An Experimental Study on the Flow Characteristics of OilWater Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Straight Pipes

The flow patterns and their transitions of oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal pipes were studied. The experiments were conducted in two kinds of horizontal tubes, made of plexiglas pipe and stainless steel pipe with 40mm ID respectively. No. 46 mechanical oil and tap water were used as working fluids. The superficial velocity ranges of oil and water were: 0.04-1.2m·s^-1 and 0.04-2.2 m·s^-1, respectively. The flow patterns were identified by visualization and by transient fluctuation signals of differential pressure drop. The flow patterns were defined according to the relative distribution ofoil and water phases in the pipes. Flow pattern maps were obtained for both pipelines. In addition, semi-theoretical transition criteria for the flow patterns were proposed, and the proposed transitional criteria are in reasonable agreement with available data in liquid-liquid systems.

A Pressure-Drop Model for Oil-Gas Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipes

The accurate prediction of the pressure distribution of highly viscous fluids in wellbores and pipelines is of great significance for heavy oil production and transportation.The flow behavior of high-viscosity fluids is quite different with respect to that of low-viscosity fluids.Currently,the performances of existing pressure-drop models seem to be relatively limited when they are applied to high-viscosity fluids.In this study,a gas-liquid two-phase flow experiment has been carried out using a 60 mm ID horizontal pipe with air and white oil.The experimental results indicate that viscosity exerts a significant influence on the liquid holdup and pressure drop.At the same gas and liquid volume,both the liquid holdup and pressure drop increase with an increase in the viscosity.Combining two existing models,a modified pressure drop method is developed,which is applicable to horizontal pipes for different viscosities and does not depend on the flow pattern.This new method displays a high accuracy in predicting the new experimental data presented here and other published data in literature.

Effect of the Inclination Angle on Slippage Loss in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow

The lifting efficiency and stability of gas lift well are affected by the socalled slippage-loss effect in gas-liquid two-phase flow.The existing studies on this subject have generally been based on vertical and horizontal wells.Only a few of them have considered inclined pipes.In the present work a new focused study is presented along these lines.More specifically,we use the non-slip pressure drop model with Flanigan’s fluctuation correction coefficient formula(together with the parameters of slippage density,slippage pressure drop and slippage ratio)to analyze the influence of the inclination angle on slippage loss for different conditions(different gas-liquid superficial velocity and pipe diameters).Moreover,the“standard regression coefficient method”is used for multi-factor sensitivity analysis.The experimental results indicate that slippage loss is affected by multiple factors,and the influence of the inclination angle on slippage loss is less significant than other factors.The change of the slippage pressure drop with the superficial velocity of gas-liquid is similar to that of the total pressure drop.The inclination angles of 45°and 60°have the greatest influence on slippage loss.The correlation between slippage density and slippage ratio is not obvious.Using the so-called slippage ratio seems to be a more accurate option to evaluate the degree of slippage loss.

Three-phase flow of submarine gas hydrate pipe transport

In the hydraulic transporting process of cutter-suction mining natural gas hydrate, when the temperature-pressure equilibrium of gas hydrate is broken, gas hydrates dissociate into gas. As a result, solid-liquid two-phase flow(hydrate and water) transforms into gas-solid-liquid three-phase flow(methane, hydrate and water) inside the pipeline. The Euler model and CFD-PBM model were used to simulate gas-solid-liquid three-phase flow. Numerical simulation results show that the gas and solid phase gradually accumulate to the center of the pipe. Flow velocity decreases from center to boundary of the pipe along the radial direction. Comparison of numerical simulation results of two models reveals that the flow state simulated by CFD-PBM model is more uniform than that simulated by Euler model, and the main behavior of the bubble is small bubbles coalescence to large one. Comparison of numerical simulation and experimental investigation shows that the values of flow velocity and gas fraction in CFD-PBM model agree with experimental data better than those in Euler model. The proposed PBM model provides a more accurate and effective way to estimate three-phase flow state of transporting gas hydrate within the submarine pipeline.

Branch Quality Control of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Using a Novel T-Junction Type Distributor

In order to eliminate mal-distribution and ensure the side arm to produce desirable gas quality a special distributor is proposed. The experimental distributor mainly consists of a straight through section,a gas extraction line,a liquid extraction line and a side arm branch. A gas orifice and a liquid orifice are mounted at the gas and liquid extraction line respectively to control the outlet gas quality. The diameter of the liquid orifice was set to 2. 50 mm and three gas orifices with different size( dG= 2. 65,5. 00,10. 00 mm) were tested. The experiments were carried out at an air-water two-phase flow loop. The gas superficial velocity ranged from 6. 0 to 20. 0 m /s and the liquid superficial velocity was in the range of 0. 02- 0. 18 m /s. Flow patterns such as wave flow,slug flow and annular flow were observed. The gas quality of the side arm branch was found mainly determined by the flow area ratio of the gas orifice to the liquid orifice and independent of gas and liquid superficial velocity,flow patterns and extraction flux.

