Review on the challenges and strategies in oil and gas industry's transition towards carbon neutrality in China

In light of carbon-neutral pledge, the oil and gas industry has been facing several critical new challenges in China. The current status and new challenges in terms of market mechanism reform, supply-consumption balance and key technology innovation in China's oil and gas industry are reviewed in the present study, and new strategies and roadmaps are proposed to cope with the challenges. The study found that (i) the oil and gas market faces challenges such as incomplete pricing mechanisms, unclear subject rights, and the lack of recognition and trading of carbon assets. (ii) the trade-off between short-term supply security and long-term low-carbon supply is the most critical issue. (iii) in addition to typical challenges such as immature technology and lack of funding support, the unclear multiple technology coupling development mode also poses problems for the low-carbon transformation of the oil and gas industry. To address these new challenges, comprehensive strategies and roadmaps for China's oil and gas industry towards carbon neutrality are proposed and discussed in the aspects of participating in market transactions, restructuring production and consumption, deploying key technology innovations, and planning enterprise strategies. The present study is expected to provide a blueprint for the future development of China's oil and gas industry towards carbon neutrality.

Problems and Strategies of China’s Natural Gas Industry

Although significant progress in China＇s natural gas industry has been made since the adoption of the ＂Eighth Five-Year Plan＂（from 1991 to 1995）, some problems still exist in the aspects of gas resources, exploitation, utilization and macromanagement, and hinder a further development of the natural gas industry. A series of strategies for solving the problems was put forward, including accurate orientation of the natural gas industry, strengthening the construction of gas transmission and distribution networks, comprehensive exploitation policies for ＂integration of up-and-downstream＂, government-supported gas-preferential policies, construction of the gas market frameworks and devoting strong effort to the new market development.

Current Status and Development Trend of Natural Gas Industry in China

In China, the proven reserves of natural gas is 3.86 trillion cubic meters (tcm). This figure will quite possibly increase at a high speed in the future. At present, the annual production of natural gas has exceeded 34 billion cubic meters (bcm), which, likewise, will rise sharply. The pipeline construction has basically taken shape, which will be gradually perfected. And the gas consumption market is in the startup stage, which will be rapidly expanded in the quite near future.

Risk Matrix as a Tool for Risk Analysis in Underwater Operations in the Oil and Gas Industry

The study is a cross-sectional design assessment of the likelihood, frequency and severity of hazards associated with underwater operations in the Niger Delta. Five oil and gas companies were used for this study selected by a purposive method given that they had the highest number of workers involved in underwater operations. A sample size of 418 was computed to which the questionnaires were administered with response rate of 95.93%. Data analyses were carried out to cover descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Pearsonal correlation coefficients. The 4 by 4 risk assessment matrix for the likelihood and consequences showed that 8 out of 20 underwater hazards were categorized as having very high risk according to their risk ratings. The eight hazards categorized based on their risk IDs were H01, H03, H04, H08, H10, H11, H12, and H15. The 4 by 4 risk matrix for frequency and consequences revealed that two hazards (Piracy & bandit attack/kidnapping (H01) and Other main vessels/heavy object dropping or falling load/collision (H08)) were identified to be of very high risk.

Current Situation and the Outlook of China＇s Natural Gas Industry

Core indicators of China’s natural gas industry in 2016In 2016,China produced 132.82 bcm of natural gas and 1.61bcm of coal-to-gas,production amounts that were 1.5%and 15.8%higher than those of the previous year,respectively.The imported gas volume was 38.34bcm through pipeline(up 9.0%from the previous year)and 33.74 bcm via LNG facilities(up 30.6%from

BRIGHT PROSPECT OF CHINA'S NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY

Sino-IEAConferenceonNaturalGasindustrywasheldinBeijing,duringNovember9-10,1999.ItwascosponsoredbyStateDevelopmentPlanningCommission,StatePetroleumandChemicalindustryBureauandInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),incollaborationwithChinaNationalPetroleumCorp...

NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY

Natural Gas Industry(NGI)i is an only scien-tific and technological periodical in China which comprehensively reports natural gas industry and approved by the State Scientific and Technolog-ical Commission and the Satate News Publishing Office.It is undertaken by Sichuan Petroleum Ad-ministration situated in the land of plenty,which has the longest history and abundant experiences in natural gas exploration and development,and pos-sesses the highest yield of gas at present.

