Distribution of potential geological hazards and control factors in Qingdao offshore, China

Engineering construction actively occurs in coastal zones, and these areas have numerous potential geological hazard factors. Since 2009, the development of geological surveys in sea areas has promoted extensive geophysical surveys in Qingdao offshore. In the present study, the types and distribution of potential geological hazard factors were systematically revealed using sub-bottom profile data, side-scan sonar data, and single-channel seismic data, among others. Based on previous research findings, the potential geological hazard factors are classified, and control factors in Qingdao offshore are discussed. The research results show that the primary potential geological hazards include active faults, buried paleo channels, shallow gas, irregular bedrock, eroded gullies, estuary deltas, tidal sand ridges, and seawater intrusion. In addition, neotectonic movement, sea level changes and sedimentary dynamic processes were the main factors that affected the distribution of geological hazards in Qingdao offshore.

Potential Hazard Map for Disaster Prevention Using GIS-Based Linear Combination Approach and Analytic Hierarchy Method

In recent years, global warming has gradually become obvious, thus created the climate change. Typhoon Morakot attacked Taiwan and brought heavy rainfall in August, 2009. In mountainous areas including Central and South Taiwan, the flood and debris flow disasters were induced by the typhoon. In this study, Changhua City is selected as the research region and the Delphi method is employed to interview experts and establish comprehensive evaluation criteria for assessing the evacuation plan on disaster areas. The concept is to combine the landslide potential analysis by geographic information systems with the flood or debris flow maps into the potential hazard map. Meanwhile, analytic hierarchy method (AHP) is comprehensively carried on the expert questionnaire survey for the potential hazard map of the compound disaster states. It should be useful for the local government and native people in the future.

Potential rupture surface model and its ap-plication on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis

Potential sources are simplified as point sources or linear sources in current probabilistic seismic hazard analysis （PSHA） methods. Focus size of large earthquakes is considerable, and fault rupture attitudes may have great influence upon the seismic hazard of a site which is near the source. Under this circumstance, it is unreasonable to use the simplified potential source models in the PSHA, so a potential rupture surface model is proposed in this paper. Adopting this model, we analyze the seismic hazard near the Chelungpu fault that generated the Chi-Chi （Jiji） earthquake with magnitude 7.6 and the following conclusions are reached. （1） This model is reasonable on the base of focal mechanism, especially for sites near potential earthquakes with large magnitude; （2） The attitudes of potential rupture surfaces have great influence on the results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and seismic zoning.

Organic Materials Could Improve the Phytoremediation Efficiency of Soil Potentially Hazardous Metal by Sedum alfredii Hance

Soil potentially hazardous metal(PHM)is continually attracting public attention worldwide,due to its highly toxic properties and potentially huge damage to human being through food chain.Phytoremediation is an effective and eco-friendly way in remediation technology.A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different organic materials(biogas residue(BR),mushroom residue(MR),and bamboo-shoot shell(BS))application on phytoremediation of two PHM-contaminated soils(Fuyang soil as‘heavily-polluted soil’and Wenzhou soil as‘moderately-polluted soil’,respectively)by Sedum alfrecdii Hance.The results indicated:1)for moderately-polluted soil,the 5%BR treatment had the strongest activation to Cu and Zn,for heavily-polluted soil,1%BS treatment had the highest activation effect for Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd.2)the above-ground biomass of Sedum alfredii Hance increased with the addition rate of organic materials.3)for Cd uptake of Sedum alfredii Hance in moderately-polluted soil,only 1%BS treatment had a better accumulation effect,compared to the control,for Zn element,MR treatments were weaker than the control,while other treatments were better than the control,of which 5%BR,1%BS and 5%BS accumulated more Zn element by 39.6%,32.6%and 23.8%,respectively;in heavily-polluted soil,the treatments of 5%BS,1%BR and 5%BR accumulated more Cd than the control by 12.9%,12.8%and 6.2%,respectively,the treatments with organic materials addition promoted Zn accumulation in shoots of Sedum alfredii Hance,and the best treatment was 5%BS.Therefore,an appropriate application rate of BS and BR could improve the remediation efficiency for Zn/Cd contaminated soils by Sedum alfredii Hance.

