Analysis of Orientation Relationships,Carbon Partitioning and Strengthening Mechanism of a Novel Ultrahigh Strength Steel

The orientation relationships,carbon partitioning and strengthening mechanism of a novel ultrahigh strength steel were analyzed in depth during the complex process of heat treatment.The experimental results reveal that the(011)α//()γ,[100]α//[011]γ orientation relationships can be drawn between martensite and retained austenite.The position and angle of martensite and retained austenite are shown more clearly from the stereographic projections.Moreover,the calculated results show that the carbon content near the austenite interface is the highest in the shorter carbon allocation time.With the further increase of time,its carbon content gradually decreases.Furthermore,a model of the relationship between yield strength and strengthening mechanism was established.It was proved that the main strengthening components contributing to the yield strength include Orowan strengthening,grain-size strengthening and dislocation hardening.The main strengthening mechanism of steel in this experiment is dislocation strengthening.

Effect of lower bainite/martensite/retained austenite triplex microstructure on the mechanical properties of a low-carbon steel with quenching and partitioning process

We present a study concerning Fe-0. 176C-1.31Si-1.58Mn-0.26Al-0.3Cr （wt%） steel subjected to a quenching and partitioning （Q＆P） process. The results of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile tests demon- strate that the microstructures primarily consist of lath martensite, retained austenite, lower bainite （LB）, and a small amount of tempered martensite; moreover, few twin austenite grains were observed. In the microstrucmre, three types of retained austenite with different sizes and morphologies were observed： blocky retained austenite （-300 nm in width）, film-like retained austenite （80-120 nm in width）, and ul- tra-fine film-like retained austenite （30-40 nm in width）. Because of the effect of the retained austenite/martensite/LB triplex microstructure, the specimens prepared using different quenching temperatures exhibit high ultimate tensile strength and yield strength. Furthermore, the strength effect of LB can partially counteract the decreasing strength effect of martensite. The formation of LB substantially reduces the amount of retained austenite. Analyses of the retained austenite and the amount of blocky retained austenite indicated that the carbon content is critical to the total elongation of Q＆P steel.

Excellent mechanical properties and resistance to cavitation erosion for an ultra-low carbon Cr Mn N stainless steel through quenching and partitioning treatment

The retained austenite content(RAC),the mechanical properties,and the resistance to cavitation erosion(CE)of the00Cr13Mn8Mo N steel after quenching and partitioning(Q&P)processing were investigated.The results show that the Q&P process affected the RAC,which reached the maximum value after partitioning at 400°C for 10 min.The tensile strength of the steel slightly decreased with increasing partitioning temperature and time.However,the elongation and product of strength and elongation first increased and then decreased.The sample partitioned at 400°C for 10 min exhibited the optimal property:a strength-ductility of 23.8 GPa?%.The resistance to CE for the 00Cr13Mn8Mo N steel treated by the Q&P process was improved due to work hardening,spalling,and cavitation-induced martensitic transformation of the retained austenite.

Effect of Direct Quenching and Partitioning Treatment on Mechanical Properties of a Hot Rolled Strip Steel

Three different online heat treatment processes were designed to study the effects on the mechanical properties of a 0.19C-1.6Si-1.6Mn（wt%） hot rolled strip steel.The microstructures were characterized by means of SEM,TEM,EPMA,and XRD.The mechanical properties were estimated by tensile tests.Results showed that a satisfying combination of strength and ductility could be obtained through the ferrite relaxation and direct quenching and partitioning process.Analysis was also focused on this process.The microstructure contained proeutectoid ferrite grains,martensite packets and blocky or interlath retained austenite,and also contained carbide-free bainite in the case of relatively high quench temperatures.The retained austenite fraction was increased through proeutectoid ferrite and partial bainite transformation,while the tensile strength was also consequently decreased.The most of retained austenite transformed to ferrite under deformation and the elongation was obviously improved.