Analysis Report on Prosperity Index of China＇s Natural Gas Industry in 3Q 2017

The following outcomes can be observed according to the statistical analysis on the prosperity index of China’s natural gas industry:In the third quarter of 2017,the prosperity index of China’s natural gas industry was 53.67,which was in a normal business climate,slightly up compared with the prosperity index of 52.27 in the second quarter of 2017.The seasonal

Effects of acid-rock reaction on physical properties during CO_(2)-rich industrial waste gas(CO_(2)-rich IWG)injection in shale reservoirs

"Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality"is an essential national strategy,and the geological storage and utilization of CO_(2)is a hot issue today.However,due to the scarcity of pure CO_(2)gas sources in China and the high cost of CO_(2)capture,CO_(2)-rich industrial waste gas(CO_(2)-rich IWG)is gradually emerging into the public's gaze.CO_(2)has good adsorption properties on shale surfaces,but acidic gases can react with shale,so the mechanism of the CO_(2)-rich IWG-water-shale reaction and the change in reservoir properties will determine the stability of geological storage.Therefore,based on the mineral composition of the Longmaxi Formation shale,this study constructs a thermodynamic equilibrium model of water-rock reactions and simulates the regularity of reactions between CO_(2)-rich IWG and shale minerals.The results indicate that CO_(2)consumed 12%after reaction,and impurity gases in the CO_(2)-rich IWG can be dissolved entirely,thus demonstrating the feasibility of treating IWG through water-rock reactions.Since IWG inhibits the dissolution of CO_(2),the optimal composition of CO_(2)-rich IWG is 95%CO_(2)and 5%IWG when CO_(2)geological storage is the main goal.In contrast,when the main goal is the geological storage of total CO_(2)-rich IWG or impurity gas,the optimal CO_(2)-rich IWG composition is 50%CO_(2)and 50%IWG.In the CO_(2)-rich IWG-water-shale reaction,temperature has less influence on the water-rock reaction,while pressure is the most important parameter.SO2 has the greatest impact on water-rock reaction in gas.For minerals,clay minerals such as illite and montmorillonite had a significant effect on water-rock reaction.The overall reaction is dominated by precipitation and the volume of the rock skeleton has increased by 0.74 cm3,resulting in a decrease in shale porosity,which enhances the stability of CO_(2)geological storage to some extent.During the reaction between CO_(2)-rich IWG-water-shale at simulated temperatures and pressures,precipitation is the main reaction,and shale porosity decreases.However,as the reservoir water content increases,the reaction will first dissolve and then precipitate before dissolving again.When the water content is less than 0.0005 kg or greater than 0.4 kg,it will lead to an increase in reservoir porosity,which ultimately reduces the long-term geological storage stability of CO_(2)-rich IWG.

Big Data analytics in oil and gas industry: An emerging trend

This paper reviews the utilization of Big Data analytics,as an emerging trend,in the upstream and downstream oil and gas industry.Big Data or Big Data analytics refers to a new technology which can be employed to handle large datasets which include six main characteristics of volume,variety,velocity,veracity,value,and complexity.With the recent advent of data recording sensors in exploration,drilling,and production operations,oil and gas industry has become a massive data intensive industry.Analyzing seismic and micro-seismic data,improving reservoir characterization and simulation,reducing drilling time and increasing drilling safety,optimization of the performance of production pumps,improved petrochemical asset management,improved shipping and transportation,and improved occupational safety are among some of the applications of Big Data in oil and gas industry.Although the oil and gas industry has become more interested in utilizing Big Data analytics recently,but,there are still challenges mainly due to lack of business support and awareness about the Big Data within the industry.Furthermore,quality of the data and understanding the complexity of the problem are also among the challenging parameters facing the application of Big Data.

Application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in oil and gas industry

Oil and gas industries are facing several challenges and issues in data processing and handling.Large amount of data bank is generated with various techniques and processes.The proper technical analysis of this database is to be carried out to improve performance of oil and gas industries.This paper provides a comprehensive state-of-art review in the field of machine learning and artificial intelligence to solve oil and gas industry problems.It also narrates the various types of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques which can be used for data processing and interpretation in different sectors of upstream oil and gas industries.The achievements and developments promise the benefits of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques towards large data storage capabilities and high efficiency of numerical calculations.In this paper a summary of various researchers work on machine learning and artificial intelligence applications and limitations is showcased for upstream and sectors of oil and gas industry.The existence of this extensive intelligent system could really eliminate the risk factor and cost of maintenance.The development and progress using this emerging technologies have become smart and makes the judgement procedure easy and straightforward.The study is useful to access intelligence of different machine learning methods to declare its application for distinct task in oil and gas sector.

The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Iranian Oil and Gas Industry Planning:A Survey of Business Continuity Challenges

The Covid-19 pandemic has severely affected various aspects of life,and its compounding and cascading impacts have been observed in most industries and firms.The oil and gas(O&G)industry was among the first to experience the impacts as the pandemic began due to the global economic recession and a sharp decline in demand for oil.The pandemic revealed major risk management and business continuity challenges and uncovered some of the vulnerabilities of the O&G industry and its major companies during a prolonged global disaster.Examining and understanding how the Covid-19 pandemic impacted the O&G sector in different countries,considering their unique circumstances,can provide important lessons for managing the current and future similar events.This study investigated various impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the O&G industry using Iran's Pars Oil and Gas Company(POGC)as a case study.Data were collected through indepth interviews with key managers of the company.Qualitative methods,specifically thematic analysis,were used to analyze the data.Findings of this study provide further insights into how the pandemic impacted the operations,risks,and business continuity of the POCG.The results show that the pandemic caused significant operational,financial,and legal impacts by disrupting routine maintenance,reducing the availability of human resources under the public health measures and mobility restrictions,increasing processing and delivery times,increasing costs and decreasing revenues,and delaying contractual obligations.