Lake inventory and potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the Nyang Qu Basin of China between 1970 and 2016

There are a large number of glaciers and lakes developed in the Nyang Qu Basin of China. Recent climate change has significant impacted on the high-mountain glacial environment. Rapid melting of glaciers contributes to the formation and expansion of moraine-dammed lakes which increase the probability of glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs). We calculated a multi-temporal lake inventory based on(1) topographic maps in the 1970 s,(2) satellite imageries from 1990 to 2016,(3) First Chinese Glacier Inventory(FCGI),(4) Glacier Inventory of Southeastern Tibet(GIST) and(5) meteorological data. A total of 880 lakes(>0.01 km^2) have been mapped in 2016, with 318 being glacial lakes(GLs) and 462 non-glacier lakes(NGLs). Most of the lakes were mainly located at 4500 m a.s.l. and the lakes dominated by small lakes(<0.1 km^2) where the change of their actual sizes are more significant compared to the larger ones. Meanwhile, we found that there were 178 newly formed GLs and 51 of them had disappeared between 1970 and 2016. During the same period, there can be identified 157 newly formed GLs and 226 had disappeared. We additionally performed a hazard and risk assessment for GL in 2016 and exposed 14 potentially dangerous morainedammed lakes(PDMDLs), covering a total area of 5.88 km2 in the Nyang Qu Basin. There can be found 4 GLs with very high risk, 3 GLs with high risk, 4 GLs with medium risk and 4 GLs with low risk of GLOFs susceptibility. The findings of this study can be used for the future policy of risk management and also be adapted for promoting water resources management.

Study of the Non-Uniform Distribution of Earthquake Risk Within Potential Sources

Potential sources are aggregates of probable future epicenters.In this area,for source models currently,in common use for seismic risk analysis in China,the mean area of each potential source is about 3000-4000 km2.It is assumed that seismic risk has a uniform distribution within the range of each potential source,but studies have shown that the uniform distribution model to a large extent may give an underestimation of the seismic risk.In this paper,the relative distribution of historical epicenters in space within potential sources is discussed,a method is proposed to quantitatively describe the non-uniform distribution of strong earthquakes within potential sources,and some preliminary results are given.By using the results of this paper,seismic risk analysis and seismic zonation can be made more scientific and more reasonable.

Increasing the Safety of People Activity in Aggressive Potential Locations, Analyzed through the Probability Theory, Modeling/Simulation and Application in Underground Coal Mining

This paper deals with the increasing safety of working in aggressive potential locations, having SCADA system and WSN sensors, using a “probabilistic strategy” in comparison with a “deterministic” one, modeling/simulation and application in underground coal mining. In general, three conditions can be considered: 1) an unfriendly environment that facilitates the risk of accidents, 2) aggressive equipments that can compete to cause accidents and 3) the work security breaches that can cause accidents. These conditions define the triangle of accidents and are customized for an underground coal mining where the methane gas is released with the exploitation of the massive coal. In this case, the first two conditions create an explosive potential atmosphere. To allow people to work in a safe location it needs: first, a continuing monitoring through SCADA system of the explosive potential atmosphere and second, the use of antiexplosive equipment. This method, named “deterministic strategy”, increases the safety of working, but the explosions have not been completely eliminated. In order to increase the safety of working, the paper continues with the presentation of a new method based on hazard laws, named “probabilistic strategy”. This strategy was validated through modeling/simulation using CupCarbon software platform, and application of WSN networks implemented on Arduino equipments. At the end of the paper the interesting conclusions are emphases which are applicable to both strategies.