Cu Partitioning Behavior and Its Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 0.12C-1.33Mn-0.55Cu Q&P Steel

Cu, as an austenitic stable element, is added to steel in order to suppress the adverse effects of high content of C and Mn on welding. Based on C partitioning, Cu and Mn partitioning can further improve the stability of retained austenite in the intercritical annealing process. A sample of low carbon steel containing Cu was treated by the intercritical annealing, then quenching process（I＆Q）. Subsequently, another sample was treated by the intercritical annealing, subsequent austenitizing, then quenching and partitioning process（I＆Q＆P）. The effects of element partitioning behavior in intercritical region on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel were studied. The results showed that after the I＆Q process ferrite and martensite could be obtained, with C, Cu and Mn enriched in the martensite. When intercritically heated at 800 ℃, Cu and Mn were partitioned from ferrite to austenite, which was enhanced gradually as the heating time was increased. This partitioning effect was the most obvious when the sample was heated at 800 ℃ for 40 min. At the early stage of α→γ transformation, the formation of γ was controlled by the partitioning of carbon, while at the later stage, it was mainly affected by the partitioning of Cu and Mn. After the I＆Q＆P process, the partitioning effect of Cu and Mn element could be retained. C was assembled in retained austenite during the quenching and partitioning process. The strength and elongation of I＆Q＆P steel was increased by 5 305 MPa% compared with that subjected to Q＆P process. The volume fraction of retained autensite was increased from 8.5% to 11.2%. Hence, the content of retained austenite could be improved significantly by Mn and Cu partitioning, which increased the elongation of steel.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a low-carbon quenching and partitioning steel after partial and full austenitization

In this work, low-carbon steel specimens were subjected to the quenching and partitioning process after being partially or fully austenitized to investigate their microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations, X-ray diffraction analysis, and tensile tests, upper bainite or tempered martensite appears successively in the microstructure with increasing austenitization temperature or increasing partitioning time. In the partially austenitized specimens, the retained austenite grains are carbon-enriched twice during the heat treatment, which can significantly stabilize the phases at room temperature. Furthermore, after partial austenitization, the specimen exhibits excellent elongation, with a maximum elongation of 37.1%. By contrast, after full austenitization, the specimens exhibit good ultimate tensile strength and high yield strength. In the case of a specimen with a yield strength of 969 MPa, the maximum value of the ultimate tensile strength reaches 1222 MPa. During the partitioning process, carbon partitioning and carbon homogenization within austenite affect interface migration. In addition, the volume fraction and grain size of retained austenite observed in the final microstructure will also be affected.

Influence of carbon-partitioning treatment on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of in situ VCp-reinforced Fe-matrix composite

The wear resistance of iron(Fe)-matrix materials could be improved through the in situ formation of vanadium carbide particles(VCp)with high hardness.However,brittleness and low impact toughness limit their application in several industries due to addition of higher carbon content.Carbon-partitioning treatment plays an important role in tuning the microstructure and mechanical properties of in situ VCp-reinforced Fe-matrix composite.In this study,the influences of carbon-partitioning temperatures and times on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and wear resistance of in situ VCp-reinforced Fe-matrix composite were investigated.The experimental results indicated that a certain amount of retained austenite could be stabilized at room temperature through the carbon-partitioning treatment.Microhardness of in situ VCp-reinforced Fematrix composite under carbon-partitioning treatment could be decreased,but impact toughness was improved accordingly when wear resistance was enhanced.In addition,the enhancement of wear resistance could be attributed to transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)effect,and phase transformation was caused fromγ-Fe(face-centered cubic structure,fcc)toα-Fe(body-centered cubic structure,bcc)under a certain load.

Adsorption Mechanism of Disperse Dye on Elastic Polyurethane Fibre

In this paper, the adsorption isotherms of two disperse dyes, C.I. Disperse Red 60 and C.I. Disperse orange 76, on two kinds of PU fibers at 90℃ were measured respectively. It was found that these adsorption isotherms followed a dual model, Nernst and Langmuir. Based on the parameters obtained in studying, the relationship between the chemical structure of dyes and their adsorption behaviors was arialyzed. Through the measurement of washing fastness of dyed sample with two dye concentrations, 1% （o.w. f） and 3% （o. w. f）, it was found that the pale shade dyeing possessed better wet-fastness than the dark. This phenomenon confirmed further that the disperse dyes were sorbed on the PU fiber by langmuir sorption and the partition mechanism.

Mechanism Design of Palletizing Robot Based on Translating Cam Principle

Palletizing robot technology has been applied more and more extensively in logistics automation field.But there are some limitations in the current single-arm palletizing robot that it cannot do effective work in the process of moving back to the taking-end and the mechanical arm has so many freedoms that its control system is relatively complex.Based on the translating cam principle,a novel palletizing robot is designed.The horizontal movement of the palletizing mechanical arm is controlled by changeable outer slides,and the vertical movement is controlled by partitioned up-and-down spindles.To improve palletizing efficiency,the single palletizing mechanical arm is changed into multi-arm.Moreover,to improve its kinematic properties,the acceleration operating performance,joint driving force and palletizing trajectory are optimized through the multi-objective delaminating sequence method.According to the optimization results,the 3D model of the multi-arm palletizing robot is built in Pro/E,and the kinematic simulation is made.The simulation results show that the novel mechanism and optimization parameters are rational and feasible.This novel palletizing robot has the advantages of cam mechanism,so it simplifies the driving mode of palletizing movement and can lower the requirements for controlling system.At the same time,it can increase palletizing efficiency further by adding mechanical arms.

