the concentration of CO,C_(2)H_(4),and C_(2)H_(6) released during coal spontaneous combustion.

Experiment Research of Application of FMCCT in Complex-Condition Coal Seams

The fully-mechanized caving coal technique (FMCCT) is a great technique progress of mining method in thick coal seams in China, and it has succeeded in some suitable condition mines. This paper introduces some technical measures and achieved outcomes in gas and fire precaution and support selection for the use of the fully-mechanized caving coal technique in the complex-condition coal seams based on the practice of Weijiadi Coal Mine, in which the technique is used in the gently inclined extremelythick soft coal seam with the dangers of coal and gas outburst and spontaneous combustion.

Comparative study on the flame retardancy of CO_(2) and N_(2) during coal adiabatic oxidation process

To test the effectiveness of N_(2) and CO_(2) in preventing coal from spontaneously combusting,researchers used an adiabatic oxidation apparatus to conduct an experiment with different temperature starting points.Non-adsorbed helium(He)was used as a reference gas,and coal and oxygen concentration temperature variations were analyzed after inerting.The results showed that He had the best cooling effect,N_(2) was second,and CO_(2) was the worst.At 70℃and 110℃,the impact of different gases on reducing oxygen concentration and the cooling effect was the same.However,at the starting temperature of 150℃,CO_(2) was less effective in lowering oxygen concentration at the later stage than He and N_(2).N_(2) and CO_(2) can prolong the flame retardation time of inert gas and reduce oxygen displacement with an initial temperature increase.When the starting temperature is the same,N_(2) injection cools coal samples and replaces oxygen more effectively than CO_(2) injection.The flame retardancy of inert gas is the combined result of the cooling effect of inert gas and the replacement of oxygen.These findings are essential for using inert flame retardant technology in the goaf.

混合气体抑制煤自燃的实验研究

为了研究混合气体(O_(2)/N_(2)和O_(2)/N_(2)/CO_(2))对煤自燃特性的影响,利用同步热分析仪、程序升温-气相色谱联用仪/红外光谱仪研究煤在混合气体下的特征温度、热效应/标志气体及官能团变化。结果表明:O_(2)/N_(2)气体氛围(简称气氛)下,随着N_(2)体积分数的增加,特征温度点滞后,TG、DTG、DSC均向高温偏移,放热量减少,燃烧阶段活化能升高,煤的最终耗氧量和CO体积分数均降低,煤中羟基增加,脂肪烃、含氧官能团、芳香烃的含量呈减少趋势;O_(2)/N_(2)/CO_(2)气氛下,随着CO_(2)体积分数的增加,特征温度点后移,放热量下降,燃烧阶段活化能减小,耗氧量、CO体积分数均降低,羟基、脂肪烃增加,含氧官能团的含量减少;当O_(2)体积分数相同时,O_(2)/N_(2)/CO_(2)混合气体中的失重率峰值、耗氧量与CO体积分数均小于O_(2)/N_(2)混合气体;-OH易被氧化发生脱水反应,煤在反应初期放热量较少,后期放热量快速增加,CO主要由-C=O生成。

孟巴矿高地温环境煤孔隙及氧化动力学特征

为预防高地温煤层开采条件下煤自燃灾害,明确煤的自燃特性,以孟巴矿Ⅵ煤层1306工作面煤样为例,将煤样分别置于40、50、60℃控温炉中恒温处理30天,采用全自动比表面积和孔径分布分析仪测试煤的孔隙结构,利用同步热分析仪测试原煤样和高温预处理煤样的氧化动力学参数。结果表明:孟巴矿煤样经高地温作用后,煤的小孔比例减小,中孔和大孔比例增大,煤样经60℃处理后比表面积由原煤的2.351 m^(2)/g增至3.285 m^(2)/g,总孔容由原煤的0.00788 mL/g增至0.01001 mL/g;与原煤相比,高地温处理后煤样点火温度和燃尽温度显著降低,最大失重量、最大失重速率分别提高6.1%和23.3%;高温处理后煤样的活化能和指前因子均小于原煤,说明高地温环境显著提高孟巴矿煤样的氧化反应活性,增大煤自燃的危险性。