AN ANALYTIC SOLUTION OF DENSE TWO-PHASE FLOW IN A VERTICAL PIPELINE

According to a mathematical model for dense two-phase flows presented in the previous pape[1],a dense two-phase flow in a vertical pipeline is analytically solved, and the analytic expressions of velocity of each continuous phase and dispersed phase are respectively derived. The results show that when the drag force between twophasesdepends linearly on their relative velocity, the relative velocity profile in the pipeline coincides with Darcy's law except for the thin layer region near the pipeline wall, and that the theoretical assumptions in the dense two-phase flow theory mentioned are reasonable.

Comparison of One-Dimensional Analysis with Experiment for CO₂Two-Phase Nozzle Flow

The aim of this study is to investigate CO2 two-phase nozzle flow in terms of both experimental and analytical aspects for the optimum design of two-phase flow nozzle of CO2 two-phase flow ejector. In the experiment, it is measured that the temperature profile in the stream-wise direction of a divergent-convergent nozzle through which CO2 in the supercritical pressure condition is blown down into the atmosphere. In the analysis, a one-dimensional model which assumes steady, adiabatic, frictionless, and equilibrium is proposed. In the convergent part of the nozzle the flow is treated as single-phase flow of liquid, whereas in the divergent part the flow is treated as separated two-phase flow with saturated condition. The analytical results indicate that the temperature and the pressure decrease rapidly in the divergent part, and the void fraction increases immediately near the throat. Although this analysis is quite simple, the analytical results can follow the experimental results well within this study.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF USING AIRFLOW TO PURGE RESIDUAL WATER IN AN INCLINED PIPE

A refined theoretical analysis for using the spiral airflow and axial airflow to purge residual water in an inclined pipe was presented. The computations reveal that, in most cases, the spiral flow can purge the residual water in the inclined pipe indeed while the axial flow may induce back flow of the water, just as predicted in the experiments presented by Horii and Zhao et al. In addition, the effects of various initial conditions on water purging were studied in detail for both the spiral and axial flow cases.

A Comparative Study of Closure Relations for CFD Modelling of Bubbly Flow in a Vertical Pipe

Commercial code CFX was used to examine the performance of a two-fluid model to predict the details of upward isothermal bubbly flow of air and water in a vertical pipe. The model equations are volume-averaged Navier-Stokes equations that require closure models for interfacial forces and bubble-induced turbulence effects. Two-equation SST and k-epsilon RANS turbulence models were also used. A parametric study of closure models included both standard options in CFX and previously published novel closure models that were implemented with user-defined functions. The CFD simulations were compared with two cases from the MTLoop experiments by Lucas et al. at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf: one with wall-peak void fraction profile (MT039), and another with a core-peak void fraction profile (MT118). The effect of changing the drag force closures was not significant for the set examined. Poor predictions were found when the lift force and wall lubrication models were incompatible in magnitude. There was no significant effect of changing the liquid phase turbulence model. Changing the bubble-induced turbulence models, however, had a significant impact on the radial void fraction profile. The novel wall force from Lubchenko et al. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology significantly improved the prediction of the near wall void fraction in the wall peak profile.

Experimental Investigation on the Effection of Flow Regulator in a Multiple Evaporators/Condensers Loop Heat Pipe with Plastic Porous Structure

Multiple loop heat pipes which have two evaporators and two condensers in one loop are a kind of active heat transfer device. Since they have two evaporators and two condensers, the operating mode also becomes multiple. This work discusses the cases that multiple loop heat pipes were operated with one condenser at high temperature and the other at low temperature. To avoid the high temperature returning liquid and keep the multiple loop heat pipes work properly, the flow regulator which was made of polyethylene was designed, fabricated and applied in this test. The effect of flow regulator was confirmed and analyzed. In the test that large temperature difference existed between two sinks, it can be found according to the result that the flow regulator worked effectively and prevented the high temperature vapor to enter the inlet of common liquid line, which can keep the evaporators and returning liquid to operate at low temperature. With the increment of heat loads and the temperature difference between two sinks, the pressure difference between two condensers became larger and larger. When the pressure difference was larger than the flow regulator’s capillary force, the flow regulator could not work properly because the high temperature vapor began to flow through the flow regulator. According to the test data, the flow regulator can work properly within the sinks’ temperature 0°C/60°C and the two evaporators’ heat load 30/30 W.