某废弃煤矿区土壤重金属污染风险评价

煤矿在开采过程中产生大量煤矸石、洗煤水等废弃物,其中的重金属污染物经沉降、径流、淋滤等作用迁移、扩散至周边水土环境中,对生态环境构成威胁。为研究某废弃煤矿区土壤重金属污染状况,评价重金属污染生态风险,检测了该矿区煤矸石、水、土壤样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cr、Ni、Hg、Cd元素质量分数,利用单因子指数法和潜在生态危害指数法分别分析了土壤重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险;重点分析了矿区洗煤厂下游土壤重金属污染特征,并采用改进BCR连续提取法分析了洗煤厂下游土壤样品重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Cd)形态,借鉴风险评价编码法评价了重金属元素的生物有效性和环境风险。结果表明:①以平均值计,废弃煤矿区煤矸石中重金属质量分数较低,仅Cr元素质量分数稍高于土壤中的质量分数,且煤矸石中重金属元素质量分数均未超过相应的农用地土壤风险筛选值,对矿区土壤重金属污染影响小。②废弃煤矿区土壤重金属超标元素为Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni、As,Cu、Zn、Ni和As元素污染较轻微,Cd元素污染较严重;Cu、Zn、Ni元素污染区主要集中在矸石山西部和东南部地块,在空间分布上有一定重合;As元素污染分布在矸石山东北部地块,Cd元素污染在矿区广泛分布,以中度–重度污染为主。③Cd、Hg元素存在潜在生态危害风险,Cd元素潜在生态危害风险程度高,重金属元素综合潜在生态危害风险等级较高,主要为中等-强风险。④洗煤厂下游区域沿水流方向土壤重金属元素总体呈递减趋势,Cd元素污染较严重,Cu、Zn、Ni、As元素污染集中在洗煤厂下游200 m内,剖面样品中垂向方向上重金属元素质量分数呈递减趋势,在垂向上没有累积。⑤矿区地下水水质较好,矿井排水重金属元素质量分数及pH满足Ⅲ类地表水水质标准限值,矿井水外排对周边土壤重金属污染影响小。⑥Cu和Zn元素酸可提取态占比低,生物有效性低,Cd元素酸可提取态占比高,呈高度风险–极高风险,生物有效性强,环境风险高。基于矿区重金属污染现状,建议进一步加强土壤重金属污染防治工作,加强源头治理、农产品食品安全监测和Cd元素污染调查研究工作。

无信控交叉口驾驶人潜在危险感知能力评估

为量化无信控交叉口驾驶人潜在危险的感知能力,组织驾驶人实车驾驶试验,实时采集驾驶人眼动特征参数。解析熟练和非熟练驾驶人直行通过无信控交叉口模式下的扫视和注视规律,引入马尔科夫链模型,阐释驾驶人注视转移特性,揭示驾驶人视觉搜索与潜在危险感知特性的内在联系。结合熟练和非熟练驾驶人各映射指标下的统计学分析,萃取驾驶人潜在危险感知能力表征参数。基于灰色近优综合评价法,构建驾驶人在无信控交叉口场景下的潜在危险感知能力评估模型。研究表明:直行条件下,无信控交叉口下非熟练驾驶人的水平搜索广度、垂直搜索深度和扫视强度显著低于熟练驾驶人;相较于熟练驾驶人,非熟练驾驶人兼顾道路两侧信息的能力较弱,且注视概率的适时调配机制不够灵活;熟练驾驶人在无信控交叉口的潜在危险感知得分比非熟练驾驶人高31.2%;熟练驾驶人中,男性潜在危险感知能力明显强于女性,而性别对非熟练驾驶人感知绩效无显著影响。研究结果可丰富防御性驾驶相关理论体系,为无信控交叉口交通设施的优化和完善,驾驶人安全教育及评估等提供重要参考。

基于事件相关电位的监控员任务切换刺激模态差异性对警觉度的影响研究

为探究不同模态转换下任务切换对监控人员警觉度衰减现象的影响,采用脑电实验法,设计了危险动作识别、危险场景识别等任务,并结合行为数据及事件相关电位(Event Related Potential,ERP)技术进行综合分析;实验重点考察在任务切换过程中,不同模态的任务之间进行切换对监控人员警觉度的具体影响;通过对煤矿监控调度人员的实证研究,揭示了切换任务的模态差异性对监控员警觉度的影响及其内在机制。结果表明:当在相同刺激任务间进行切换时带来的工作绩效下降,主要原因在于任务切换产生的切换成本导致注意力分散,具体体现在任务切换后P300和P200平均波幅的升高;但是在不同刺激任务间进行切换时,尤其是切换到听觉刺激任务时,被试者的警觉度水平反而得到了一定程度的提升。

