Evaluation of gas-liquid separation performance of natural gas filters

Fibrous filters are often used to remove contaminants including both dusts and liquid droplets from natural gas. This paper aims to evaluate the gas-liquid separation performance of three types of cartridge filters used in the West-East natural gas transmission project. The comparison of the original pressure drop of clean filters and the evolution of pressure drop as liquid droplets deposited in the filter media are described. The original pressure drops of these filters were similar but the pressure drops at a steady state were different. Fractional efficiency was used to study the separation performance of cartridge filters. Droplets at the outlet of the filters had small diameters, no more than 3 μm, but were very numerous. The effect of filtration velocity on gas-liquid separation performance was analyzed. Higher filtration velocity indicated better gas-liquid separation performance. Finally the quality factor related to pressure drop and filtration efficiency was applied to evaluate the gas-liquid separation performance.

Rapid and real-time analysis of multi-component dissolved gas in seawater by Raman spectroscopy combined with continuous gas-liquid separator

Rapid and sensitive detection of dissolved gases in seawater is quite essential for the investigation of the global carbon cycle.Large quantities of in situ optical detection techniques showed restricted measurement efficiency,owing to the single gas sensor without the identification ability of multiple gases.In this work,a novel gas-liquid Raman detection method of monitoring the multi-component dissolved gases was proposed based on a continuous gas-liquid separator under a large difference of partial pressure.The limit of detection(LOD)of the gas Raman spectrometer could arrive at about 14 μl·L^(-1)for N_(2)gas.Moreover,based on the continuous gas-liquid separation process,the detection time of the dissolved gases could be largely decreased to about 200 s compared with that of the traditional detection method(30 min).Effect of equilibrium time on gas-liquid separation process indicated that the extracted efficiency and decay time of these dissolved gases was CO_(2)>O_(2)>N_(2).In addition,the analysis of the relationship between equilibrium time and flow speed indicated that the decay time decreased with the increase of the flow speed.The validation and application of the developed system presented its great potential for studying the components and spatiotemporal distribution of dissolved gases in seawater.

Minimum Amount of Extracting Solvent of a Separation of Two Rare Earth Components

A significant development in the theory of countercurrent extraction will be presented in this article. New expressions of the term in countercurrent extraction process analysis, “Adjacent Stage Impurity Ratio” (ASIR), are deduced. Furthermore, based on the term together with mass balance and extraction equilibrium, the conditions where a given countercurrent extraction separation operation can have minimum amounts of both extracting solvent and scrubbing agent solution can be estimated, and the equations of the two minimum amounts can be deduced. It was found that the equations for a two-component separation using a single aqueous or organic feed are exactly the same as they appeared in the theory initially established in 1970s. Unlike its earlier version, the present derivation does not involve feed-stage-composition hypothesis, and also has the advantage of dealing with a double-feed system where both aqueous and organic feeds are simultaneously employed whereas the earlier theory can only analyze a separation using a single aqueous or organic feed.

Effects of Pressure on Bubble Size and Separation of BSA by a Semi-batch Foaming Process

Experiments were conducted to obtain the values of the Sauter bubble size, enrichment and recovery of bovine serum albumin （BSA） in a semi-batch col- umn fitted with a stainless steel sparger at elevated pressure. The effects of Sur- face tension, surfactant concentration, foam/solution height ratio and air flow rate on the separation performance were investigated, and the results showed that good en- richments and recoveries can be achieved for bovine serum albumin operated at el- evated pressures. Especially the size of bubbles generated by the stainless steel sparger was smaller at higher pressures which is favorable to the foam separation process. Furthermore, the separation mechanism of bovine serum albumin operated at elevated pressure was also discussed.