高扬程泵站虹吸式出水流道虹吸形成过程分析

为研究高扬程泵站虹吸式出水流道虹吸形成过程,以某高扬程泵站的出水流道及出水池为研究对象,建立三维模型并使用Fluent仿真计算了虹吸管流态变化。针对3种出水池水位使用VOF模型计算其压力、流速等参数。驼峰段原角度为段前150°、段后160°,在虹吸段顶端使用DN350的真空破坏阀,同时改变驼峰段角度进行优化,发现将段前角度增加10°后,虹吸形成时间为448 s,相较于优化前缩短了56 s,改善了泵启动过程。分析发现,不同水位下虹吸形成时压力分布较为均匀;水位较低时流速分布不均,不良流态产生,低水位造成的负面影响远大于高水位;在驼峰段安装DN350真空阀能减小水力损失,对虹吸形成过程起到促进作用;真空阀会影响经典断面处流速分布,产生高流速区,出水池水位较低时,该现象使得流速分布不均。

强迫振动下垂直管道固液两相流数值模拟研究

粗颗粒固液两相流的管道输运适用于深海采矿工程.扬矿管道在流致振动作用下的内部固液两相流的输运机理尚未被完全探究.因此,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)与离散元(DEM)耦合的方法,分析不同粒径、不同振动频率与振幅和不同浓度工况下在强迫振动管道中的粗颗粒动力学特性以及管内流场变化特性.其中,将管道的振动简化为一维径向振动,将实际工况中的柔性管道假定为刚体管道.研究表明,在管道振动过程中,大颗粒相比小颗粒的惯性更大,而流体也需要更大的速度产生更大的曳力推动大颗粒,导致更大的轴向流场速度以及更大的轴向颗粒速度.随着粒径增大,大颗粒对流场的扰动更大,导致流体与壁面间的作用力更大;并且大颗粒与壁面间的碰撞和摩擦作用力更大,因此壁面剪应力增大.同时,大颗粒与流体间摩擦损耗的能量也更大.因此管道需要更大的能量将其输运,导致振动管道内的压降增加.增大管道振动频率与振幅会导致颗粒在截面上的分布更加分散,同时对流场扰动更大,然而对轴向流场速度的影响相对较小.增大进料浓度使颗粒间、颗粒与流场间的作用更加频繁,导致颗粒分布发生变化,并导致更大的轴向流场速度和湍动能.

脉动热管温度信号的小波分析及流型识别

脉动热管中的温度波动信号具有较复杂的瞬态波动特征,采用连续小波变换方法可以较好地分析此类信号特征。采用全玻璃脉动热管,在可视化实验基础上,应用小波分析方法,重点研究PHP温度振荡信号及流型识别。结果表明,采集频率、管壁材料以及热通量等会影响温度信号的主频值。当热通量较高(q=2.65~3.18 W/cm^(2))时,1 Hz的采集频率容易导致信号失真,应采用10 Hz及以上的采集频率。玻璃管的热惰性会导致温度信号失真,尤其在高热通量(q=2.65~3.18 W/cm^(2))时不可忽略。总体来看,随着热通量的增加,蒸发温度波动幅度减小、频率增加。当热通量从0.35 W/cm^(2)增加到3.18 W/cm^(2),流体温度信号的主频值从0.02 Hz增加到3.88 Hz。相应地,管内流型由弹状流逐渐向环状流转变,并出现单向大循环流。由管内流体温度信号求得的主频值可推广至铜管或其他金属材料的脉动热管,有助于识别其内部流型及流态变化,更好地理解其传热特性。

竖直铯热管传热特性的实验和数值模拟

近年来,有关中温铯热管的研究较少,主要因为铯热管造价昂贵且铯金属化学性质活泼,开展实验难度较大,因此通过数值模拟方法对铯热管启动特性与内部相变等过程进行分析预测具有重要意义。首先,本文开展铯热管冷启动实验,并基于目前的热管模拟模型,利用UDF建立蒸发与冷凝的自适应模型,对比实验热管稳态壁温与数值模拟计算壁温,最大温差小于20K,且较好地呈现了热管末端的温度突降,证明了模型的准确性。其次,基于竖直铯热管变功率冷态启动实验,模拟获得铯热管启动过程中热管壁面温度及内部工质相态分布的演变过程;并利用壁面温度的平均差数值评价有效长度上的均温性。最后,通过模拟研究改变热管蒸发段长度(200mm和120mm)、加热功率(1028.2W和844.4W)及充液率(8.8%、12%和15%),对比分析其相态分布、温度分布及压力分布;综合热管有效工作长度、壁面均温性、蒸发段液相堆积与干烧现象,分析蒸发段长度与充液率的最佳配比,为热管的优化设计提供基础。

