Permeability evolution and gas flow in wet coal under non-equilibrium state:Considering both water swelling and process-based gas swelling

Accurate knowledge of gas flow within the reservoir and related controlling factors will be important for enhancing the production of coal bed methane.At present,most studies focused on the permeability evolution of dry coal under gas adsorption equilibrium,gas flow and gas diffusion within wet coal under the generally non-equilibrium state are often ignored in the process of gas recovery.In this study,an improved apparent permeability model is proposed which accommodates the water and gas adsorption,stress dependence,water film thickness and gas flow regimes.In the process of modeling,the water adsorption is only affected by water content while the gas adsorption is time and water content dependent;based on poroelastic mechanics,the effective fracture aperture and effective pore radius are derived;and then the variation in water film thickness for different pore types under the effect of water content,stress and adsorption swelling are modeled;the flow regimes are considered based on Beskok’s model.Further,after validation with experimental data,the proposed model was applied to numerical simulations to investigate the evolution of permeability-related factors under the effect of different water contents.The gas flow in wet coal under the non-equilibrium state is explicitly revealed.

Effect of gas flow on the nanoparticles transport in dusty acetylene plasmas

This article presents simulation results on the effects of neutral gas flow for nanoparticle transport in atmospheric-pressure,radio-frequency,capacitively-coupled,and acetylene discharge.The acetylene gas is set to flow into the chamber from the upper showerhead electrode.The internal energy of the gas medium therein is transferred into kinetic energy so the gas advection can be triggered.This is represented by the pressure volume work term of the gas energy converse equation.The gas advection leads to the gas temperature sink at the gas inlet,hence a large gas temperature gradient is formed.The thermophoresis relies on the gas temperature gradient,and causes the profile of nanoparticle density to vary from a double-peak structure to a single-peak one.The gas advection influences the properties of electron density and temperature as well and causes the drift-ambipolar mode profile of electron density asymmetric.In the bulk region,i.e.away from the inlet,the gas advection is more like one isovolumetric compression,which slightly increases the temperature of the gas medium at consuming its kinetic energy.

Pressure-Driven Gas Flows in Micro Channels with a Slip Boundary:A Numerical Investigation

In this paper,flow of slightly rarefied compressible nitrogen in microchannels has been investigated numerically for low values of Reynolds and Mach numbers.The 2D governing equations were solved using Finite Element Method with first-order slip boundary conditions(Comsol Multiphysics software).A validation was performed by comparing with similar configuration from the literature.It was found that our model can accurately predict the pressure driven flow in microchannels.Several interesting findings are reported about the Relative pressure,longitudinal velocity,Mach number,effect of gas rarefaction and flow rate.

Gas Flow Distribution in Pelletizing Shaft Furnace

Through thermal test, cold state experiment, analysis and simulation of thermal process, the gas flow distribution in pelletizing shaft furnace （PSF） was discussed. The results show that there are five flowing trends among them, the downward roasting gas and the upward cooling gas are the most unsteady, which influence flow distribution greatly. Among the operating parameters, the ratio of inflow is a key factor affecting the flow distribution. The roasting and cooling gases will entirely flow into the roasting zone and internal vertical air channels （IVAC）, respectively, if the ratio of inflow is critical. From such a critical operating condition increasing roasting gas flow or decreasing cooling gas flow, the roasting gas starts flowing downwards so as to enter the inside of IVAC the greater the ratio of inflow, the larger the downward flowrate. Among constructional parameters, the width of roasting zone b1, width of IVAC b2 and width of cooling zone b3, and the height of roasting zone h1, height of soaking zone h2 and height of cooling zone hs are the main factors affecting flow distribution. In case the ratio of b2/b3, or h3/h2, or h1/h2 is increased, the upward cooling gas tends to decrease while the downward roasting gas tends to increase with a gradual decrease in the ratio of inflow.

Analysis of spectrum characteristics of optical scintillation in stack gas flow

Based on the analysis of spectrum characteristics of intensity fluctuations while light beams pass through stack gas flow in an industrial setting, this paper puts emphasis upon discussing the spectrum of optical intensity fluctuations by the variety of particle concentration in stack gas flow. This paper also gives the primary theoretical explanation of the measurement results in the stack of coal-fired utility boilers. Meanwhile, the cross-correlation formula is given as the theoretical basis of velocity measurement by using particle concentration scintillation.