Binaural Speech Separation Algorithm Based on Long and Short Time Memory Networks

Speaker separation in complex acoustic environment is one of challenging tasks in speech separation.In practice,speakers are very often unmoving or moving slowly in normal communication.In this case,the spatial features among the consecutive speech frames become highly correlated such that it is helpful for speaker separation by providing additional spatial information.To fully exploit this information,we design a separation system on Recurrent Neural Network(RNN)with long short-term memory(LSTM)which effectively learns the temporal dynamics of spatial features.In detail,a LSTM-based speaker separation algorithm is proposed to extract the spatial features in each time-frequency(TF)unit and form the corresponding feature vector.Then,we treat speaker separation as a supervised learning problem,where a modified ideal ratio mask(IRM)is defined as the training function during LSTM learning.Simulations show that the proposed system achieves attractive separation performance in noisy and reverberant environments.Specifically,during the untrained acoustic test with limited priors,e.g.,unmatched signal to noise ratio(SNR)and reverberation,the proposed LSTM based algorithm can still outperforms the existing DNN based method in the measures of PESQ and STOI.It indicates our method is more robust in untrained conditions.

A Simple and Fast Separation Method of Fe Employing Extraction Resin for Isotope Ratio Determination by Multicollector ICP-MS

A new, simple and fast separation method for Fe using an extraction chromatographic resin, Aliquat 336 (commercially available as TEVA resin) has been developed. A one milliliter column containing 0.33 mL TEVA resin on 0.67 mL CG-71C was used.Iron was adsorbed with 6mol·L-1 HCl + H2O2 on TEVA resin, and recovered with 2 mol·L-1HNO3. The recovery yield and total blank were 93.5 ± 6.5% and 6 ng, respectively. Theseparation method is simple, and takes < 2 hours. For evaluation of the Fe separation, Fe isotope ratios were measured by a double-spike method employing multicollector inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) with repeatability of 0.06‰ (SD) for the standard solution and ~0.05‰ for the silicate samples. Therefore, the column chemistry developed in this study is a viable option for Fe isotope ratio measurement by MC-ICP-MS.

A blind source separation algorithm based on negentropy and signal noise ratio

A novel blind source separation （BSS） algorithm based on the combination of negentropy and signal noise ratio （SNR） is presented to solve the deficiency of the traditional independent component analysis （ICA） algorithm after the introduction of the principle and algorithm of ICA. The main formulas in the novel algorithm are elaborated and the idiographic steps of the algorithm are given. Then the computer simulation is used to test the performance of this algorithm. Both the traditional FastlCA algorithm and the novel ICA algorithm are applied to separate mixed signal data. Experiment results show the novel method has a better performance in separating signals than the traditional FastlCA algorithm based on negentropy. The novel algorithm could estimate the source signals from the mixed signals more precisely.

Speech Separation Methodology for Hearing Aid

In the design of hearing aids(HA),the real-time speech-enhancement is done.The digital hearing aids should provide high signal-to-noise ratio,gain improvement and should eliminate feedback.In generic hearing aids the perfor-mance towards different frequencies varies and non uniform.Existing noise can-cellation and speech separation methods drops the voice magnitude under the noise environment.The performance of the HA for frequency response is non uni-form.Existing noise suppression methods reduce the required signal strength also.So,the performance of uniform sub band analysis is poor when hearing aid is con-cern.In this paper,a speech separation method using Non-negative Matrix Fac-torization(NMF)algorithm is proposed for wavelet decomposition.The Proposed non-uniformfilter-bank was validated by parameters like band power,Signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),Mean Square Error(MSE),Signal to Noise and Dis-tortion Ratio(SINAD),Spurious-free dynamic range(SFDR),error and time.The speech recordings before and after separation was evaluated for quality using objective speech quality measures International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication standard ITU-T P.862.