食品接触材料中非邻苯类塑化剂迁移及潜在危害的研究进展

近年来,邻苯类塑化剂不断被曝出各式各样的安全隐患问题,其使用已经被严格限制。与此同时,非邻苯类塑化剂由于具有比邻苯类塑化剂更低的毒性,在实际应用中越来越受到厂家的青睐,被广泛使用于食品接触材料当中。然而,伴随着其使用范围的不断拓展以及使用量的持续增加,食品接触材料中非邻苯类塑化剂的迁移情况以及其可能带来的危害绝不能忽视。本文对食品接触材料中非邻苯类塑化剂的相关概念及种类、迁移情况、潜在危害、检测方法进行了综述,旨在为针对食品接触材料中非邻苯类塑化剂进行准确的风险评估提供重要的参考依据。

基于实景三维模型的地质灾害隐患识别——以广东省上坪镇为例

为了打破地质灾害中高位隐蔽性隐患发现难的局限,查清复杂地形下突发地质灾害的特点,实现地质灾害隐患点的精准识别。本研究以广东省连平县上坪镇为研究区域,基于无人机倾斜摄影测量技术构建高精度实景三维模型,生成点云、数字高程模型等衍生数据,在真三维环境中结合山体阴影进行隐患点识别,并结合实地调查对典型灾点的特征信息进行分析。结果表明:本研究识别的隐患点与现地验证情况一致,正确率达100%;共识别出隐患点23处(滑坡14处、崩塌9处),灾害密度约4处/km~2。本研究通过集成“空地联动”“点面体协同”“二三维一体”的方法,将立体灾害点搬进数字空间,实现了隐蔽性点位和调查盲区的全覆盖,对灾害预警和风险防控具有重要意义。

黄土液化作用及其次生灾害风险评估方法初探——以积石山M_(S)6.2地震为例

2023年12月18日甘肃积石山6.2级地震引发的黄土液化泥石流地质灾害,造成了大量人员伤亡和财产损失。以此为背景,系统梳理了液化调查、风险评估和风险区划的工作思路:选定地区液化的内在和诱发因子,收集并分析资料,拟定调查工作底图,以调查问卷的形式开展液化影响因素摸底工作,开展针对性的外业调查或辅以物探和钻探工作,得到土壤液化发育潜势实际材料图;其后借用常规地质灾害的评估方法,开展调查区域的易发性、易损性评价和风险评价,得到调查区风险区划图。利用此方法对积石山地震诱发的泥石流灾害进行验证,分析其液化灾害的地质环境背景、形成机理和危害特征,并对其发生的风险进行评价。文章首次提出土的液化作用及其次生灾害区域调查因子的选择和风险评估的流程,可为开展土层液化作用及其次生灾害隐患区排查、国土空间规划,特别是高烈度山区集中居住点地质安全评估和选址建议提供参考。

拦砂坝失效条件下泥石流潜在危险性分析

受极端降雨的影响,泥石流灾害呈现多发、频发、致灾严重的特点。而采用拦砂坝等措施来防治泥石流是保护山区城镇的有效手段之一。随着时间的推移,部分拦砂坝已达到设计使用年限,存在因破坏失效而潜在危险性增大的问题。为了探明拦砂坝失效条件下的不同频率泥石流潜在危险性,以四川省金川县沙耳沟为研究区域,利用FLO-2D数值模拟软件模拟了无工程措施、拦砂坝正常运行和拦砂坝失效3种工况下的泥石流运动和堆积特征,并对泥石流危险性进行了区划。结果表明:工程失效与自然条件相比,最大堆积深度相差较小,平均堆积深度增加了2.57%~5.77%;最大流速和平均流速分别增加了0.1%~35.98%、1.95%~6.55%;冲出距离变远,冲出方量增加了3.14%~6.65%。相比无工程措施和拦砂坝正常运行条件,拦砂坝失效工况下高危险区面积分别增加了0.93%~3.39%、8.91%~17.93%;堆积范围分别增加了0.39%~0.83%、11.50%~22.50%。若拦砂坝失效,将产生巨大的泥石流潜在危险性,在极端天气下应加强对老化拦砂坝的监测预警。研究成果可为该地区地质灾害防治提供参考。