“Redistribution” Effect of Lumpy Zone for Gas Flow in BF

The gas flow from tuyere to raceway zone by blasting involves three distributional zones, such as dripping, cohesive, and lumpy zone. The gas flow distribution in lumpy zone directly affects the gas utilization ration and smooth operation in the blast furnace. However, the furnace closeness brings about great difficulty in the study of high-temperature gas flow. The charging and blasting system affecting the gas flow and whether the top gas flow distribution could reflect its inner condition as well as the furnace state, such as hanging or scaffolding, which have become the main problems for the research on gas flow. Recently, several researches overseas studied gas flow distribution using the numerical simulation method; however, such a research was rare amongst the natives. In this study, the flow model of gas in cohesive and lumpy zone was established using the numerical simulation software and the gas flow distributions with uniform distribution of burden permeability, scaffolding of wall, and nonuniform charge level were analyzed. As a result, the effects of cohesive zone and lower parts on the gas flow are very limited and the charge level largely affects the distribution of top gas flow. Therefore, it was found that the distribution of top gas flow could hardly reflect the inner gas flow. The process is called ＂redistribution＂ effect, which means that the gas flow after passing through the raceway, dripping, and cohesive zone is distributed when it flows into the lumpy zone.

The effect of surface roughness on rarefied gas flows by lattice Boltzmann method

This paper studies the roughness effect combining with effects of rarefaction and compressibility by a lattice Boltzmann model for rarefied gas flows at high Knudsen numbers. By discussing the effect of the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient on the rough boundary condition, the lattice Boltzmann simulations of nitrogen and helium flows are performed in a two-dimensional microchannel with rough boundaries. The surface roughness effects in the microchannel on the velocity field, the mass flow rate and the friction coefficient are studied and analysed. Numerical results for the two gases in micro scale show different characteristics from macroscopic flows and demonstrate the feasibility of the lattice Boltzmann model in rarefied gas dynamics.

The Effect of Gas Flow Rate on Radio-Frequency Hollow Cathode Discharge Characteristics

It is known that gas flow rate is a key factor in controlling industrial plasma processing. In this paper, a 2D PIC/MCC model is developed for an rf hollow cathode discharge with an axial nitrogen gas flow. The effects of the gas flow rate on the plasma parameters are calculated and the results show that： with an increasing flow rate, the total ion（N＋2, N＋） density decreases, the mean sheath thickness becomes wider, the radial electric field in the sheath and the axial electric field show an increase, and the energies of both kinds of nitrogen ions increase;and, as the axial ion current density that is moving toward the ground electrode increases, the ion current density near the ground electrode increases. The simulation results will provide a useful reference for plasma jet technology involving rf hollow cathode discharges in N2.

Dynamic behavior of a rotating gliding arc plasma in nitrogen:effects of gas flow rate and operating current

The effects of feed gas flow rate and operating current on the electrical characteristics and dynamic behavior of a rotating gliding arc （RGA） plasma codriven by a magnetic field and tangential flow were investigated.The operating current has been shown to significantly affect the time-resolved voltage waveforms of the discharge,particularly at flow rate =21 min^-1.When the current was lower than 140 mA,sinusoidal waveforms with regular variation periods of 13.5-17.0 ms can be observed （flow rate =21 min^-1）.The restrike mode characterized by serial sudden drops of voltage appeared under all studied conditions.Increasing the flow rate from 8 to 121 min^-1 （at the same current） led to a shift of arc rotation mode which would then result in a significant drop of discharge voltage （around 120-200 V）.For a given flow rate,the reduction of current resulted in a nearly linear increase of voltage.

Effect of Auxiliary Gas Flow Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of Ta Coatings Prepared by Three-Cathode Atmosphere Plasma Spraying

Based on the three-cathode plasma spraying system,tantalum(Ta)coatings were pre-pared on the substrate of CuCrZr alloy.The effects of different auxiliary gas(helium)flow rates on the microstructure,phase composition,mechanical and wear resistance properties of Ta coatings were studied.The results showed that the oxidation degree of the coatings decreases first and then increases with the increase of the auxiliary gas flow.When the auxiliary gas flow rate is 70 L·min-1,the oxidation degree of the coating is the lowest,minimum value of the porosity is 0.21%,and the bonding strength reaches the maximum,59.3 MPa.At this time,the coating wear rate is 0.0012 mm^(3)·N^(-1)·m^(-1)with the best wear resistance.This indicates that the auxiliary gas flow has an important influence on the quality and surface mechanical properties of tantalum coating.