Empirical Investigation of Treatment of Sour Gas by Novel Technology: Energy Optimization

The sour gas sweetening is one of the main processes in gas industries. Gas sweetening is done through chemical processes. Therefore, it requires high cost and energy. The results show that increasing the operating temperature increases the mass transfer coefficient and increases the mass transfer rate. Theoretical and experimental data show that sulfur removal in 4.5 W magnetic field is desirable. The increase in sulfur removal percentage in the magnetic field of 4.5 W and 6.75 W is about 16.4% and 15.2%, respectively. According to the obtained results, the effect of temperature increase from 18.8°C to 23.4°C is more evident than the effect of temperature change from 23.4°C to 32.2°C. Because more thermal energy is needed to provide higher temperatures. Therefore, the temperature of 23.4°C is reported as the optimal temperature. The results of this research show that the percentage of sulfur removal is also high at this temperature.

Fuzzy logic applied to value of information assessment in oil and gas projects

The concept of value of information(VOI)has been widely used in the oil industry when making decisions on the acquisition of new data sets for the development and operation of oil fields.The classical approach to VOI assumes that the outcome of the data acquisition process produces crisp values,which are uniquely mapped onto one of the deterministic reservoir models representing the subsurface variability.However,subsurface reservoir data are not always crisp;it can also be fuzzy and may correspond to various reservoir models to different degrees.The classical approach to VOI may not,therefore,lead to the best decision with regard to the need to acquire new data.Fuzzy logic,introduced in the 1960 s as an alternative to the classical logic,is able to manage the uncertainty associated with the fuzziness of the data.In this paper,both classical and fuzzy theoretical formulations for VOI are developed and contrasted using inherently vague data.A case study,which is consistent with the future development of an oil reservoir,is used to compare the application of both approaches to the estimation of VOI.The results of the VOI process show that when the fuzzy nature of the data is included in the assessment,the value of the data decreases.In this case study,the results of the assessment using crisp data and fuzzy data change the decision from"acquire"the additional data(in the former)to"do not acquire"the additional data(in the latter).In general,different decisions are reached,depending on whether the fuzzy nature of the data is considered during the evaluation.The implications of these results are significant in a domain such as the oil and gas industry(where investments are huge).This work strongly suggests the need to define the data as crisp or fuzzy for use in VOI,prior to implementing the assessment to select and define the right approach.

Risk Assessment Index System of Natural Gas Industrial Chain in China

This paper establishes a risk assessment index system for the natural gas industrial chain. China＇s natural gas industrial chain is entering a stage of rapid growth. In order to guarantee healthy development of the natural gas industrial chain, it is urgent to establish a risk alert system, which is based on a risk assessment index system. First of all, the risks of the natural gas industrial chain are defined in the paper; then the risk factors are analyzed according to the present status of the natural gas industrial chain, and five categories of risk factors are summarized： resource risk, transport risk, marketing risk, risk of unbalanced chain links, and environment risk. The paper presents the principles of the risk assessment index system. The natural gas industrial chain risk assessment index system is established with four levels and forty-six risk indices.

Scenario analysis on abating industrial process greenhouse gas emissions from adipic acid production in China

Adipic acid is an important petrochemical product,and its production process emits a high concentration of greenhouse gas N_2 O.This paper aims to provide quantitative references for relevant authorities to formulate greenhouse gas control roadmaps.The forecasting method of this paper is consistent with the published national inventory in terms of caliber.Based on the N_2 O abatement technical parameters of adipic acid and the production trend,this paper combines the scenario analysis and provides a measurement of comprehensive N_2 O abatement effect of the entire industry in China.Four future scenarios are assumed.The baseline scenario(BAUS) is a frozen scenario.Three emission abatement scenarios(ANAS,SNAS,and ENAS) are assumed under different strength of abatement driving parameters.The results show that China's adipic acid production process can achieve increasingly significant N_2 O emission abatement effects.Compared to the baseline scenario,by 2030,the N_2 O emission abatements of the three emission abatement scenarios can reach 207-399 kt and the emission abatement ratios can reach 32.5%-62.6%.By 2050,the N_2 O emission abatements for the three emission abatement scenarios can reach 387-540 kt and the emission abatement ratios can reach 71.4%-99.6%.