Low gas-liquid ratio foam flooding for conventional heavy oil

The recovery of heavy oil by water flooding is 10% lower than that of conventional crude oil, so enhanced oil recovery （EOR） is of great significance for heavy oil. In this paper, foam flooding with a gas-liquid ratio （GLR） of 0.2：1 for the Zhuangxi heavy oil （325 mPa.s at 55 ℃） was performed on cores, sand packs and plate model. In sand pack tests, polymer enhanced foam flooding increased oil recovery by 39.8%, which was 11.4% higher than that for alkali/surfactant/polymer （ASP） flooding under the same conditions. Polymer enhanced foam flooding in plate models shows that the low GLR foam flooding increased oil recovery by about 30%, even when the extended water flooding was finished at 90% water cut. Moreover, it was discovered by microscopy that foam was more stable in heavy oil than in light oil. These results confirm that low GLR foam flooding is a promising technology for displacing conventional heavy oil.

Separate-Type Estimators for Estimating Population Ratio in Post-Stratified Sampling Using Variable Transformation

The study proposes, along the line of [1], six separate-type estimators for estimating the population ratio of two variables in post-stratified sampling, using variable transformation. Properties of the proposed estimators were obtained up to first order approximations, both for achieved sample configurations (conditional argument) and over repeated samples of fixed size n (unconditional argument). Efficiency conditions, under which the proposed separate-type estimators would perform better than the associated customary separate-type estimators in terms of having smaller mean squared errors, were obtained. Furthermore, conditions under which some of the proposed separate-type estimators would perform better than other proposed separate-type estimators were also obtained. The optimum estimators among the proposed separate-type estimators were obtained and an empirical illustration confirmed the theoretical results.

Effect of the Inclination Angle on Slippage Loss in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow

The lifting efficiency and stability of gas lift well are affected by the socalled slippage-loss effect in gas-liquid two-phase flow.The existing studies on this subject have generally been based on vertical and horizontal wells.Only a few of them have considered inclined pipes.In the present work a new focused study is presented along these lines.More specifically,we use the non-slip pressure drop model with Flanigan’s fluctuation correction coefficient formula(together with the parameters of slippage density,slippage pressure drop and slippage ratio)to analyze the influence of the inclination angle on slippage loss for different conditions(different gas-liquid superficial velocity and pipe diameters).Moreover,the“standard regression coefficient method”is used for multi-factor sensitivity analysis.The experimental results indicate that slippage loss is affected by multiple factors,and the influence of the inclination angle on slippage loss is less significant than other factors.The change of the slippage pressure drop with the superficial velocity of gas-liquid is similar to that of the total pressure drop.The inclination angles of 45°and 60°have the greatest influence on slippage loss.The correlation between slippage density and slippage ratio is not obvious.Using the so-called slippage ratio seems to be a more accurate option to evaluate the degree of slippage loss.

Effects of temperature and initial molar ratio of Na_2O to Al_2O_3 on agglomeration of fine Al(OH)_3 seed in synthetic Bayer solution

Fine Al（OH）3 crystals were aggregated from supersaturated aluminate solution in the batch reaction tanks. By means of laser particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy, the influences of temperature and initial molar ratio of Na2O to Al2O3 （aK） on agglomeration of fine seed in Bayer process were investigated. The results show that agglomeration is almost finished in 8 h, and seeds with size less than 2 μm are easily aggregated together, and almost disappear in 8 h under the optimal process conditions. In the aluminate solution with the same moderate initial aK, when the reaction temperature reaches 75 ℃, the secondary nucleation does not occur, and the effect of agglomeration is better. And at the same reaction temperature, when the initial aK is 1.62, the initial supersaturation of aluminate solution is moderate, the binders on the surfaces of the seed are enough to maintain the agglomeration process, and the agglomeration degree is better. From SEM images, agglomeration mainly occurs in the fine particles, the combinations among the fine particles are loose and the new formed coarse crystal shapes are irregular.