Effect of Ballistic Bouncing of Gas Particles across a Microchannel on Rarefied Gas Flows

This paper proposes a novel computationally efficient method of modeling rarefied gas flow in microchannels based on the newly discovered and mathematically proven Ballistic Principle of the Property Balance in Space (BPPBS). The mechanism of influence of the effect of rarefication on the gas flow is specifically investigated. Also, a differential form of the momentum balance equation governing gas flow in the channel between two parallel plates due to the pressure gradient along the channel and its exact implicit solution in the form of an integral equation have been derived. The theory does not use the generalized concept of viscosity based on the variable mean free path (MFP) in the Knudsen layer (KL). Comparing the normalized flow rate as a function of the inverse Knudsen number according to the current theory and the experimental data shows good agreement in the range of the inverse Knudsen number from 0.01 to about 40. The correlation factor is found to be about 0.995. The results show that our approach based on the BPPBS offers substantial and practical advantages in modeling and simulation of rarefied gases. The validity of the widely disseminated claim of the geometry-dependent MFP in the KL was analyzed.

Characteristics of mining gas channel expansion in the remote overlying strata and its control of gas flow

The technology of pressure relief gas drainage is one of the most effective and economic for preventing gas emissions in underground mines.Based on current understanding of strata breakage and fracture development in overlying strata,the current study divides the overlying strata into the following three longitudinal zones in terms of the state of gas flow:a turbulent channel zone,a transitional circulation channel zone and a seepage channel zone.According to the key strata discrimination theory of controlling the overlying strata,the calculation method establishes that the step-type expansion of the mining gas channel corresponds to the advancing distance of working face,and this research also confrms the expanding rule that the mining gas channel in overlying strata follows the advancing distance of mining working face.Based on the geological conditions of Xinjing Coal Mine of Yangquan,this paper researches the expanding rule of mining gas channel as well as the control action of the channel acting on the pressure relief flow under the condition of the remote protective layer,and got the distance using inversion that the step-type expanding of mining gas channel is corresponding to the advancing distance of working face,which verifes the accuracy and feasibility of theoretical calculation method proposed in this study.The research provides the theoretical basis for choosing the technology of pressure relief gas drainage and designing the parameters of construction.

Creation and Evaluation of Construction Guidelines Using CFD for Low Pressure Plasma Gas Feed-in Systems to Homogenize the Precursor Gas Flow

The local gas-flow behavior is almost unknown for low pressure plasma systems, except parallel plate reactors for semiconductor purposes. To overcome this lack of knowledge, this study starts with the influence investigation of the gas feed-in systems technical layout on the homogeneity of the gas supply for large volume plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chambers. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used as a tool to determine velocity and pressure distribution inside the gas feed-in pipe as well as in the PECVD-chamber itself. The parameters varied were: flow rate, pipe length, number of holes, hole diameter and aspect ratio of the pipe section. The calculated pressure values are compared with the experimentally measured ones to validate the simulation results. An excellent conformity of the calculated and measured pressures is observed. With the aim to evaluate the homogeneity of gas distribution through the pipe holes the nonuniformity coefficient (Φ) was created. The results show the influence of each layout parameter in the homogeneity of the gas distribution. Hence in future correct technical layouts of gas feed-in systems can easily be applied. With these results construction guidelines has been formulated.

Thermoelastic Stability of Closed Cylindrical Shell in Supersonic Gas Flow

In a linear framework,the problem of stability of closed cylindrical shell is briefly discussed.The cylindrical shell is immersed in a supersonic gas flow and under the influence of temperature field varying along the thickness.An unperturbed uniform velocity flow field,directed along the short edges of the shell,is applied.Due to the inhomogeneity of the temperature field distribution across the thickness shell buckling instability occurs.This instability accounts for the deformed shape of the shell,to be referred as the unperturbed state.Stability conditions and boundary for the unperturbed state of the system under consideration are presented following the basic theory of aero-thermo-elasticity.The stability boundary depends on the variables characterizing the flow speed,the temperature at the middle plane of the shell and the temperature gradient in the direction normal to that plane.It is shown that the combined effect of the temperature field and flowing stream regulates the process of stability,and the temperature field can significantly change the flutter critical speed.