淮南矿区典型煤样自燃特性热重-红外联用实验研究

为降低煤矿安全事故发生风险,针对煤自燃氧化出现紧急危险性等问题,研究淮南矿区典型煤样的自燃特性。以淮南张集煤矿6、8、11-2和13-1煤样为例,通过热重-红外(TG-FTIR)联用技术分析煤样在升温氧化过程中的质量变化和气相产物析出特性。实验结果表明:四种煤样的升温氧化过程均可分为5个阶段,包含6个特征温度点;燃烧阶段各煤样反应活化能按由大到小排序为6煤、8煤、11-2煤、13-1煤;主要气相产物吸收峰强度按由高到低排序为13-1煤、11-2煤、8煤、6煤;根据活化能大小和主要气相产物吸收峰强度判断各煤样自燃风险按由高到低排序为13-1煤、11-2煤、8煤、6煤。本文结果可为类似矿区矿井火灾防治提供基础理论支撑。

采空区复合灾害环境下含瓦斯煤自燃特征研究进展

采空区瓦斯与煤自燃复合灾害日趋成为制约矿井安全生产的主要灾害模式,煤自燃作为瓦斯燃烧、爆炸等灾害事故的“点火源”,无疑是防范煤矿采空区复合灾害的关键。目前关于采空区遗煤残余瓦斯(吸附态为主)与风流瓦斯(游离态)对煤自燃影响机理的认识还不够深入,为此探究了含瓦斯条件下煤自燃相关研究的最新进展。现阶段针对含瓦斯风流/气氛下煤自燃特性的研究内容较为丰富,但吸附态瓦斯影响条件下的煤自燃特性实验平台及相关研究成果较匮乏。研究表明,游离瓦斯易引起煤低温氧化气体产物出现明显的“滞后效应”,同时煤体放热强度减弱、活化能整体增大,这反映出氧化气氛中的瓦斯对煤自燃具有抑制作用;相应地,煤自燃过程中的官能团、自由基及煤微晶结构等微观特征参数均会随瓦斯体积分数呈现规律性演变。进一步,考虑到遗煤内部残余瓦斯与风流瓦斯的赋存状态差异,探究了瓦斯对煤自燃过程的影响机理,包括CH4对O_(2)的驱替稀释作用、CH_(4)与O_(2)的竞争吸附解吸引起的置换效应,以及高温环境下的O_(2)分子化学吸附和煤氧复合效应作用。基于此,提出了采空区遗煤在吸附态瓦斯影响下的自燃过程特性、含瓦斯煤自燃流–固–热–化多场耦合特征、含瓦斯煤自燃监测预警理论应用等亟待突破的瓶颈问题。

地温对不同变质程度煤自燃特征影响的实验研究

地温影响煤的自燃特征,进而影响采空区煤自燃危险区域的分布。为了探究地温对煤自燃的影响,实验选取褐煤、长焰煤和1/3焦煤为研究对象,利用热重实验获得不同温度预处理煤样在燃烧过程中重量变化情况,通过TG/DTG曲线分析特征温度点,运用积分公式计算热解阶段的活化能。实验结果表明:在相同预处理温度条件下,同一特征温度随着煤样变质程度的增加而升高;相同变质程度煤样,预处理温度越高,燃烧时的特征温度越低,尤其是干裂温度、增速温度和着火点温度降低较为显著;热解阶段活化能也降低5%~30%,说明预处理温度越高,煤氧越容易达到临界着火温度,进而达到煤自燃所需的条件,加速煤自燃进程。研究结果对高地温环境开采条件下煤自燃灾害的防治具有指导意义。