应用于新型环路热管的两相引射器数值模拟

环路热管是一种高效被动式相变传热装置,广泛应用于高热流电子器件散热等领域。前期研究发现将小型两相引射器与平板式环路热管耦合,可大幅提高传热性能。然而,小型两相引射器内部流动及传热机理尚不清晰,难以对新型环路热管进行正向设计与理论建模。通过数值模拟研究了汽水参数和混合腔结构对两相引射器性能及内部流场分布的影响。结果表明,喉部下游存在凝结激波,随着背压增加,其位置逐渐向喉部移动;其强度与背压、蒸汽产量、混合腔长度呈正相关,与水温呈负相关。引射器最大工作背压在40~125 kPa,与蒸汽产量和水温呈正相关,与混合腔长度呈负相关。通过大量模拟,得到了设计功率下水温和混合腔长度对引射器工作模式和压比的影响规律。

侧深施肥装置三通管气固两相流仿真与试验

为探究气吹式侧深施肥装置三通管不同结构特征对气流和肥料颗粒运动的影响,通过理论分析,设计气流入口与出口轴线垂直的a型三通管、气流入口与出口轴线呈45°夹角的b型三通管、气流入口与出口同轴的c型三通管。在三通管内径为28 mm、通入气流速度为16.4 m/s、肥料颗粒流量为20 g/s的条件下,采用CFD-EDM耦合方式对不同管道内气流、压力、颗粒运动状态进行仿真分析。结果表明:气流经a、b、c三种类型三通管产生不同的流动效果,进而影响肥料颗粒运动特性,颗粒最大运动速度分别为1.99 m/s、2.94 m/s、2.07 m/s,期间颗粒产生最大碰撞力分别为0.05 N、0.13 N、0.34 N。通过验证试验对比表明,采用b型管侧深施肥装置排肥稳定性变异系数为0.81,肥料破损率为0.72%,施肥过程中无肥料堵塞。

基于电池冷却用新型脉动热管性能的实验研究

提出一种电池冷却用C形脉动热管(pulsating heat pipe,PHP),具有较好的散热性和包裹特性。选择甲醇、丙酮、去离子水、乙醇和甲醇-丙酮混合物为PHP工质,实验研究了不同加热功率和充液率(filling rate,FR)工况下PHP的性能。结果表明,FR过高或过低均不利于C形PHP稳定运行,实际应用中需综合考虑热阻、传热极限等指标,选取合适的FR。实验研究范围内,C形PHP最佳FR在45%左右。综合考虑蒸发温度与热阻,甲醇-丙酮混合物C形PHP具备更好的性能,能够满足第二代Mirai电池冷却需求,可将其表面温度控制在84℃以下,允许的电池最大体积功率密度为6 kW/L。依据应用场合选择工质和布置方式后,PHP能保证受控对象的安全运行。相关结论为电池热控制系统设计提供了重要的参考和借鉴。

基于多物理耦合的高温热管流动传热和力学特性研究

研究高温碱金属热管内工质的流动、传热和力学特性,对热管冷却反应堆的安全具有重要意义。本文采用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件构建了高温碱金属热管的多物理耦合模型,针对热管内工质的流动传热特性以及管壁的热膨胀效应进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:本文模型的计算结果与实验值的相对误差小于1%,可准确模拟高温热管的流动传热特性;在额定功率下,沿轴向的压力梯度和温度梯度较小,说明热管具有较好的等温性,但相比于冷态有最大1.75%的总形变;热管的传输功率提高会显著影响热管内工质的运行状态,同时加大热管的形变量。

过滤双流体模型的水平管道内稠油输送数值模拟

针对介观尺度下蜡晶颗粒聚团在管壁形成宏观尺度下石蜡层的现象,采用过滤双流体模型研究水平管道输送伴有固态沥青质的稠油的液固两相流流动和传热特性.对比均匀结构曳力模型和亚格子曳力模型的模拟结果,获得了颗粒相时均体积分数、颗粒相压力和过滤传热系数的修正系数等参数分布规律.同时分析了壁面温度对稠油温度分布和传热的影响.结果表明:与均匀模型Gidaspow model相比,过滤模型能够揭示蜡晶颗粒非均匀流动结构对液固两相流的变化规律.Filtered modelⅡ的结果更加接近于试验结果,Filtered modelⅡ的结果随着蜡晶颗粒体积分数的增加而减小.当蜡晶颗粒相体积分数增加到12%时,加入壁面修正的亚格子模型的误差仅为4.1%.而ZAMBRANO等人模拟结果与试验压降的误差为12.9%.亚格子尺度模型能够详细地再现沥青质颗粒聚团的介观尺度流动行为,为稠油输送过程中的蜡晶聚集以及流动过程的预测提供了新的方法.