Numerical Study on the Effects of Contraction Ratio in a Two-Phase Flow Injection Nozzle

The Euler-Euler numerical method was used to investigate the effects of contraction ratio on twophase flow mixing with mass transfer in the flow injection nozzle. The geometric shape of the nozzle was modified to improve carbonation efficiency. A gas inlet hole was created to increase the flow mixing of CO2 with water. A nozzle throat was also introduced to increase the gas dissolution by increasing flow rates. Various contraction ratios of nozzle throat, inlet gas and liquid velocities, and gas bubble sizes were employed to determine their effects on gas hold-up, gas concentration, and mass transfer coefficient. Results revealed that the flow injection nozzle with high contraction ratios improved carbonation because of high gas hold-up. Gas concentration was directly related to contraction ratio and gas flow velocities. Carbonation reduced when high liquid velocities and large gas bubbles were employed because of inefficient flow mixing. This study indicated that flow injection nozzle with large contraction ratios were suitable for carbonation because of their ability to increase gas hold-up, gas concentration, and mass transfer coefficient.

FLUID DYNAMICS IN A GAS-STIRRED LADLE——A Separated Flow Model with Stochastical Trajectories

A separated flow model with stochastical trajectories has been developed to describe the fluid flow in a bubble stirred ladle.The bubble dispersion,turbulent characteristics and gas-liquid interactions can be predicted by this mathematical model.The bubble flow as a dispersed phase is treated in a Lagrangian frame of reference and the analysis of the turbulent flow for liquid phase is conducted in a Eulerian field.The interactions between bubbles and liquid phases are considered as a bubble source term in the control equation for a continuous phase. The Monte Carlo sampling method is used to determine the bubble trajectories.The homoge- neous flow model is also taken into consideration so that it can be compared with the sepa- rated flow model.Numerical predictions using a water model of a ladle show that the pre- dicted results of the separated flow model agree satisfactorily with the experimental results, but the prediction of the homogeneous flow model are not in good agreement with the experi- mental results.

Performance of Catalytically Active Membrane Reactors with Different A/V Ratios

Although the performance of membrane reactors (MR) is highly affected by the ratio of membrane area-to-reaction volume, there are few studies on this effect owing to the difficulties associated with reactor manufacture. In this study, an MR with high A/V ratio, a diameter of 35 m, and a height of 0.8 mm was fabricated. Separation performance of this MR was investigated in an n-butanol/water system. Esterification of acetic acid and n-butanol was used as the model reaction to investigate the performance of catalytically active membrane reactors (CAMR) with different A/V ratios. The reaction conversion was 38.59% in the CAMR with the high A/V ratio of 12,497/m, which was much higher than that in other CAMRs, for reaction time of 60 min and W/Vfratio of 0.093 g/mL. Excellent catalytic stability of the CAMR was confirmed by performing long-term stability experiments. © 2017 Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany

榆树林油田CCUS采油工程方案优化设计与实践

大庆榆树林油田扶杨油层属低孔、特低渗透储层,针对以往开发过程中存在注水困难、压裂有效期短、水驱开发难以有效动用的问题,开展CO_(2)驱油技术现场试验。从经济性、技术适应性、配套工艺成熟性等角度对采油工程方案进行综合评价,优选出单、双管分层注入工艺、高气液比举升工艺、注采两端个性化防腐工艺及物理化学组合解冻堵工艺等CCUS采油工程技术。结果表明:试验区投产初期及目前生产情况均达到了油藏预测指标;采出井平均泵效及检泵周期与外围油田平均水平相持平,注气井与采出井腐蚀速率小于行业指标;实现CO_(2)有效埋存108.9×10^(4) t,比水驱预测采出程度提高采收率4.39百分点,取得较好的驱油开发效果。研究成果为CCUS示范区的高效建设提供了技术支撑,开辟了大庆油田外围难采储量有效动用的新途径。