Nanoencapsulation of Antioxidant-Rich Fraction of Roasted <i>Moringa oleifera</i>L. Leaf Extract: Physico-Chemical Properties and <i>in Vitro</i>Release Mechanisms

Nanocapsules (NC) of antioxidant rich fraction of roasted Moringa leaves were prepared using emulsion coacervation technique with alginate (ALG) and/or chitosan (CTS) as biopolymers. NC were characterized based on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC). Substituting CTS with ALG in NC caused a reduction in particle size and PDI, and enhanced EE. Mean particle size dropped from 1209 nm in 1:3 to 413 nm in 3:1 ALG/CTS-NC;PDI decreased from 0.9% to 0.2% and zeta potential from -5.4 to -28.1 mV. The highest EE (87.6%) and LC (13%) were obtained with ALG-CTS-NC (3:1). ALG-NC were spherical while both CTS and ALG-CTS-NC were ovoid. ALG and ALG-CTS-NC were oil/water emulsions while CTS-NC formed water/oil emulsions. 60% and 70% of bioactives in ALG-CTS-NC (3:1) were released in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids respectively after 400 min. Release of antioxidants from NC is concentration-dependent (First order model) and involves simultaneously diffusion (Higuchi model), swelling (korsmeyer-Peppas model) and erosion (Hixson-Crowell model) mechanisms.

面向乳腺超声分类的低尺度形态特征重校准方法

针对乳腺超声图像具有类内差异大、类间差异小以及结节形状复杂多变等问题,提出一种形状特征重校准的乳腺超声图像算法,实现乳腺超声的自动化诊断.首先,构建端到端的网络模型,采用渐进训练方式,充分学习图像中更具辨别力的区域,获取更细粒度的特征信息;其次,提出分区打乱机制,降低网络中打乱图像时破坏结节区域所产生的噪声;然后,将模型底层提取的特征与通过掩膜图像获得的形状特征进行重校准,提出低尺度重校准损失函数;最后,构建一个包含1550张乳腺超声图像数据集LSRD(low-scale recalibration database),验证所提方法的有效性.实验结果表明:本文模型在LSRD上准确率94.3%、敏感性91.2%、特异性93.6%、ROC(receiver operator characteristic curve)与坐标围成的面积(area under curve,AUC)为0.941,均优于对比模型;在BUSI(breast ultrasound image)数据集上,相较于对比模型,其分类精度提升3.3%.

硬岩顶板切顶留巷围岩变形分区补强控制研究

【目的】森达源煤矿传统的宽煤柱开采方式导致采掘接续紧张,并引发严重的围岩变形问题。切顶留巷技术可优化巷道支护条件,提高采煤效率,促进煤矿高效安全生产。【方法】以1号煤层的10101工作面为研究对象,运用FLAC 3D数值模拟软件,深入探究了切顶高度、切顶角度、注浆加固深度对巷道掘进、预裂切顶和切顶留巷过程中煤帮内部、采空区及顶板应力变形特性的影响。确定出最佳切顶留巷方案。在此基础上,进一步模拟分析工作面前后不同区域的围岩受力变形情况。提出回采工作面前方0~30 m内为超前补强区,采取“高预应力锚索+单体配合铰接顶梁”的联合支护。后方0~100 m内为滞后补强区,采用“工字钢+单体支柱”联合支护,同时对矸石帮实施注浆加固。通过工程应用验证了区分补强控制变形措施的有效性。【结果】结果显示:最佳切顶留巷方案为切顶高度6 m,切顶角度15°,矸石帮注浆深度1 m。此方案下,10101工作面的巷道顶底板的最终变形量为155 mm,两帮的为84 mm,均符合矿井使用要求,验证了切顶留巷技术具有良好效果。【结论】结果表明:切顶留巷技术能有效解决传统宽煤柱开采方式中存在的围岩变形问题。然而,该技术的实施受切顶高度、切顶角度和矸石帮注浆深度等因素的影响较大,需结合数值模拟和现场状况进行具体确定。总体上,切顶留巷技术和分区补强控制措施对围岩变形的控制效果显著,为类似条件下的煤矿开采提供了宝贵的经验借鉴,因而具有广阔的应用前景。