新增玉屏潜源对湘黔边界地区峰值加速度影响的研究

本文收集了怀化西部新增玉屏潜在震源区相关资料,对研究区域1′×1′的空间格点进行了地震危险性概率分析,主要讨论了在新增该潜源前、后对湘黔边界地区的峰值加速度的变化,并根据Ⅱ类场地峰值加速度绘制等值线并进行分区。地震危险性分析结果表明,新增玉屏潜源对其内部与附近约20 km范围的地震动峰值加速度影响很大,而当震源深度取10 km时,玉屏潜源范围内50年10%的峰值加速度由35~40 cm/s^(2)增加至80~95 cm/s^(2),约增加2.3~2.4倍,潜源内新晃、芷江等局部区域基本烈度可达Ⅶ度,潜源外部峰值加速度也从35 cm/s^(2)逐渐增加至80 cm/s^(2);当地震带的震源深度取15 km时,新晃、芷江等地区基本烈度仍为Ⅵ度。文中还结合怀化西部新晃、芷江不同类型房屋的抗震能力进行了初步分析,在后续防震减灾工作中需特别加以关注。

浅谈危险废物处置行业的碳排放现状

在国家“双碳”背景下,我国危险废物处置行业面临着巨大的挑战和机遇。从危险废物的产生情况和处置技术入手,结合危废处置行业的碳排放现状,以某危险废物处置企业为案例进行碳排放源的识别与分析,提出减排潜力与相应措施,从而达到绿色低碳运行。

西南三个典型锑矿区锑砷赋存形态与污染特征

锑(antimony,Sb)是一种“新兴”的全球性环境污染物。为评估长期暴露的矿区主体中Sb、As共污染程度和采矿活动相关的生态效应,通过原子荧光法和Wenzel连续提取法对西南3个典型锑矿区Sb、砷(arsenic,As)全量和赋存形态进行了系统分析,采用地累积指数法(I_(geo))、次生相与原生相比值(RSP)、沉积物污染指数(SPI)和潜在生态风险指数法(RI)进行污染状况和生态风险进行评价。结果表明:①Sb和As全量均超过《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600−2018)中第二类管制值;Sb全量分布表现为采矿区>冶炼区>尾矿区>对照区,As全量分布表现为尾矿区>采矿区>冶炼区>对照区;Sb和As的CV值均大于90%,具有广泛变异性。②Sb和As化学形态总体表现为残渣态(F5)>无定型铁铝氧化物结合态(F3)>晶质铁铝氧化物结合态(F4)>专性吸附态(F2)>非专性吸附态(F1);Sb在采矿与尾矿区主要以F3形态赋存,冶炼区主要以F5形态赋存;As主要以F3形态赋存。③Spearman相关性和冗余分析(RDA)显示,pH、SOM(土壤有机质)含量、EC和E_(h)在不同程度上影响Sb、As及其化学形态的赋存。④线性回归分析表明,外源Sb、As全量的增加引起了可提取态Sb[Sb(F1+F2+F3+F4)]含量和可提取态As[As(F1+F2+F3+F4)]含量的增加。⑤锑矿区整体I_(geo)与RSP值均大于2,属于偏重至严重污染;各功能分区RI均大于80,其中采矿区和冶炼区RI平均值达到了极强生态风险,表明西南锑矿区Sb、As共污染现象严重,其中Sb的贡献率最大,应优先进行管控;SPI与RI评价结果一致,污染程度表现为采矿区>冶炼区>尾矿区>对照区。研究显示,西南锑矿区Sb的潜在生态风险不容忽视,治理过程中应充分考虑Sb的化学赋存特征并制定分类施策、分区管控、分级治理的管理模式。