Gas flow characteristics of argon inductively coupled plasma and advections of plasma species under incompressible and compressible flows

In this work, incompressible and compressible flows of background gas are characterized in argon inductively coupled plasma by using a fluid model, and the respective influence of the two flows on the plasma properties is specified. In the incompressible flow, only the velocity variable is calculated, while in the compressible flow, both the velocity and density variables are calculated. The compressible flow is more realistic; nevertheless, a comparison of the two types of flow is convenient for people to investigate the respective role of velocity and density variables. The peripheral symmetric profile of metastable density near the chamber sidewall is broken in the incompressible flow. At the compressible flow, the electron density increases and the electron temperature decreases. Meanwhile, the metastable density peak shifts to the dielectric window from the discharge center, besides for the peripheral density profile distortion, similar to the incompressible flow.The velocity profile at incompressible flow is not altered when changing the inlet velocity, whereas clear peak shift of velocity profile from the inlet to the outlet at compressible flow is observed as increasing the gas flow rate. The shift of velocity peak is more obvious at low pressures for it is easy to compress the rarefied gas. The velocity profile variations at compressible flow show people the concrete residing processes of background molecule and plasma species in the chamber at different flow rates. Of more significance is it implied that in the usual linear method that people use to calculate the residence time, one important parameter in the gas flow dynamics, needs to be rectified. The spatial profile of pressure simulated exhibits obvious spatial gradient. This is helpful for experimentalists to understand their gas pressure measurements that are always taken at the chamber outlet. At the end, the work specification and limitations are listed.

Influence of the total gas flow rate on high rate growth microcrystalline silicon films and solar cells

This paper reports that high-rate-deposition of microcrystalline silicon solar cells was performed by very-highfrequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. These solar cells, whose intrinsic μc-Si：H layers were prepared by using a different total gas flow rate （Ftotal）, behave much differently in performance, although their intrinsic layers have similar crystalline volume fraction, opto-electronic properties and a deposition rate of - 1.0 nm/s. The influence of Ftotal on the micro-structural properties was analyzed by Raman and Fourier transformed infrared measurements. The results showed that the vertical uniformity and the compact degree of μc-Si：H thin films were improved with increasing Ftotal. The variation of the microstructure was regarded as the main reason for the difference of the J V parameters. Combined with optical emission spectroscopy, we found that the gas temperature plays an important role in determining the microstructure of thin films. With Ftotal of 300 sccm, a conversion efficiency of 8.11% has been obtained for the intrinsic layer deposited at 8.5 A/s （1 A=0.1 nm）.

CONJUGATE MODEL FOR HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF POROUS WALL IN THE HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS FLOW

Heat and mass transfer of a porous permeable wall in a high temperature gas dynamical flow is considered. Numerical simulation is conducted on the ground of the conjugate mathematical model which includes filtration and heat transfer equations in a porous body and boundary layer equations on its surface. Such an approach enables one to take into account complex interaction between heat and mass transfer in the gasdynamical flow and in the structure subjected to this flow. The main attention is given to the impact of the intraporous heat transfer intensity on the transpiration cooling efficiency.

Effects of Gas Flow Rate on the Discharge Characteristics of a DC Excited Plasma Jet

A direct current（DC） source excited plasma jet consisting of a hollow needle anode and a plate cathode has been developed to form a diffuse discharge plume in ambient air with flowing argon as the working gas.Using optical and electrical methods,the discharge characteristics are investigated for the diffuse plasma plume.Results indicate that the discharge has a pulse characteristic,under the excitation of a DC voltage.The discharge pulse corresponds to the propagation process of a plasma bullet travelling from the anode to the cathode.It is found that,with an increment of the gas flow rate,both the discharge plume length and the current peak value of the pulsed discharge decrease in the laminar flow mode,reach their minima at about1.5 L/min,and then slightly increase in the turbulent mode.However,the frequency of the pulsed discharge increases in the laminar mode with increasing the argon flow rate until the argon flow rate equals to about 1.5 L/min,and then slightly decreases in the turbulent mode.

NEW MODEL OF GAS FLOW PROBLEM IN MULTI-LAYERED GAS RESERVOIR AND APPLICATION

In this paper, the new model of the real gas filtration problem has been presented multi-layered gas reservoir, when a gas well output and wellbore storage may be variable, and have obtained the exact solutions of pressure distribution for each reservoir bed under three kinds of typical out-boundary conditions. As a special case, according to the new model have also obtained the qxact solutions of presssure distribution in homogeneous reservoir and is given important application in gas reservoir development.

Influence of total gas flow rate on microcrystalline silicon films prepared by VHF-PECVD

Hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon （μc-Si：H） films are fabricated by very high frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition （VHF-PECVD） at a silane concentration of 7% and a varying total gas flow rate （H2＋SiH4）. Relations between the total gas flow rate and the electrical and structural properties as well as deposition rate of the films are studied. The results indicate that with the total gas flow rate increasing the photosensitivity and deposition rate increase, but the crystalline volume fraction （Xc） and dark conductivity decrease. And the intensity of （220） peak first increases then decreases with the increase of the total gas flow rate. The cause for the changes in the structure and deposition rate of the films with the total gas flow rate is investigated using optical emission spectroscopy （OES）.