走滑断层黏滑作用下隧道纵向及横断面分区破坏机理

黏滑作用下走滑断层将出现永久性的错动位移,当隧道与此类断层相交时将发生严重破坏,并且具有明显的分区特征。为了揭示隧道纵向和横断面的分区破坏机理,为穿越活动断裂带隧道抗震设计提供支撑,本文首先通过震害实例调研总结得到隧道的三种破坏模式,即环向裂缝、斜向裂缝和纵向裂缝。给出并讨论了断层类型、交角、错动量和隧道刚度等关键影响因素。结果表明:1)断层类型是影响隧道力学响应和安全性的最显著因素,而倾角影响很小;2)受左旋走滑断层黏滑作用的隧道沿纵向可分为弯曲-压缩-剪切(L-BCS)区和弯曲-压缩(L-BC)区,而受右旋走滑断层黏滑作用的隧道可分为弯曲-拉伸-剪切(L-BTS)区和弯曲-拉伸(L-BT)区;3)L-BCS区和L-BTS区的范围为1.4D~1.7D(D为隧道直径),而L-BC区和L-BT区范围随关键影响因素变化而变化;4)隧道横断面可分为偏心受压(C-EC)区和偏心受拉(C-ET)区,分别发生偏心受压破坏或偏心受拉破坏。C-EC区和C-ET区的范围约为距断层面5D;5)穿越左旋走滑断层隧道的C-EC区包括上盘左拱腰、下盘右拱腰、拱顶和仰拱,C-ET区包括下盘左拱腰和上盘右拱腰。穿越右旋走滑断层隧道的横断面分区分布与左旋对称。

微观晶界特性对氧化锌压敏电阻宏观电气性能的影响机制

ZnO压敏电阻具有优良的非线性伏安特性与良好的通流能力,可以在电力系统发生过电压时吸收冲击能量从而实现对电力设备的保护,在电力设备的过电压保护中得到广泛应用。ZnO压敏电阻的非线性特性起源与其晶界特殊的双肖特基势垒结构有关,微观晶界参数对ZnO压敏电阻的宏观电气性能参数起到决定性作用,而目前对于微观晶界特性对ZnO压敏电阻宏观电气性能的影响机制研究较少。本文基于Voronoi网络及改进的晶界分区模型,通过材料计算的方法研究了ZnO压敏电阻晶粒施主密度、晶界表面态密度、晶界分区参数等微观晶界特性对其宏观电气性能的影响规律。本文将高性能ZnO压敏电阻的研制过程视为多变量、多目标问题,并依据任意优化变量对优化目标的影响是否相同、优化变量对两类优化目标的作用效果是否相同对优化目标和优化变量进行分类,揭示了微观晶界对电气性能的影响机制。通过优化变量、优化目标的合理分类,将复杂的多变量、多目标问题有效简化,并依据分类变量和分类目标的特征制定分步优化策略,从微观物理层面对ZnO压敏电阻性能进行改善,对高性能ZnO压敏电阻的研制有重要意义。

单洞双线盾构隧道中隔墙顶部节点形式与力学性能研究

为探究单洞双线盾构隧道中隔墙合适的顶部节点形式及各节点形式的力学性能,总结现有工程中隔墙顶部节点形式,并对各节点形式提出简化模型,采用理论方法对简化模型力学性能进行分析,并利用数值模型验证简化模型的合理性及各节点形式的力学性能与适用范围,得到如下结论:1)螺栓配合角钢或连接件的方式更适合于全预制中隔墙;2)所提出的简化模型具有较好的参考性,可应用于中隔墙顶部节点的初步设计;3)顶部采用连接件可形成协调受力,提高顶部节点受力性能,建议今后单洞双线盾构隧道中隔墙顶部节点采用该形式。此外,竖向铰支座模型受力形式合理,今后工程可基于该模型进行实践探索。