海南石碌铁矿石氢基矿相转化——磁选试验研究

海南石碌铁矿石铁品位为52.45%,铁主要以赤(褐)铁矿形式存在,分布率达86.18%,少量以磁铁矿形式存在。为高效回收利用该矿石,采用氢基矿相转化(HMPT)—磁选工艺流程开展了系统的试验研究,并对适宜条件下的产品进行了化学成分、XRD和VSM分析。结果表明:试样在给矿粒度-0.074mm占89.41%、HMPT温度525℃、HMPT时间10min、总气体流量500m L/min、H_(2)浓度20%、HMPT产品磨矿细度-0.045mm占69.68%的适宜条件下,经磁选获得铁品位65.26%、铁回收率95.39%的铁精矿。试验所获铁精矿较原重磁联合工艺铁精矿品位提高了2.7个百分点,铁回收率增加了30个百分点。研究不仅为海南石碌铁矿氢基矿相转化—高效分选工业应用提供技术支撑,还为其他复杂难选铁矿资源的绿色高效分选提供了参考依据。

高气液比井下气液旋流分离器结构设计与性能分析

针对井下高气液比工况气液高效分离难度大的问题,提出了一种旋流-重力耦合式井下气液分离器结构。结合实验研究、数值模拟及实验设计方法,对气液分离器结构参数进行显著性分析和优化设计,建立显著性结构参数与气液分离效率间的数学关系模型,确立了结构参数的最佳匹配方案。分析了入口流量、压力及气液比对气液分离器性能的影响规律。结果表明,重力沉降与旋流分离的结合设计可以实现高气液比条件下的液相沉积,进而实现气液两相的高效分离。分离器的分离效率随着进液量升高而升高,增幅逐渐趋于平稳。随着气液比增大,分离效率呈现先增加后降低的趋势。得出该气液分离器的最佳进液量为42m^(3)/d,最佳入口压力2MPa,最佳气液比为700∶1,在最佳工况下分离效率为97%,模拟结果与实验结果呈现出较好的一致性。研究结果将为高气液比条件下气液分离装备研发提供新的思路和参考。

新型螺旋式气液旋流分离器数值模拟研究

为研究气液旋流分离器的气液分离性能,解决油气产出液中潜在高含气导致泵气锁的问题。基于旋流分离理论,设计了一种新型螺旋气液分离器。在不同气液比条件下对其内部流场进行研究。研究结果表明:随着分流比的增加,旋流器的内壁面和底流口附近的含气体积分数显著降低,同时旋流器溢流压力损失逐渐增大,而底流压力损失逐渐减小,溢流压力损失增加的速率与底流压力损失减小的速率基本相同;分流比的增加使气液分离器的除气效率逐渐提高,底流含气体积分数逐渐减小。综合分析气液比分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶5以及1∶8的4种工况,得出了其最佳溢流分流比分别为58%、39%、22%以及15%。研究结果可为高含气油井的井下气液分离装置设计提供依据,同时可为现场应用及操作提供指导。

氮掺杂的碳基吸附剂高效分离甲烷/氮气

采用变压吸附(PSA)高效分离甲烷和氮气是实现甲烷富集和回收的重要手段之一,其核心是高性能吸附剂的制备。本研究以三聚氰胺(M)为氮源,采用水热法合成了五种不同三聚氰胺和间苯二酚(R)质量比的间苯二酚树脂基吸附材料MRF-AC_(n)。运用容量法测试303K,0~0.7MPa下甲烷和氮气的吸附性能,低温(77 K)氮吸脱附法对材料的孔结构进行表征,分别用Langmuir Freundlich(LF)模型和准二阶动力学(PSO)模型拟合甲烷和氮气的吸附等温线数据和动力学数据。结果表明,氮元素的引入调节了吸附材料的孔结构,不同程度增加了吸附材料的比表面积和微孔孔容,增加了吸附材料的极性,从而改变了甲烷和氮气的吸附量,其中样品MRF-AC_(2)表现出更好的甲烷和氮气吸附和分离性能,吸附量分别为45.20和22.23mL·g^(-1)分离比最高达到10以上。