高温高压条件下含瓦斯煤解吸-自燃演化特性研究

随着矿井开拓水平的延深,煤岩赋存环境呈现出高瓦斯压力、高地温特征,而温度、压力是影响含瓦斯煤吸附-解吸-氧化特性的重要因素。为了探究高温高压下遗煤中瓦斯解吸特征及自燃特性的变化,选用高瓦斯易自燃矿井不同埋深的煤样作为试验对象,设计不同温度和压力下煤中甲烷解吸的正交试验,并对原煤样和解吸煤样进行孔隙及表面积测试、TG-FTIR联用、程序升温试验。结果表明:在整个解吸试验过程中,温度的抑制都显著大于压力的促进作用;高温高压环境主要改变了煤中的微孔结构,致使煤体的比表面积和总孔容都出现增加;解吸后,标高320 m和标高343 m煤样的温度突变点提前了8.7%和4.9%,同时虽然煤中的官能团种类相同,但含量出现了不同程度的降低;标高320 m和标高343 m解吸煤样和原煤样CO生成的交叉温度点分别为78℃和74℃,C_(2)H_(4)、C_(2)H_(6)的浓度始终低于原煤样;同时解吸煤样的耗氧量在相同煤温下出现了下降,在170℃时差距最大,标高320 m和标高343 m解吸前后煤样的氧气含量为9.3%、13.1%和10.3%、14.3%,两者的耗氧量最大相差42.3%、41.2%。综合分析表明,煤体经过高温、高压解吸后煤样在氧化初期更易自燃,产生更多的CO,可以选择CO作为指标气体,而在高温阶段反应剧烈程度有所降低。此外推导出了煤中甲烷解吸对采空区气体环境的实时变化公式,并以1304综采工作面为模型,对“高瓦斯压力、高地温”特征下采空区遗煤中瓦斯解吸影响下的“氧化带”区域进行了更细致的划分,将范围缩小了63.5%。研究成果可为高瓦斯易自燃煤层瓦斯与火耦合灾害防控提供基础支撑。

鞣花酸对下石节长焰煤氧化自燃的阻化影响研究

为考察鞣花酸(EA)对煤氧化自燃过程的影响,首先将EA与陕西铜川下石节煤矿的长焰煤以2%、4%、6%、8%和10%的质量比均匀混合进行试验;然后采用显微红外光谱试验和激光导热试验研究各个样品的活性官能团含量情况和热输运特性,通过评价煤氧化自燃抑制效果,确定最优质量比为8%;最后利用煤自燃程序升温试验对比4种阻化剂对煤氧化自燃气体释放的影响情况,进一步确定EA对煤氧化自燃的阻化程度。结果表明:EA处理煤(EA-tc)中-CH_(3)、-CH_(2)、-OH和-C=O-的峰面积相较于原煤(RC)均减少,但C-O的峰面积增加;在相同煤温下,RC的热扩散系数和导热系数高于EA-tc,其比热容低于EA-tc,且8%EA对RC低温氧化过程的热扩散系数、比热容和导热系数的平均抑制率分别为20.8%、9.8%和13.1%;相比于RC,8%EA-tc的CO释放量在170℃时降低52.3%,且EA对煤氧化自燃的阻化率在30~170℃内保持在50.5%~72.5%,说明EA对煤氧化自燃的阻化效果比其他3种阻化剂更好。

原煤与氧化煤在不同氧气浓度下的氧化特性研究

通过自主研发的程序升温装置,以山东唐口烟煤为研究对象,分析了原煤与氧化煤在不同氧气浓度下的耗氧速率、放热强度、CO气体浓度、特征温度、交叉点温度的变化规律。结果表明,在21%氧气体积分数下,原煤的耗氧速率、放热强度均高于氧化煤,原煤的CO量反应初期小于氧化煤,后期大于氧化煤;在15%,10%氧气体积分数下,原煤的耗氧速度、放热强度低于氧化煤,氧化煤产生的CO量总高于原煤;在5%氧气体积分数下,原煤的耗氧速度、放热强度前期大于氧化煤,后期小于氧化煤,氧化煤产生的CO量总高于原煤。随着氧气体积分数的下降,原煤和氧化煤的特征温度都逐渐升高;在21%,15%氧气体积分数下,氧化煤的特征温度都低于原煤的特征温度,10%,5%氧气体积分数条件下原煤和氧化煤的临界温度和干裂温度相差不明显;随着氧气体积分数下降,原煤和氧化煤的交叉点温度都增大,且氧化煤的交叉点温度相较于原煤更提前。