Tracking Source Variations of Inhalation Cancer Risks and Ozone Formation Potential in Hong Kong over Two Decades(2000−2020)Using Toxic Air Pollutant Monitoring Data

Toxic air pollutants(TAPs)are a class of airborne chemicals known or suspected to cause serious health issues.This study,applying positive matrix factorization and inhalation unit risk estimates of TAPs,quantifies the changes in significant sources contributing to inhalation cancer risks(ICRs)from 2000 to 2020 in Hong Kong,China.Total ICR decreased from 1701 to 451 cases per million between 2000−2004 and 2016−2020,largely attributed to the reduction in diesel particulate matter(DPM),gasoline and solvent use-related volatile organic compounds(VOCs),and coal/biomass combustion-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metal(loid)s.The regional contribution of VOCs associated with industrial and halogenated solvent sources increased substantially,representing the largest non-DPM ICR contributor(37%)in 2016−2020,stressing the need for a more comprehensive risk evaluation across the fast-growing and densely populated Greater Bay Area(GBA).ICRs in Hong Kong and the GBA will likely remain over 100 cases per million by 2050.The contributions to ozone formation potential of VOC/carbonyl sources were quantified,which show a notable shift from being solvent/gasoline-dominant in 2000−2004 to being more evenly shared by various sources in 2016−2020.Establishing a similar TAP monitoring network in the GBA is anticipated to provide the monitoring data needed to facilitate the development of more informed air quality management strategies.

Contamination assessment,source apportionment and associated health risks of PTEs in agricultural soil under five land-use patterns in Sanya,China

To understand the levels of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)contamination in soils and their effects on human health from different agricultural land use in Sanya,China.128 soil samples(64 topsoil samples and corresponding subsoil samples)were collected from the five representative land-use patterns.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),Atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS),and Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES)were used to determine the content of PTEs(As,Cd,Hg,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn,Co,Mo,Sb,and V).Correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to determine the source of PTEs.Geo-accumulation index(I_(geo)),hazard quotient(HQ),and total carcinogenic risk index(TR)were used to measure the PTEs contamination and its relative health impacts.Results showed that the average values of 12 PTEs in topsoil were higher than the Hainan soil geochemical baseline,showing different degrees of PTEs accumulation effect.The concentration of PTEs in the topsoil was lower than those in the subsoil except for Cd and Hg.The I_(geo)revealed that the major accumulated element in soils was As followed by Mo.Source apportionment suggested that parent materials and agricultural practices were the dominant factors for PTEs accumulation in the topsoil.Noncarcinogenic risks of soil samples from five land-use patterns presented a trend of paddy field>dry field>woodland>orchard>garden plot.However,the HQ values of 12 PTEs were less than the recommended limit of HQ=1,representing that there are no non-carcinogenic risks of PTEs for children and adults in the study area.The TR values are within 6.95×10^(-6)-1.38×10^(-5),which corresponds to the low level.Therefore the PTEs in the agricultural soil of the study area show little influence on the health status of the local population.

基于深度学习模型的煤矿安全隐患数据主题挖掘

为了提高煤矿安全风险排查能力和监督能力,提出1种基于双向长短期记忆网络(BiLSTM)、条件随机场(CRF)和隐含狄利克雷分布(LDA)的模型。训练BiLSTM-CRF模型分词,采用困惑度-主题方差(perplexity-var)计算LDA模型最优主题数,构建BiLSTM-CRF-LDA模型挖掘内蒙古某煤矿安全隐患数据。研究结果表明:困惑度-主题方差指标能更准确地确定主题数;BiLSTM-CRF模型分词结果比jieba库更准确;BiLSTM-CRF-LDA模型能准确地挖掘出煤矿安全隐患类型、安全隐患空间分布和安全责任划分。研究结果可为煤矿安全风险排查与监督提供参考。