Exploration and Practice of Nitrogen Addition Process for LF Refining Ladle Bottom Blowing Nitrogen Steel Liquid

This article discusses and analyzes the law of nitrogen increase in liquid steel and the main factors affect-ing the nitrogen increasing of molten steel,through the way of adding nitrogen to molten steel by bottom blowing nitrogen gas in LF refining process.It is considered that the main factors affecting the nitrogen increasing instability of molten steel are the initial temperature of LF refining,nitrogen relative element,surface active elements[O]and[S]of steel liquid,and bottom blowing rate of ladle.The large-scale production practice shows that T[O]not more than 50×10-6 and[S]is not more than 0.020 in LF refining at the initial temperature of not less than 1570.The liquid steel nitrogen enrichment test is carried out by ladle bottom blowing nitrogen gas after 20 min of refining,the flow rate is set as(6.0~7.0)NL/min per ton,and it is turned to 2 NL/min at 6 min before the end of refining,the nitrogen increasing rate of liquid steel is basically stable at(5~6)×10-6 per minute.

High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufactured by Nitrogen Gas Alloying and Adding Nitrided Ferroalloys

A simple and feasible method for the production of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels involves nitrogen gas alloying and adding nitrided ferroalloys under normal atmospheric conditions. Alloying by nitrogen gas bubbling in Fe-Cr-Mn-Mo series alloys was carried out in MoSi2 resistance furnace and air induction furnace under normal atmospheric conditions. The results showed that nitrogen alloying could be accelerated by increasing nitrogen gas flow rate, prolonging residence time of bubbles, increasing gas/molten steel interfaces, and decreasing the sulphur and oxygen contents in molten steel. Nitrogen content of 0.69% in 18Crl8Mn was obtained using air induction furnace by bubbling of nitrogen gas from porous plug. In addition, the nickel-free, high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with sound and compact macrostructure had been produced in the laboratory using vacuum induction furnace and electroslag remelting furnace under nitrogen atmosphere by the addition of nitrided alloy with the maximum nitrogen content of 0.81%. Pores were observed in the ingots obtained by melting and casting in vacuum induction furnace with the addition of nitrided ferroalloys and under nitrogen atmosphere. After electroslag remelting of the cast ingots, they were all sound and were free of pores. The yield of nitrogen increased with the decrease of melting rate in the ESR process. Due to electroslag remelting under nitrogen atmosphere and the consequential addition of aluminum as deoxidizer to the slag, the loss of manganese decreased obviously. There existed mainly irregular Al2O3 inclusions and MnS inclusions in ESR ingots, and the size of most of the inclusions was less than 5 um. After homogenization of the hot rolled plate at 1 150℃ × 1 h followed by water quenching, the microstructure consisted of homogeneous austenite.

Dependence of Nitrogen/Argon Reaction Gas Amount on Structural,Mechanical and Optical Properties of Thin WNx Films

WNxfilms are deposited by reactive chemical vapor deposition at different amounts of nitrogen in gas mixtures.Experimental data demonstrate that nitrogen amount has a strong effect on microstructure, phase formation,texture morphology, mechanical and optical properties of the WNxfilms. With increasing nitrogen a phase transition from a single WNxphase with low crystallinity structure to a well-mixed crystallized hexagonal WNxand face-centered-cubic W2N phases appears. Relatively smooth morphology at lower N2concentration changes to a really smooth morphology and then granular with coarse surface at higher N2concentration. The SEM observation clearly shows a columnar structure at lower N2concentration and a dense nanoplates one for higher nitrogen content. The hardness of WNxthin films mainly depends on the film microstructure. The absorbance peak position shifts to shorter wavelength continuously with increasing nitrogen amount and decreasing particle size.

New development of theories in gas drilling

Theories established from engineering fundamentals have been of great value in supporting the design and execution of drilling operations in gas drilling where gas is used as a drilling fluid.This work presents an overview of new theories developed in recent years for special gas drilling operations including horizontal wells.These new theories are found in the areas of gas-mixture flow hydraulics in deviated and horizontal boreholes,hole cleaning of solids accumulation,hole cleaning of formation water,flow diverging for washout control,bit orifice optimization,and depression of formation water influx.This paper provides drilling engineers with updated mathematical models and methods for optimizing design to improve gas drilling performance.