低温阶段煤吸附C_(2)H_(4)的吸附特性研究

为研究煤矿采空区封闭区遗煤吸附C_(2)H_(4)的演化特征,以宁夏灵新煤矿不粘煤为研究对象,采用容量法进行煤吸附C_(2)H_(4)试验,分析温压与粒径对煤吸附C_(2)H_(4)过程中的吸附量、吸附速率和吸附热力学等特征变化的影响。研究表明:当温度为30~60℃、压力为0.15~0.45 MPa、粒径为20~120目时,无论是温度降低、压力升高还是粒径减小,C_(2)H_(4)的吸附量均增加;吸附过程随时间由快变慢,进而趋于平衡,吸附速率快速趋于0;温度与粒径不变,平衡压力越大吸附速率越大;温度与压力不变,粒径越小吸附速率越快。吸附量相同,粒径越小等量吸附热越低;各粒径煤样吸附C_(2)H_(4)的等量吸附热为0.69~40.23 kJ/mol,属于物理吸附。引入压力修正系数进行拟合,温度不变,压力和粒径与吸附自由能降低值呈正比关系;粒径不变,温度与吸附自由能降低值呈反比关系。各粒径煤样吸附C_(2)H_(4)的吸附熵均为负值,吸附量增大,温度降低,吸附熵值均增大;吸附量相同条件下,粒径越大,吸附熵值越大。

不同变质程度烟煤的自燃特性研究

为了研究不同变质程度烟煤的自燃特性变化,根据变质程度由低到高顺序,选用4种不同变质程度烟煤:宁夏灵武不黏煤、宁夏灵武气煤、山西霍州1/3焦煤以及辽宁沈阳瘦煤,分别开展液氮吸附实验、傅里叶红外光谱实验以及TG-DSC同步热分析实验。结果表明:随着变质程度的升高,烟煤的内部孔隙的比表面积逐渐增加,孔容积变化趋势与之相同;煤样中的活性官能团比重逐渐减小,化学性质相对稳定的官能团比重逐渐增加;烟煤的临界温度T1与着火点温度T4随着变质程度的加深而逐渐升高,煤样燃烧阶段的放热量逐渐减小。综上所述,随着变质程度的升高,烟煤化学性质趋于稳定,愈发难以自燃;煤样中的活性官能团的影响程度要比孔隙结构的影响程度要大。

不同通风速率下水浸煤燃烧特性及氧化动力学研究

煤样在长期的浸水过程中突然风干会增加煤自燃风险,进而发生煤自燃现象。通风速率是影响煤自燃的一个关键因素,但它对水浸煤自燃的影响尚不清楚。为了研究通风速率对水浸煤燃烧特性的影响,先利用程序升温系统测试了煤样在低温氧化过程中的交叉点温度和CO与CO_(2)释放规律,然后利用同步热分析仪对水浸煤的燃烧特性进行了测试,最后利用红外光谱测试了水浸煤的官能团含量。结果表明:通风速率为60 mL/min时煤样的交叉点温度最低,但是CO与CO_(2)释放量随着通风速率的增加而增加;煤燃烧过程中存在最佳通风速率,此时煤的活化能最小,煤更容易燃烧,释放出的热量也更多;通风速率越高,煤中含有越多的羰基和羧基等含氧官能团,为煤氧化提供了足够的能量来源。