汉语“一+量量”结构的部分量化研究——以河南固始方言为例

近年来,越来越多的学者开始关注到汉语量范畴的独特性,部分量是现代汉语量范畴的重要成员。文章以河南固始方言中具有部分量化功能的“一+量量”结构为研究对象,首先讨论了该结构的句法表现和语义特征,句法环境不同,其表现出的主观语义也存在差异。其次,讨论了固始方言“一+量量”结构的部分量化对象,受语言主观性、内部论元的可分解性以及焦点凸显等因素的影响,“一+量量”结构部分量化的对象包括NP和动作过程两大类:量化NP表示对该事物在空间层面上的数量分解,量化动作过程表现为量化动作情状在时间进程上的不同阶段。文章还将固始方言中的“一+量量”结构和普通话中的进行对比,发现该结构在普通话中不具备部分量化功能,在固始方言中“一+量量”结构部分量化的实质表现为主观小量化,它的参与对象始终是被量化的整体,只是参与量化的次数不唯一。

Tensile behavior and deformation mechanism of quenching and partitioning treated steels at different deforming temperatures

The effects of deforming temperatures on the tensile behaviors of quenching and partitioning treated steels were investigated. It was found that the ultimate tensile strength of the steel decreased with the increasing temperature from 25 to 100 ℃, reached the maximum value at 300 ℃, and then declined by a significant extent when the temperature further reached 400 ℃. The total elongations at 100, 200 and 300 ℃are at about the same level. The steel achieved optimal mechanical properties at 300 ℃due to the proper transformation behavior of retained austenite since the stability of retained austenite is largely dependent on the deforming temperature. When tested at 100 and 200 ℃, the retained aus tenite was reluctant to transform, while at the other temperatures, about 10 vol. % of retained aus- tenite transformed during the tensile tests. The relationship between the stability of retained austenite and the work hardening behavior of quenching and partitioning treated steels at different deforming temperatures was also studied and discussed in detail. In order to obtain excellent mechanical properties, the stability of retained austenite should be carefully controlled so that the effect of transforma tion-induced plasticity could take place continuously during plastic deformation.

建筑废弃物轻质隔墙板的制备及力学性能研究

以硅烷偶联剂、木质素纤维、双氧水作为改性剂,对建筑废弃物粉末进行改性,并将改性后形成的水性复配物作为胶凝材料替代部分水泥,与建筑废弃物颗粒充分混合,制成轻质隔墙板,研究了木质素纤维掺量和建筑废弃物颗粒掺量对轻质隔墙板力学性能的影响,并进行了SEM微观分析。结果表明:改性后的建筑废弃物水性复配物具有与水泥相同功效的凝胶性质,在交联聚合作用下,可形成稳定的三维网络结构,有效提高轻质隔墙板的力学强度;随着木质素纤维掺量和建筑废弃物颗粒掺量的增加,轻质隔墙板的力学性能均呈先增大后减小的趋势,最佳木质素纤维掺量为6%,适宜建筑废弃物颗粒掺量为42%左右。

面向功能分区的大型商场建筑冷负荷预测方法

针对大型商场面向建筑整体冷负荷预测不能为商场各区域按需供冷提供合理控制策略的问题,通过研究商场不同区域冷负荷特点,采用灰色关联度分析法筛选影响商场不同区域冷负荷的关键影响因素,针对实际情况中各输入特征对冷负荷影响程度的不稳定性,提出了基于双重注意力机制和LSTM的短期分区冷负荷预测模型。LSTM网络充分考虑空调冷负荷与相关特征变量之间的非线性关系,特征注意力自主分析历史信息和输入变量之间的关系,提取重要特征,时序注意力选取LSTM网络关键时刻的历史信息,提升较长时间段预测效果的稳定性。以西安某大型商场建筑的冷负荷数据集为实验数据,实验结果表明所提模型相比于LSTM模型、CNN-LSTM模型和Attention-LSTM模型,误差指标MAPE和RMSE均有显著降低,R^(2)明显增加且稳定0.99以上,具有较好的泛化能力和较强的稳定性。

淬火冷却温度对工程机械用中锰钢淬火-配分后组织与性能的影响

对热轧态中锰钢进行淬火-配分处理,研究了淬火冷却温度(195,220,255,280℃)对其显微组织、物相组成、硬度和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:淬火-配分处理后中锰钢中存在板条马氏体、块状马氏体和残余奥氏体;随着淬火冷却温度升高,板条马氏体含量减少,块状马氏体含量增加,残余奥氏体体积分数先增大后减小,当淬火冷却温度为220℃时最大,为19.81%;随着淬火冷却温度的升高,中锰钢的硬度增大,抗拉强度、屈服强度和断后伸长率先增大后减小,当淬火冷却温度为220℃时中锰钢的断后伸长率和强塑积最大,分别为15.6%和23.76 GPa·%。