Improvement of the spreading effect of atmospheric pressure microplasma jet treatment through shielding-gas-controlled focusing

The spreading effect of atmospheric pressure microplasma jets(APμPJ)on the surface of materials will increase the etching area,and controlling the diameter of the jet can improve the precision of surface treatment.In this work,a two-dimensional axisymmetric simulation model is established to analyze the effect of nitrogen(N_(2))shielding gas on helium(He)from gas dynamics.In addition,by etching the polyethylene terephthalate fllm,the relationship between the etching effect and aerodynamic analysis is verifled.The simulation results are similar to the experimental results,indicating that N2 shielding gas has a focusing effect which is related to the N_(2)flow rate,distance difference between the inner and outer tubes,and outer tube nozzle diameter.It is hoped that the results of this work can provide a certain reference for the use of shielding gas to control the jet flow of APμPJ.

Self-supported porous copper oxide nanosheet arrays for efficient and selective electrochemical conversion of nitrate ions to nitrogen gas

Electrochemical techniques have shown advantages for the removal of low-concentration nitrate.Here,copper oxide nanosheets were grown on self-supporting nickel foam(NF)to prepare electrodes(CuO/NF),which realized the rapid and highly selective conversion of nitrate pollutants in sewage into nontoxic and harmless N_(2).The CuO/NF afforded 100%NO_(3)^(-)removal within 100 min and 99.53%selectivity for N_(2)at-50 mA without producing a lot of by-products(NO_(2)-,NH_(4)^(+),and N_(2)H_(4)).Furthermore,81.8%of NO_(3)^(-)was removed under the given conditions after six experimental repetitions.These results suggest that the cat-alyst has excellent electrochemical stability.The performance of CuO/NF for the electrocatalytic removal of NO_(3)^(-)in simulated wastewater(which contained Cl^(-) and SO_(4)^(2-))was almost unaffected.Because of the high efficiency,high stability,and low cost of CuO/NF,this catalyst is practical for the removal of nitrate for wastewater purification.

Multi-Scale Pore Structure Heterogeneity in Tuff Reservoirs Investigated with Multi-Experimental Method and Fractal Dimensions in Chang 7 Formation,Southern Ordos Basin

The tight tuff reservoir is an unusual type of unconventional reservoir with strong heterogeneity.However,there is a lack of research on the microscopic pore structure that causes the heterogeneity of tuff reservoirs.Using the Chang 7 Formation in Ordos Basin,China as a case study,carbon-dioxide gas adsorption,nitrogen gas adsorption and high-pressure mercury injection are integrated to investigate the multi-scale pore structure characteristics of tuff reservoirs.Meanwhile,the fractal dimension is introduced to characterize the complexity of pore structure in tuff reservoirs.By this multi-experimental method,the quantitative characterizations of the full-range pore size distribution of four tuff types were obtained and compared in the size ranges of micropores,mesopores and macropores.Fractal dimension curves derived from full-range pores are divided into six segments as D1,D2,D3,D4,D5 and D6 corresponding to fractal characteristics of micropores,smaller mesopores,larger mesopores,smaller macropores,medium macropores and larger macropores,respectively.The macropore volume,average macropore radius and fractal dimension D5 significantly control petrophysical properties.The larger macropore volume,average macropore radius and D5 correspond to favorable pore structure and good reservoir quality,which provides new indexes for the tuff reservoir evaluation.This study enriches the understanding of the heterogeneity of pore structures and contributes to unconventional oil and gas exploration and development.

Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles onto Sepiolite Needles and Determination of Their Sensitivity toward Humidity, NO_2 and H_2

This work investigated the sensitivity toward humidity, NO2 and H2 of ZnO modified sepiolite （Si12Mg8O30（OH）4.（H2O）4.8H2O）. To this aim, sepiolite powder was first modified by leaching magnesium ions in HCI then by precipitating nano-sized Zn-based compounds under basic conditions. A subse- quent thermal treatment at 550 ℃ for 1 h was performed. The powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, specific surface area measurements, thermogravimetric and differential thermal anal- ysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy, as well as high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The XRD patterns showed that all leached heat treated samples were made of anhydrous sepiolite and of ZnO. Sensors were then obtained by screen printing these materials onto commercial alumina substrates with Pt electrodes. All the investigated compositions were capable of detecting NO2 down to ppm level and 20 ppm H2, at an optimal working temperature of 300°C. These detection limits are in line with the current best results reported in literature.